DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

FINCH FORMAN

.TV

\j

DICTIONARY ,'"

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

EDITED BY

LESLIE STEPHEN

VOL. XIX.
FINCH FORMAN

MACMILLAN AND CO,

LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO.
1889

28

fe -,

b / 1 4 f

LIST OF WEITEES

IN THE NINETEENTH VOLUME.

0. A OSMUND AIRY.

J. G. A. . . J. Or. ALGER.

T. A. A. . . T. A. ARCHER.

G-. F. E. B. G-. F. EUSSELL BARKER.

T. B THOMAS BAYNE.

W. B-E. . . WILLIAM BAYNE.
Gr. T. B. . . Gr. T. BETTANY.

A. C. B. . . A. C. BICKLEY.

B. H. B. . . THE EEV. B. H. BLACKER.

W. Gr. B. . . THE EEV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE,D.D.

G-. C. B. . . G. C. BOASE.

E. T. B. . . Miss BRADLEY.

J. B-N. . . . THE EEV. JOHN BROWN.

A. H. B. . . A. H. BULLEN.

J. B-Y. . . . JAMES BURNLEY.

E. C-N. . . . EDWIN CANNAN.

H. M. C. . . H. MANNERS CHICHESTER.

A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLERKE.

W. C-E. . . WALTER CLODE.

S. C SIDNEY COLVIN.

J. C THE EEV. JAMES COOPER.

T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.

C. H. C. . . C. H. COOTE.

W. P. C. . . W. P. COURTNEY.

C. C CHARLES CREIGHTON, M.D.

M. C THE EEV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON.

L. C. , . LIONEL GUST.

C. H. D. . . C. H. DERBY.
R. D EGBERT DUNLOP.

F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE.

L. F Louis FAGAN.

A. E. M. F. THE EEV. A. E. M. FINLAYSON.
C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH.

B. Q 1 ElCHARD GrARNETT, LL.D .

J. T. Gr. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A.
E. C. K. Gr. E. C. K. GONNER.

G. Gr GORDON GOODWIN.

A. G THE EEV. ALEXANDER GORDON.

W. A. G. . . W. A. GREENHILL, M.D.

J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON.

T. H THE EEV. THOMAS HAMILTON, D.D.

E. H EGBERT HARRISON.

W. J. H. . . PROFESSOR W. JEROME HARRISON.
T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON.
E. H-R. . . THE EEV. EICHARD HOOPER.
W. H. ... THE EEV. WILLIAM HUNT.

B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON.
T. E. K. . . T. E. KEBBEL.
J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT.

J. K. L. . . PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON.

S. L. L. . . S. L. LEE.

H. E. L. . . THE EEV. H. E. LUARD, D.D.

G. P. M. . . G. P. MACDONELL.

W. D. M. . THE EEV. W. D. MACRAY, F.S.A.

VI

List of Writers.

F. W. M.. . PROFESSOR F. W. MAITLAND.
J. A. F. M. J. A. FULLER MAITLAND.
C. T. M. . . C. TRICE MARTIN, F.S.A.

F. T. M. . . F. T. MARZIALS.

L. M. M. . . MlSS MlDDLETON.

C. M COSMO MONKHOUSE.

N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D.

J. B. M. . . J. BASS MULLINGER.

T. THE EEV. THOMAS OLDEN.

J. JOHN ORMSBY.

J. H. 0. . . THE REV. CANON OVERTON.

H. P HENRY PATON.

J. F. P.. . . J. F. PAYNE, M.D.

G. G. P. . . THE REV. CANON PERRY.

N. P, . . . . THE REV. NICHOLAS POCOCK.
R. L. P. . . R. L. POOLE.
J. M. R. . . J. M. RIGG.

C. J. R.. .
J, H. R. .
G. B. S. .
G. W. S. .
L. S. . . .
H. M. S. .
C. W. S. .
E. C. S. .
H. R. T. .
T. F. T. .

E. V. . . .
R. H. V. .
A. V. ...
M. G. W..

F. W-T. .
W. A. W.
W. W. .

. THE REV. C. J. ROBINSON.
. J. HORACE ROUND.
. G. BARNETT SMITH.
. THE REV. G. W. SPROTT, D.D.
. LESLIE STEPHEN.
. H. MORSE STEPHENS.
. C. W. SUTTON.
. Miss SUTTON-.
. H. R. TEDDER.
. PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT.
. THE REV. CANON VBNABLKS.
. COLONEL VETCH, R.E.
. ALSAGER VIAN.
. THE REV. M. G. WATKINS.
. FRANCIS WATT.
. W. ALDIS WRIGHT, LL.D.
. WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A.

DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

Finch

Finch

FINCH, ANNE. [See CONWAY,
VISCOUNTESS, d. 1679.]

FINCH, ANNE, COUNTESS OP WINCHIL-
SEA (d. 1720), poetess, was the daughter of
Sir William Kingsmill of Sidmonton, near
Southampton, and the wife of Heneage Finch,
second son of Heneage, second earl of Win-
chilsea [q. v.] Her husband succeeded to the
title as fourth earl on the death of his nephew
Charles in 1712. Finch was gentleman of the
bedchamber to James II when Duke of York,
and his wife maid of honour to the second
duchess. Anne Finch was a friend of Pope,
of Rowe, and other men of letters. Her most
considerable work, a poem on ' Spleen/ written
in stanzas after Cowley's manner, and pub-
lished in Gildon's ' Miscellany,' 1701, inspired
Howe to compose some verses in her honour,
entitled ' An Epistle to Flavia.' Pope ad-
dressed ' an impromptu to Lady Winchilsea '
(Miscellanies, 1727), in which he declared
that ' Fate doomed the fall of every female
wit' before < Ardelia's' talent. She replied
by comparing ' Alexander' to Orpheus, who
she said would have written like him had he
lived in London. The only collected edition
of her poems was printed in 1713, containing
a tragedy never acted, called ' Aristomenes,
or the Royal Shepherd,' and dedicated to
the Countess of Hertford, with ' an Epi-
logue to [Rowe's] Jane Shore, to be spoken
by Mrs. Oldfield the night before the poet's
day ' (printed in the General Dictionary, x. 178,
from a manuscript in the countess's posses-
sion). Another poem, entitled ' The Prodigy,'
written at Tunbridge Wells, called forth
Cibber's regret that the countess's rank made
her only write occasionally as a pastime.
Wordsworth sent a selection of her poems
with a commendatory sonnet of his own to
Lady Mary Lowther, and remarked in a pre-

YOL. XIX.

fatpry essay to his volume of 1815 that Lady
Winchilsea's ' nocturnal reverie 'was almost
unique in its own day, because it employed
new images < of external nature.' On her
death, 5 Aug. 1720, she left a number of un-
published manuscripts to her friends, the
Countess of Hertford and a clergyman named
Creake, and by their permission some of these
poems were printed by Birch in the < General
Dictionary/ She left no children. Her hus-
band died 30 Sept, 1726. Her published works
were : 1. The poem on ' Spleen,' in < A New
Miscellany of Original Poems,' published by
Charles Gildon, London, 1701, 8vo; repub-
lished under the title of ' The Spleen, a Pin-
darique Ode ; with a Prospect of Death, a Pin-
darique Essay/ London, 1709, 8vo. 2. 'Mis-
cellany Poems, written by a Lady/ 1713, 8vo.
[General Diet. x. 178 ; Biog. Brit. vii. Suppl.
p. 204 ; Cibber's Lives of the Poets, iii. 321 ; Wai-
pole's Royal and Noble Authors, ed. Park, iv. 87;
Collins's Peerage, ed. 1779, iii. 282; Cat. of Printed
Books, Brit. Mus.] . T. B.

FINCH, DANIEL, second EAEL OF
NOTTINGHAM and sixth EAKL OF WINCHILSEA
(1647-1730), born in 1647, was the eldest son
of Heneage Finch, first earl of Nottingham
[q. v.], by Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel Har-
vey, a London merchant. Like his father he
was educated at Westminster School, and
proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, as a
gentleman-commoner in 1662. He left with-
out a degree, entered the Inner Temple, and
was chosen F.R.S. 26 Nov. 1668.' He seems
to have been first elected to parliament for
Great Bedwin, Wiltshire, 10 Feb. 1672-3,
but does not appear to have sat till he was
returned by the borough of Lichfield 7 Aug.
1679. He had been made a lord at the
admiralty 14 May. He adhered to the
tory politics of his family, became a privy

B

Finch

councillor 4 Feb. 1679-80, and was first lord
of the admiralty from 19 Feb. following to
22 May 1684. He was elected M.P. by both
Lichfield and Newtown in March 1681, but
was called to the House of Lords by his
father's death, 18 Dec. 1682. As a privy
councillor he signed the order for the pro-
clamation of James II, and up to the time of
Monmouth's insurrection was one of that
king's steadiest supporters. But the ecclesias-
tical policy afterwards adopted by the govern-
ment damped the loyalty of the cavaliers and
laid the foundation of that new tory party
which held itself aloof from the Jacobites.
Nottingham came in time to be recognised as
their head. Their distinguishing tenet was
devotion to the established church in pre-
ference even to hereditary right. In the reign
of Anne they were called the Hanoverian
tories, and sometimes known by the nickname
of the * Whimsicals.' Nottingham's career
was consistent throughout. He was one of
the last men in England to accept the re-
volution settlement; but having once ac-
cepted it, he was one of the very few eminent
statesmen of his time who never seem to
have intrigued against it. Though Swift ac-
cuses him of having corresponded with the
Stuarts, the charge, made in a moment of great
exasperation, is not countenanced by any of
his contemporaries. His private character is
universally represented as stainless. Howe
tells us that he had an intrigue with an opera
singer, Signora Margaretta, afterwards Mrs.
Tofts. But this was empty gossip. Both his
principles and his virtues marked him out to
be a leader of the clergy, with whom his influ-
ence was unbounded. This influence was the
secret of Nottingham's importance for nearly
a generation after the death of Charles II.

In the spring of 1688 the whigs resolved to
take Nottingham into their confidence, and
invite his co-operation in the intended revo-
lution. He was for a time inclined to join in
the appeal to the Prince of Orange ; but on
second thoughts he declared that he could
take no active part against his rightful sove-
reign. He admitted that his share in their
confidence had given the whigs the right to
assassinate him on breaking with them, and
some of them were rather inclined to take him
at his word. But they ended by relying on his
honour, and had no reason to regret it.

Nottingham was a prominent figure in the
parliamentary debates which folio wed James's
flight from England. The tories were in favour
of Bancroft's plan a regency, that is, during
the minority of the Prince of Wales; and this
was the policy proposed by Lord Nottingham
in the House of Lords. The motion was only
lost by 51 votes to 49 ; and then the lords pro-

Finch

ceeded to consider the resolution which had
been adopted by the commons declaring the
throne vacant. This was opposed by Notting-
ham, and the resolution was rejected by 55
votes to 41. But the House of Commons re-
fused to give way, and the House of Lords
found it necessary to yield. Nottingham
proposed a modification of the oaths of alle-
giance and supremacy for the sake of tender
consciences, which was accepted by both
houses, and he then fairly threw in his lot
with the new regime, though he still main-
tained in theory his allegiance to the Stuarts.
Nottingham, according to Bishop Burnet, was
the author of the distinction between the king
dejure and the king de facto, in which the old
cavalier party found so welcome a refuge.

In December 1688 he was made one of the
secretaries of state with charge of the war
department, an office which he retained till
December 1693. One of his first duties was
the introduction of the Toleration Act. He
seems to have sincerely believed it to be con-
ducive to the stability of the church. It left
the Act of Uniformity, the Test and Corpora-
tion Acts, the Conventicle Act, the Five Mile
Act, and the act making attendance at church
compulsory, in full force, only enacting that
on certain conditions dissenters might be ex-
empted from the penalties attaching to the
violation of the law. These conditions were
intended to serve as a test by which dan-
gerous dissenters could be distinguished from
harmless ones. Those, it was thought, who
would subscribe five of the Thirty -nine
Articles, take the oath of allegiance, and sign
the declaration against popery might be safely
trusted. Ten years before, Nottingham, as
a member of the House of Commons, had
framed a bill on much the same lines, which
only failed to become law by an artifice. At
the same time he now brought in a less popular
measure, a comprehension bill, for enabling
dissenters to conform to the church of Eng-
land. The Bishop of London supported the
bill in the House of Lords, where, oddly
enough, it was violently opposed by Bishop
Burnet. But Nottingham would probably
have succeeded in his efforts had it not been
for the dissenters themselves. Those who
were unwilling to accept the compromise
were naturally interested in preventing others
from accepting it, and between the active
hostility of its enemies and the lukewarm
support of its friends, the measure fell to the
ground. An attempt made at the same time
by some members of the whig party to repeal
the Test Act was dropped with it.

When William III set out for Ireland in
the summer of 1690 he left behind him a
council of nine, of whom Nottingham was

ad
he

Finch

Finch

one, to act as the advisers of Mary, and it fell
to his lot to bring her the tidings of the battle
of theBoyne. Nottingham, who was admitted
to a greater share of the queen's confidence
than any other English statesman, always
said that if she survived her husband William
she would bring about the restoration of her
father James. He had, however, bitter enemies
in parliament. He was hated by the extreme
men of both sides, and was perhaps not much
loved even by those who respected him. Much
discontent was caused by the failure to follow
up the victory of La Hogue in May 1692.
The public threw the blame on Admiral Rus-
sell, the commander of the allied fleet, and
Russell in turn threw the blame on Notting-
ham, from whom he received his orders. A
parliamentary inquiry ended in nothing ; but
Russell was acquitted of all blame by the
House of Commons, though Nottingham was
defended by the lords. The king found it
necessary to do something ; he was very un-
willing to part with Nottingham, and accord-
ingly persuaded Russell to accept a post in
the household, Admirals Killigrew and De-
laval, both tories, being entrusted with the
command of the Channel fleet. They thus
became responsible for the disaster which
happened to the convoy under the command
of Sir George Rooke [q.v.] in the Bay of Lagos
in June 1693, and when parliament met in
November they were forced to retire. Russell
was appointed first lord of the admiralty and
commander of the Channel fleet, and Notting-
ham's resignation was inevitable. The king
parted from him with great reluctance. He
thanked him for his past services, and declared
that he had no fault to find with him.

Nottingham remained out of office till the
accession of Anne. Six weeks after William's
death (8 March 1702) he was appointed secre-
tary of state, with Sir Charles Hedges for his
colleague. Though a consistent anti-Jacobite,
Nottingham was a staunch tory. He upheld
during the war of the Spanish succession the
doctrine, thenceforward identified with the
tory policy, that in a continental war we
should act rather as auxiliaries than as prin-
cipals, and that our operations should be ex-
clusively maritime. This opinion, whenever
the opportunity offered, Nottingham upheld
in his place in parliament. But his heart was
in the church question, to which he was ready
to sacrifice even his party allegiance.

As soon as the new parliament assembled
a bill for the prevention of occasional con-
formity was introduced in the House of
Commons by St. John, no doubt after due
consultation with the leader of the church
party. Both the Corporation Act and the
Test Act were designed to keep all places of

public trust or authority in the hands of
members of the church of England. And
the question that arose during the last years
ot the seventeenth century was simply this,
whether the evasion of the law by dissenters
should be connived at or prevented. It was
supposed that no honest dissenters would com-
municate according to the rites of the church
of England merely to obtain a qualification for
office, but it was found in practice that the
large majority of them did so, and indeed
had been in the habit of so communicating
before the passing of the Test Act. Notting-
ham had shown both in 1679 and 1689 that he
was no bigot, and it is possible that circum-
stances of which we know nothing may have
contributed to make him prefer an attempt
to enforce the test to the alternative policy
of connivance at conduct which could hardly
raise the reputation of the occasional con-
formists themselves. Three sessions running,
1702, 1703, and 1704, the bill was passed
through the commons, and Nottingham
exerted himself to the utmost to get it car-
ried through the upper house. But it was all
in vain, and the question was allowed to rest
again for seven years.

Nottingham resigned in 1704, when he
found it impossible to agree with his whig
colleagues. He told the queen that she must
either get rid of the whig members of the
cabinet or accept his own resignation. Greatly
to the minister's mortification she decided
on the latter, and from this time Notting-
ham's zeal as a political tory began to cool,
and the very next year he took his revenge
on the court by persuading some of his tory
friends to join with him in an address to the
crown, begging that the Elect ress Sophia
might be invited to reside in England. Anne,
who was exceedingly sensitive on this point,
never forgave Nottingham, and he in his turn
continued to drift further and further away
from his old associates. Against Harley he
was supposed to nurture a special grudge.
He had committed the grave offence of ac-
cepting the seals which Nottingham had
thrown up, and the ex-secretary was quite
willing to retaliate whenever an opportunity
should occur.

In 1710 the trial of Sacheverell took place.
Nottingham throughout took Sacheverell's
side, and signed all the protests recorded by
the opposition peers against the proceedings
of his accusers.

His rupture with the court may be said
to have been complete when, on the death
of Lord Rochester, lord president of the coun-
cil, in April 1711, the post was conferred on
the Duke of Buckingham. The privy seal,
which became vacant about the same time,

Finch

Finch

was given to Bishop Robinson, and from
that moment it is no want of charity to con-
clude that Nottingham felt his cup was full.
"When it was known that the new govern-
ment were bent on putting an end to the
war, the whig opposition became furious.
But in the House of Commons the tories
had a large majority, and in the House of
Lords the whigs required some help from
the other side. Nottingham was in a similar
predicament with regard to the Occasional
Conformity Bill. He was sure of the com-
mons, but in the upper house he had hither-
to been unsuccessful, and was likely to be
so unless the opposition could be disarmed.
The bargain was soon struck. The whigs
agreed to withdraw their resistance to the
Church Bill on condition that Nottingham
in turn would support them in an attack
upon the government. He readily accepted
an offer which enabled him to gratify his love
of the church and his hatred of the ministry
at the same moment. On 7 Dec. 1711 he
moved an amendment to the address, declar-
ing that no peace would be acceptable to this
country which left Spain and the Indies in
the possession of the house of Bourbon. It
was carried by a majority of twelve, and
Harley and St. John replied by the creation
of twelve new peers.

Nottingham, however, claimed his reward.
A week after the division the Occasional Con-
formity Bill was reintroduced into the House
of Lords, and on 22 Dec. received the royal
assent. It provided that l if any officer, civil
or military, or any magistrate of a corporation
obliged by the acts of Charles the Second to
receive the sacrament, should during his con-
tinuance in office attend any conventicle or
religious meeting of dissenters such person
should forfeit 40/., be disabled from holding
his office, and incapable of being appointed
to another till he could prove that he had not
been to chapel for twelve months.' In this
unprincipled transaction Nottingham, though
sincere enough in his zeal for the church, was
actuated quite as much by jealousy of the
Earl of Oxford as by disapproval of the policy
of Bolingbroke. Nottingham can have had no
concern in a tract published L* 1713 bearing
his name. The tract, entitled ' Observations
on the State of the Na< ion/ maintains the
ultra low-church view <~.i church government
and doctrine. It wa? reissued in the ' Somers
Tracts' in 1751 as ' The Memorial of the State
of England in Vindication of the Church, the
Queen, and the Administration.'

Nottingham, who probably expected that
the vote of the House of Lords would bring
the ministry to the ground and pave the way
for his own return to office, was mistaken.

It is to his credit that having gained all that
he thought necessary for the church in 1711
he opposed the Schism Bill, which was car-
ried in June 1714 to please the still more
ultra section of the high church tories. Yet
by so doing he again served his own interests,
for it helped to cement his good understand-
ing with the whigs and' to insure his being
recommended for high office on the accession
of George I. The new king landed at Green-
wich on 18 Sept. 1714, and in the first Ha-
noverian ministry Nottingham was made pre-
sident of the council, with a seat in the*
cabinet, then consisting of nine peers. But he-
only held office for about a year and a half.
In February 1716 it was moved in the House
of Lords that an address should be presented
to the king in favour of showing mercy to the
Jacobite peers, then lying under sentence of
death for their share in the rebellion of 1715.
The government opposed the motion, but
Nottingham supported the address, which
was carried by a majority of five. It produced
no effect, except on the* unlucky intercessor,
who was immediately deprived of his appoint-
ment, and never again employed in the ser-
vice of the crown. His only parliamentary
appearances of any importance after this date
were in opposition to the Septennial Bill in
1716, and the repeal of the Occasional Con-
formity Bill in 1719. His name appears in
the protest against the first ; but the second
passed with less difficulty, and no protest
appears on the nrnutes.

After his re + Irement from office Notting-
ham lived pri cipally at Burley-on-the-Hill,
near Oakhem, Rutlandshire, a very fine coun-
try seat which had been purchased by his
father from the second Duke of Buckingham,
and which is still in possession of a branch of
the Finch family. It was here that he wrote
' The Answer of the Earl of Nottingham to
Mr. Whiston's Letter to him concerning the
eternity of the Son of God/ 1721, which re-
stored all his popularity with the clergy, rather
damaged by his acceptance of office with the
whigs. The pamphlet rapidly reached an
eighth edition. Nottingham died 1 Jan.
1729-30, shortly after he had succeeded ta
the earldom of Winchilsea on the decease of
John, fifth earl, 9 Sept. 1729, the last heir in
the elder branch of Sir Moyle Finch, whose
heir Thomas was first earl of Winchilsea [see
under FINCH, SIK THOMAS]. Nottingham
married, first Lady Essex Rich, second daugh-
ter and coheiress of Robert, earl of Warwick,
and secondly Anne, daughter of Christopher,
viscount Hatton. By his first wife he had a
daughter, Mary ; by his second five sons and
seven daughters. Edward Finch-Hatton, the
youngest son, is separately noticed.

Finch

5

Finch

In person Nottingham was tall, thin,
-and dark-complexioned. His manner was so
solemn and the expression of his countenance
was, generally speaking, so lugubrious, that he
acquired the nicknames of Don Diego and Don
Dismal, he and his brother, Heneage, first earl
of Aylesford [q. v.], being known as the Dis-
mals. He figures as Don Diego in the ' History
of John Bull ' and in the < Tatler ' (1709), and
Swift in his correspondence is always making
fun of him. He is the subject of a famous
ballad, ' An Orator Dismal of Nottingham-
shire,' by the same eminent hand. When he
joined the whigs in 1711 the ' Post Boy '
(6 Dec.) offered a reward of ten shillings
to any one who should restore him to his
friends, promising that all should be forgiven.
Reference is there made to his ' long pockets.'

[Macaulay's Hist, of England; Stanhope's Hist,
of England and Queen Anne ; Burnet's Hist, of
his own Time ; Somerville's Hist, of Queen Anne
and Political Transactions; Somers Tracts; Swift's
Diary and Correspondence; Coxe'sLife of Marl-
borough ; Wai pole's Letters ; Cunningham's Hist,
of the Eevolution ; Wyon's Eeign of Queen Anne ;
Stoughton's Eeligion in England; Doyle's Baron-
age; W elch's Alumni Westmonast. p. 570; Wood's
Athense Oxon (Bliss), iv. 651.] T. E. K.

FINCH, EDWARD (/. 1630-1641),
royalist divine, is said by Walker and others
to have been brother of John, lord Finch of
Fordwich [q. v.], and thus younger son of
Sir Henry Finch [q. v.], by Ursula, daughter
of John Thwaites of Kent. The genealogists
state that John was Sir Henry's only son,
but there is little doubt that they are wrong.
On 9 Dec. 1630 Edward was admitted to the
vicarage of Christ Church, Newgate. Walker
celebrates him as the first of the parochial
clergy actually dispossessed by the committee
for scandalous ministers. A resolution of par-
liament, 8 May 1641, declared him unfit to
hold any benefice. The articles against him
allege that he had set up the communion-
table altarwise, and preached in a surplice ; I
they also detail a list of charges more or less
affecting his character. Walker, who had not
seen the pamphlet containing the articles and
evidence in the case, makes the best of Finch's
printed defence, but on Finch's own showing
there was ground for scandal. Finch died
soon after his sequestration ; his successor,
William Jenkyn, was admitted on 1 Feb.
1642, ' per mort. Finch.' There is a doubt
as to whether he was married. It was said
that he had lived seven years, apart from his
wife, but he denied that he had a wife.

Finch published ' An Answer to the Ar-
ticles/ &c., London, 1641, 4to. This was in
reply to ' The Petition and Articles . . . ex-
hibited in Parliament against Edward Finch,

Vicar of Christ's Church, London, and brother
to Sir J. Finch, late Lord Keeper,' &c., 1641,
4to. This pamphlet has a woodcut of Finch,
and a cut representing his journey to Ham-
mersmith with a party of alleged loose cha-
racters. The main point of Finch's defence
on this charge was that one of the party was
his sister.

[Walker's Sufferings, 1714, i. 69 sq., ii. 170;
Calamy's Continuation, 1727, i. 17, 18; pam-
phlets above cited.] A. G.

FINCH, EDWARD (1664-1738), com-
poser, bom in 1664, was the fifth son of
Heneage, first earl of Nottingham [q. v.] He
proceeded M.A . in 1079, and became fellow of
Christ's College, Cambridge. He represented
the university of Cambridge in the parlia-
ment of 1689-90. He was ordained deacon
at York in 1700, became rector of Wigan, was
appointed prebendary of York 26 April 1704,
and resided in the north end of the treasurer's
house in the Close, taking an active interest
in musical matters, as appears from the family
correspondence. Finch was installed pre-
bendary of Canterbury 8 Feb. 1710. He
died 14 Feb. 1737-8, aged 75, at York, where
a monument erected by him in the minster
to his wife and brother (Henry, dean of
York) bears a bust and inscription to his
memory.

Finch's ' Te Deum ' and anthem, ' Grant,
we beseech Thee/ both written in five parts,
are to be found in Dr. Tud way's ' Collection
of Services' (Harleian MSS. 7337-42) ; <A
Grammar of Thorough Bass,' with examples,
a manuscript of sixty-six pages, is in the Euing
Library at Glasgow. Of Finch's manuscript
letters, that addressed to his brother Daniel,
second Earl of Nottingham [q. v.], and dated
Winwick, 12 July 1702, is of interest ; he
there enunciates his views of a sinecure and
discusses other questions of preferment.

[Collins's Peerage, iii. 290; Graduati Canta-
brigienses, 1823, p. 168; Le Neve's Fasti, iii.
650; Diet, of Musicians, 1827, i. 247; Wil.is's
Survey of Cathedrals, 1742, i. 176; Drake's
Eboracum, 1736, pp. 51 3", 559, 570; Addit. MSS.
28569 f. 130, 29588 f. 88, 32496 f. 48 b ;
Hasted's Hist, of Canterbury, 1801, ii. 63 ; Har-
leian MSS. 2264 f. 267, 7342 p. 306; Gent.
Mag. viii. 109; Brown's Biog. Diet, of Musi-
cians, p. 246.] L. M. M.

FINCH, EDWARD (1756-1843), gene-
ral, fourth son of Heneage, third earl of Ayles-
ford, by Lady Charlotte Seymour, daughter
of Charles, sixth duke of Somerset, was born
on 26 April 1756. He went to Westminster
School as a queen's scholar in 1768, and was
elected to Trinity College, Cambridge, in
1773, proceeding B.A. in 1777. He entered

Finch

Finch

the army as a cornet in the llth dragoons on
27 Dec. 1778, exchanged into the 20th light
dragoons, and on 7 Oct. 1779 was promoted
lieutenant into the 87th regiment. He ac-
companied this regiment to the West Indies
in January 1780, and served there and in
America until he was promoted lieutenant
and captain into the 2nd or Coldstream guards
on 5 Feb. 1783. On 11 May 1789 he was
elected M.P. for Cambridge, a seat which he
held for thirty years, and on 3 Oct. 1792 he
was promoted captain and lieutenant-colonel.
He accompanied the brigade of guards to
Flanders under General Lake in 1793, and
served throughout the campaigns under the
Duke of York with great credit. He was
present at the actions of Caesar's Camp and
Famars, in the famous engagement of Lin-
celles, and at the battles of Hondschoten,
Lannoy, Turcoing, and round Tournay. He
remained with his corps until the withdrawal
of the British troops from the continent in
April 1795. He was promoted colonel on
3 May 1796, and nominated to command the
light companies of the guards in Coote's ex-
pedition to cut the sluices at Ostend [see
COOTE, SIB EYEE, 1762-1824], but was pre-
vented from going by an accidental injury he
received the day before the expedition sailed.
He was present with the guards in the sup-

?ression of the Irish rebellion of 1798, and in
799 commanded the 1st battalion of the
Coldstreams in the expedition to the Helder
and at the battles of Bergen. In the follow-
ing year Finch was appointed to the command
of the brigade of cavalry, consisting of the
12th and 26th light dragoons, which ac-
companied Sir Ralph Abercromby's army to
Egypt. His regiments hardly came into
action at all in the famous battles of March
1801, for the ground was not well adapted
for cavalry, and he only covered the siege
operations against Alexandria. He received
the thanks of parliament with the other
generals, and on 1 Jan. 1801 he was pro-
moted major-general. In 1803 he took com-
mand of the 1st brigade of guards, then
stationed at Chelmsford, consisting of the
1st battalion of the Coldstreams and the 1st
battalion 3rd guards, and commanded that
brigade in the expedition to Denmark in
1809, and at the siege of Copenhagen. In
1804 he was appointed a groom of the bed-
chamber to the king, on 25 April 1808 he was
promoted lieutenant-general, and on 3 Aug.
1808 appointed colonel of the 54th regiment.
On 18 Sept. 1809 he was transferred to the
colonelcy of the 22nd foot, and on 12 Aug.
1819 he was promoted general. His seniority
to Lord Wellington prevented him from being
employed in the Peninsula, and he never saw

service after 1809. He continued to sit in the
House of Commons for Cambridge, through
the influence of the Duke of Rutland, until
December 1819, when he accepted the Chil-
tern Hundreds, and throughout the thirty
years of his parliamentary career his seat was
only once contested, in 1818. Finch, after
1819, entirely retired from public life, and he
died on 27 Oct. 1843, at the age of eighty-
seven, being at the time of his death the sixth
general in order of seniority in the English
army.

[Royal Military Calendar ; Hart's Army List ;
Mackinnon's History of the Coldstream Guards;
Welch's Alumni Westmonast. p. 397 ; Gent. Mag.
December 1843.] H. M. S.

FINCH, FRANCIS OLIVER (1802-
1862), water-colour painter, son of Francis
Finch, a merchant in Friday Street,Cheapside,
London, was born 22 Nov. 1802, and spent his
boyhood at Stone, near Aylesbury. When
twelve years of age, at that time fatherless,
he was placed under John Varley, with whom
he worked altogether five years, a friend
having paid a premium of 200/. Among his
earliest patrons was Lord Northwick, a patron
of the fine arts, who employed the youth in
making views of his mansion and grounds.
Some time after leaving his master's studio
the same friend who had assisted in placing
him there afforded him the benefit of a tour
through Scotland. After his return he doubted
for some time whether he should continue
the practice of landscape or enter as a student
at the Royal Academy. He joined Sass's
life academy and produced several portraits,
but circumstances drawing him back to land-
scape-painting he became a candidate for ad-
mission into the then newly formed Society
of Painters in Water Colours. On 11 Feb.
1822 he was elected an associate, and on
4 June 1827 a member of that society. He
first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1817,
at that period living at 44 Conduit Street,
Bond Street. He married in the spring of
1837, and resided for some time in Charlotte
Street and afterwards in Argyle Square,
Euston Road. On 10 Oct. 1861 Finch lost
the use of his limbs, and died 27 Aug. 1862.
He possessed a fine voice, and was a thorough
musician, as well as a poet. He printed a
collection of sonnets entitled ' An Artist's
Dream.' Among his best works may be
mentioned ' Garmallon's Tomb,' oil (1820) ;
4 View of Loch Lomond' (1822) : 'View on
the River Tay' (1827); 'View of Wind-
sor Castle ' (1829) ; ' View of the College
of Aberdeen ' (1832) ; scene from Milton's
'Comus' (1835); 'Alpine Scene, Evening '
(1838); 'A W T atch Tower' (1840); 'The

Finch

7

Finch

Thames near Cookham, Berkshire ' (1845) ;
' Ruined Temple, Evening ' (1852) ; < Rocky
Glen, Evening ' (1855) ; ' The Curfew Gray's
Elegy' (1860) ; l Pastoral Retreat ' (1861) ;
and l Moonlight over the Sea ' (1862). His
portrait has been engraved by A. Roffe.

[Memoir and Eemains of F. 0. Finch, by Mrs.
E. Finch, London, 1865, 8vo.] L. F.

FINCH, SIR HENEAGE (d. 1631),
speaker of the House of Commons, was the
fourth son of Sir Moyle Finch of Eastwell,
Kent, and grandson of Sir Thomas Finch
[q. v.] His mother was Elizabeth, daughter
of Sir Thomas Heneage of Copt Hall, Essex,
and granddaughter on the mother's side of
Thomas, lord Berkeley of Berkeley Castle.
Admitted a member of the Inner Temple in
November 1597, he was called to the bar in
1606. At a by-election in 1607 he was re-
turned to parliament for Rye. He spoke in
July 1610 in the debate on ' impositions,'
maintaining the following positions : (1) ' that
the king, though upon a restraint for a time,
may impose for a time, much more for ever;'
(2) ( that he may dispense with a law for ever,
because the law is for ever ; ' (3) ' that he may
make a bulwark in any land, but not take
money not to do it ; ' (4) * that the king hath
power only to make war. If all the subjects
will make war without the king, it is no war '
(Parl. Debates, 1610, Camden Soc., p. 116).
He was one of the lawyers who argued before
the king and council on 6 April 1612 the moot
point ' whether baronets and bannerets were
the same promiscuously ; ' and desiring to give
dignity to the argument, opened l with a phi-
losophical preamble, omne principium motus
est intrmsecum,' at which the king, being
much displeased, said : ' Though I am a king
of men. yet I am no king of time, for I grow
old with this ; ' and therefore, if he had any-
thing to speak to the matter, bade him utter
it. Whereupon Finch, with great boldness,
undertook to prove much, but did nothing
(Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep. App. pt. iv. 9).
In 1616 he was employed in conjunction with
Bacon in an attempt to reduce the statute
law to some sort of consistency with itself
(SPEDDING, Letters and Life of Bacon, vi. 71).
In 1620-1 he was returned to parliament for
"West Looe, otherwise Portpighan, Cornwall.
He took part in the debate of 3 Dec. 1621 on
the Spanish match, supporting the proposal
to petition the king against it (Parl. Hist.
i. 1320). In the preceding February he had
been appointed recorder of London (Index to
Remembrancia, p. 295), and he represented
the city in parliament between 1623 and
1626. On 22 June 1623 he was knighted at
Wanstead, and three days later he was called
to the degree of serjeant-at-law. On 8 July

following he was further honoured by the
elevation of his mother, then a widow, to the
peerage as Viscountess Maidstone, with re-
mainder to her heirs male. This honour was
procured through the interest of Sir Arthur
Ingram at the price of a capital sum of
13,000/. and an annuity of 500/., to secure
which Copt Hall manor and park were mort-
gaged. She was afterwards, viz. on 12 July
1628, created Countess of Winchilsea, also
with remainder to her heirs male. She died
in 1633, and was buried at Eastwell under a
splendid monument. Sir Heneage's eldest
brother, Thomas, succeeded her as first earl
of Winchilsea (cf. art. FINCH, SIB THOMAS ;
NICHOLS, Progr. James I, iii. 768, 875, 878;
DUGDALE, Chron. Ser. 105; COLLINS, Peerage,
ed. Brydges, iii. 387 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1619-23, pp. 223, 623; Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th.
Rep. App. 283 b, 290 a). On 7 July 1625 Finch
read the report of a committee of the House
of Commons to which had been referred the
consideration of two works recently published
by Richard Montagu, afterwards bishop of
Chichester, viz. ' A New Gag for an Old Goose '
and 'Appello Csesarem,' which were thought
to savour somewhat rankly of Arminianism
and popery. The result of the report was that
the publication of the books was treated as
a breach of privilege and Montagu arrested.
The plague then raging severely, the debtors
in the Fleet petitioned the House of Com-
mons for a habeas corpus. Finch on 9 July
spoke in favour of granting a release, but so
as to save the rights of the creditors. On
9 Aug. he was present at a conference with
the lords touching certain pardons illegally
granted by the king to some Jesuits, but is
not recorded to have done more than read
the lord keeper's speech. On 10 Aug. he
spoke in favour of granting the subsidies in
reversion demanded by the king, but advised
that the grant should be accompanied with
a protestation never to do the like upon any
necessity hereafter (Commons 7 Debates, 1625,
Camden Soc., pp. 47, 51, 65, 94, 113 ; Commons'
Journ. i. 805 ; Parl. Hist. ii. 18-19, 35). On
6 Feb. 1625-6 he was elected to the speaker's
chair (Commons' Journ. i. 816). His speech
at the opening of parliament was divided be-
tween the conventional self-abasement, praise
of the 'temperate' character of the laws,
' yielding a due observance to the prerogative
royal, and yet preserving the right and liberty
of the subject,' fulsome flattery of the king,
and denunciation of popery and Spain. In
1628 he was elected to the bench of his inn.
On 10 April 1631 he was nominated one of
the commissioners for the repair of St. Paul's
Cathedral. He died on 5 Dec. following and
was buried at Ravenstone in Buckingham-

Finch

8

Finch

shire (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1625-6 p. 248,
1631-3 pp. 6, 207 ; NICHOLS, Progr. James I,
' iii. 768 ; Parl. Hist. ii. 41). Finch married
twice. His first wife was Frances, daughter
of Sir Edmund Bell of Beaupre Hall, Norfolk,
and granddaughter of Sir Robert Bell [q. v.],
chief baron of the exchequer and speaker of
the House of Commons in the reign of Eliza-
beth. She died on 11 April 1627, and on
16 April 1629 Finch married, at St. Dunstan's
in the West, Elizabeth, daughter of William
Cradock of Staffordshire, relict of Richard
Bennett, mercer and alderman of London, an
ancestor of the Earls of Arlington. By his
first wife Finch had issue seven sons and four
daughters. His eldest son, Heneage [q. v.],
was lord keeper and first earl of Nottingham.
Another son, Sir John [q. v.], was a physician.
For the hand of Mrs. Bennett, who brought
Finch a fortune, he had several rivals, among
them Sir Sackville Crow and Dr. Raven, a
conjunction which afforded much amusement
to the town. Another suitor was Sir Edward
Dering(Cb//. Top.et Gen.v.2lS', Proceedings
in Kent, 1640, Camden Soc.) By this lady
Finch had issue two daughters only, viz.
(1) Elizabeth, who married Edward Madison,
and (2) Anne, who married Edward, viscount
and earl of Conway.

Finch compiled ' A Brief Collection touch-
ing the Power and Jurisdiction of Bishops,'
which remains in manuscript (Hist. MSS.
Comm. 4th Rep. App. 353).

[Morant's Essex, i. 47; Berry's County Ge-
nealogies (Kent), p. 207 ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 199,
387 ; Official Return of Lists of Members of
Parliament; Inner Temple Books; Collins's Peer-
age, ed. Brydges, iii. 387 ; Manning's Lives of
the Speakers.] J. M. R.

FINCH, HENEAGE, first EARL OF NOT-
TINGHAM (1621-1682), successively solicitor-
general, lord keeper, and lord chancellor, was
born 23 Dec. 1621, probably at Eastwell in
Kent (WooD, Athence Oxon.}, and was the
eldest son of Sir Heneage Finch [q. v.], knight,
recorder of London, and speaker in Charles I's
first parliament, and of Frances, daughter of
Sir Edmund Bell of Beaupre Hall in Nor-
folk. He was grandson of Elizabeth, created
*t Countess of Winchilsea by Charles I [see
* under FINCH, SIR THOMAS], and p 1 - of
Sir John, lord Finch [q. v.], keeper of the
seals to Charles I. He was educated at West-
minster School, whence he went to Christ
Church, entering in the Lent term of 1635. He
then joined the Inner Temple, where he soon
became a distinguished student, with special
proficiency in municipal law. He took no
part in the troubles of the civil war, and
during the usurpation conducted an exten-
sive private practice (COLLINS, Peerage}. Of

this, however, there does not seem to be any
direct evidence. By the time of the Restora-
tion he was evidently well known, for he
was returned for the Convention parliament
both for Canterbury and St. Michael's in
Cornwall, electing to sit for the former. In
honour of the occasion he was entertained
by the city at a banquet (Hist . MSS. Comm.
9th Rep. 165 ). On 6 June 1660 he was
made solicitor-general, and on the next day
was created a baronet of Ravenstone in Buck-
inghamshire (COLLINS, Peerage). He at once
became the official representative of the court
and of the church in the House of Commons.
In the great debate of 9 July 1660 on the
future form of the church, Finch in an un-
compromising speech treated the matter as
not open to argument, since there was ' no
law for altering government by bishops ; ' he
jeered at 'tender consciences,' and hoped the
house would not ' cant after Cromwell.' On
30 July he urged the expulsion from their
livings of all ministers who had been pre-
sented without the consent of the patrons,
and opposed any abatement in the articles
or oaths. In the matter of the Indemnity
Bill he was deputed by the commons to
manage the conference between the two
houses on 16 Aug., and strongly supported
the exclusion from pardon of the late king's
judges, a compromise which he felt to be
necessary to secure the passing of the mea-
sure so warmly desired by the king and
Clarendon. On 12 Sept. he spoke against
the motion that the king should be desired
to marry a protestant, and on 21 Nov. pro-
posed the important constitutional change
whereby the courts of wards and purveyance
were abolished, and the revenue hitherto
raised by them was for the future levied on
the excise. It is significant of the real ob-
jects of the court that as law officer of the
crown he opposed (28 Nov.) the bill brought
in by Sir Matthew Hale for giving effect to
the king's declaration regarding ecclesiasti-
cal affairs by embodying it in an act. And
in the debate regarding the ill-conduct of
the troops, on 14 Dec., he spoke against the
proposal to accompany the bill of supply
with a complaint of grievances (Parl. Hist.
vol. iv.) lie was of course one of the pro-
secuting counsel in the trial of the regicides
in October 1660, where he is described in one
account as effectually answering Cooke, the
framer of the impeachment of Charles I (Hist.
MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. 181 b\ though by the
report in the state trials he appears only to have
formally opened the case against the prisoner.
In April 1661 Finch was elected to
Charles's second parliament, both for the
university of Oxford and for Beaumaris in

Finch

Finch

Anglesey, electing to sit for the former
(Journals of the House of Commons, 13 May
1661). He was carried by the influence of
Clarendon, whose son Laurence Hyde stood
with him, of the Bishop of Oxford, and of the
heads of houses, against strong opposition
aroused apparently by the conduct of their
former representative, Selden (Cal. State
Papers, 1660-1). He appears to have dis-
appointed his constituents by not assisting
to get rid of the hearth-tax (WooD, Athence
Oxon.} In this year also he was made trea-
surer and autumn reader of the Inner Temple.
He chose as the subject of his lectures, which
excited much attention, lasting from 4 to
17 Aug., the statute of the 39th of Elizabeth,
concerning the recovery of debts of the crown,
which had never previously been discussed.
The favour in which he stood was shown by
the presence of the king and all the great offi-
cers of state at a banquet in his honour on
the 15th in the Inner Temple (ib. ; PEPYS,
Diary ; DUGDALE, Origines Juridiciales). It
is noticeable that in one matter upon which
Charles seemed really bent, toleration of dis-
sent, he certainly opposed the court. In
February 1663 he was made chairman of the
committee of the commons which drew up
in the most uncompromising terms an ad-
dress to the king praying for the withdrawal
of his declaration of indulgence (Parl. Hist.
vol. iv.), and in March was the representative
of the house in the conference with the lords
about a bill against the priests and Jesuits
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1663-4). In
October 1664 he was leading counsel for the
Canary merchants in their endeavour to ac-
quire a new charter (EVELYN, Diary, 27 Oct.)
When the house met at Oxford in 1665 he
again vehemently espoused the intolerant
policy of the Anglican church by pressing for-
ward the Five Mile Act ; and at the proroga-
tion he, with Hyde, Colonel Strangways, and
Sir John Birkenhead, received the honorary
degree of D.C.L. (7 Nov.), having with the two
latter (Commons' Journals, 31 Oct. 1665), by
order of the commons, communicated to the
university on 31 Oct. 1665 the thanks of the
house for its ' loyalty in the late rebellion,
especially in refusing to submit to the visi-
tation of the usurped powers, and to take the
solemn league and covenant' (Cal. State
Papers, Dom. Ser. 1664-5). In the debate
on the Five Mile Act, when Vaughan wished
to add the word ' legally ' to i commissioned
by him,' Finch pointed out that the addition
was unnecessary, and his argument was
adopted by Anglesey in the lords, where
Southampton moved the same addition (BuK-
:NET, Own Time, i. 225). In the session of
1666 he spoke against the Irish Cattle Bill

(Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1666-7), and
in October 1667 on Clarendon's impeachment.
The account is obscure, but apparently he did
what he could to check the violence of the
commons, insisting on sworn evidence, though
willing that it should be kept secret. On
18 Feb. 1668 he did the court good sendee
by shelving the bill for holding frequent par-
liaments on the ground of informal intro-
duction (Parl. Hist.) ; and in the same month,
in the celebrated Skinner controversy, he
pleaded against Skinner before the lords on
behalf of the East India Company (PEPYS,
22 Feb. 1668). In December 1668, on the
motion for impeaching the Earl of Orrery,
he warned the house against acting upon
'out-of-door accusation' (Parl. Hist.} On
10 May 1670 he became attorney-general,
and soon afterwards councillor to Queen
Catherine. He was chamberlain of Chester
from 1673 to 1676. He exercised a mode-
rating influence in the debates on the bill
for 'preventing malicious maiming,' which
followed the outrage on Sir John Coventry
[q. v.], and he successfully opposed the
proposal for a double assessment of default-
ing members of the house by the argu-
ment that by tacking it to the subsidy bill
a matter affecting the commons only would
come before the lords. In April 1671 he
conducted with great skill the conferences
between the lords and commons on the sub-
ject of the interference of the former in
'money bills, from which dates practically the
cessation of the practice. His ability in the
conduct of this matter was recognised by the
formal thanks of the house. On 6 Feb. 1673
he argued in favour of the ' chancellor's writs/
the writs issued for parliamentary elections
during the recess by Shaftesbury, on the
ground that parliamentary privilege was then
dormant, but could not make head against
the determination of the house to suffer no
court interference. In the great debate of
10 Feb. on the king's declaration of indul-
gence, while repudiating the doctrine ad-
vanced by Shaftesbury of a distinction be-
tween the exercise of the royal power in
ecclesiastical and temporal affairs, he de-
fended the legality and expediency of the
declaration. * A mathematical security,' he
said, we cannot have ; a moral one we have
from the king.' Seeing the temper of the
house, however, he concluded by the illogical
motion that the king be petitioned ' that it
might be so no more.' In March 1673 he
passionately opposed the Naturalisation of
Foreigners Bill, and in October did his best
in vain to combat the determination of the
commons to refuse further supplies for the
Dutch war (Parl. Hist.)

Finch

IO

Finch

On the dismissal of Shaftesbury, Finch be-
came lord keeper of the seals, 9 Nov. 1673,
and as such was made on 4 Jan. 1674 the
unconscious mouthpiece of the first direct
lie which Charles had ventured openly to
tell his parliament (ib.} On 10 Jan. he was
raised to the peerage as Baron Finch of Daven-
trv, from the manor in Northamptonshire of
which he was owner (COLLINS, Peerage). On
19 Dec. he surrendered the seals, to receive
them again immediately with the higher
title of lord chancellor, the office carrying
with it apparently a salary of 4,000/. a year
(Autobiography of Roger North, p. 165). In
the same year he was made lord-lieutenant
of Somersetshire. In 1675 he was, accord-
ing to Burnet, one of the chief arguers for
the non-resisting test (Own Time, i. 383).
As lord chancellor he had at the beginning
of each session to supply an elaboration of
the king's speech, and this he did, ' spoiling
what the king had said so well by over-
straining to do it better' (RALPH). In this
year he conducted the case of the lords in
the great Fagg controversy. In 1677 he
presided as lord high steward of England on
the trial of the Earl of Pembroke for man-
slaughter (WooD, Athena Oxon.} A signal
instance of the adroitness, joined, it should
be said, with unimpeached probity, by which,
almost alone among his contemporaries, he
managed to secure at once permanence in
office and freedom from parliamentary attack,
occurred in the matter of Danby's impeach-
ment. Charles, to the great anger of the
commons, had given Danby a pardon in bar
of the impeachment. The house appointed
a committee, who demanded from Finch an
explanation of the fact that the pardon bore
the great seal. Finch's statement was that
he neither advised, drew, nor altered it ; that
the kin^ commanded him to bring the seal
from \N hitehall, and being there he laid it
upon the table ; thereupon his majesty com-
manded the seal to be taken out of the bag,
which it was not in his power to hinder ;
and the king wrote his name on the top of
the parchment, and then directed to have it
sealed, whereupon the person who usually
carried the purse affixed the seal to it. He
added that at the time he did not regard
himself as having the custody of the sea]
i I'.'rl. lli*t. iv. 1114). AVhen the case of
nby was before the lords he argued for
tlu right of bishops to vote in trials for trea-
son, and carried his view as to preliminaries
though not as to final judgment (BURNET
UK); COLLINS, Peerage}. There
is among Sir Charles Bunbury's manuscript.*

. Sull'olk. a treatise on the i
power of granting pardons, ascribed with

most probability to Finch (Hist. MSS. Comm.
3rd Rep. 241 ). Some autograph notes, cer-
ainly his, on the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679
Belong to Alfred Morrison, esq. (ib. 9th Rep.
457 a}. He conducted the examination be-
fore the privy council of the ' party ' lords
who came from Scotland in 1678 to complain
of Lauderdale, and, though evidently holding
a brief for the duke, was unable to shake
their position (BURNET, Own Time, i. 420).
That Finch was not above using the ordi-
nary jargon of court flattery appears in his
exclamation, when Charles tried the experi-
ment of a newly modelled privy council,
' It looked like a thing from heaven fallen
into his master's breast.' During the popish
terror Finch appears to have given no offence
to either side. He presided, however, as lord
high steward at the trial of Lord Stafford,
and his conduct formed a pleasing contrast
to that which so often disgraced the courts
in the latter years of Charles's reign. He
showed personal courtesy to the prisoner,
provided him with all proper means of de-
fence, and pronounced sentence in a speech
greatly admired at the time, ' one of the best
he had ever made ' (BuRNET, Own Time, i.
492). He, however, gave his own vote'against
Stafford, and complied so far with the pre-
vailing fashion as to assume the whole truth
of the ' plot,' and even to father the absurd
cry that London had been burned by the
papists (ib. i. 492; State Trials). Burnet
accounts for his patronage of the plot as the
result of fear of parliamentary attack in con-
sequence of his conduct in the matter of
Danby's pardon (ib. ii. 261). Only one slip
does Finch appear to have made in his discreet
avoidance of giving offence. In 1679, on re-
ceiving Gregory, the new speaker of the
house, he allowed himself to declare that the
king ' always supports the creatures of his
power.' Shaftesbury at once fastened on the
expression; Finch was compelled to apolo-
gise, and a resolution was carried not to enter
it upon the minutes of the house (RANKE,
Hist. England, iv. 77). In the great ques-
tion of the succession, Finch was of course
against exclusion. But by Charles's com-
mand he proposed the middle and entirely
impracticable scheme of ' limitations ' (ib. iv.
80). On 12 May 1681 he was created Earl
of Nottingham, and died 18 Dec. 1682, in the
sixty-first year of his age, after a life spent in
unremitting official and professional toil. He
was buried at Ravenstone, near Newport
Pntnu'll in Buckinghamshire, of which place
- the owner and benefactor (COLLINS,
Peerage}. He married Elizabeth Harvey,
daughter of Daniel Harvey, merchant of Lon-
don (probably one of the members for Surrey in

Finch

Finch

the Convention parliament), by whom he had
a numerous family. The eldest son, Daniel
[q. v.], became second earl. Heneage, the
second son [q. v.], was solicitor-general, and
was created earl of Aylesford. The fifth son,
Edward [q. v.], was a musical composer. Not-
tingham's favourite residence, Kensington
House, he bought of his younger brother John
[q. v.] His son Daniel [q. v.] sold it to Wil-
liam III.

^ The fact that throughout an unceasing offi-
cial career of more than twenty years, in a
time of passion and intrigue, Finch was never
once the subject of parliamentary attack, nor
ever lost the royal confidence, is a remark-
able testimony both to his probity and dis-
cretion. His success in the early part of
the reign arose from the fact that he was
in the first place a constitutional lawyer
of the highest repute, 'well versed in the
laws' (BuKNET, Own Time,i. 365). Dryden
bears the same testimony in ' Absalom and
Achitophel,' where he is described as Amri.
These qualifications made him a man of ex-
treme usefulness at a time when the consti-
tution had to be restored after many years
of dislocation. Until he finally left the
house scarcely a committee of importance
was formed on which he was not placed,
usually as chairman. He was appointed to
draw up the letter of congratulation from
the commons to Charles on his arrival in
England; and he had the management of
almost all the important controversies which
were so frequently held with the lords. His
forensic eloquence is testified to on all hands ;
though Burnet says he was too eloquent on
the bench, in the lords, and in the commons,
and calls his speaking laboured and affected.
Roger North in his autobiography (p. 198)
confirms this view, saying that his love of
* a handsome turn of expression gave him a
character of a trifler which he did not so
much deserve.' In the high-flown language
of the time he was named the English Ros-
cius and the English Cicero.

Burnet states to his credit that, though
he used all the vehemence of a special pleader
to justify the court before the lords, yet, as
a judge, Finch carried on the high tradition
of his predecessor, Shaftesbury. In his own
court he could resist the strongest applica-
tions even from the king himself, though he
did it nowhere else. The same historian calls
him ' ill-bred, and both vain and haughty ;
he had no knowledge of foreign affairs, and
yet he loved to talk of them perpetually.'
Burnet's last words about him are, how-
ever, a recognition of the purity and fitness
of his presentations of clergymen to livings
in the chancellor's gift. His portrait was

painted by Lely. There is a print by Hou-
braken.

[The chief authorities are the Journals of the
House of Commons; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss),
iv. 66; Parliamentary History; Burnet's Own
lime; Collins s Peerage.] Q. A

FINCH, HENEAGE, second EARL OP
WnrcHJMHA (d. 1689), was the son of

Ihomas, the first earl, whose mother Eliza-
beth had been created Countess of Winchil-
sea in her widowhood by Charles I (1628).
Heneage, educated at Emmanuel College^
Cambridge, succeeded to the title of Viscount
Maidstone in 1633, and of Earl of Winchilsea
in 1639. He distinguished himself on the
royalist side during the great rebellion, pro-
viding auxiliary troops (horse and foot) at his
own expense, and supplying ' with great
hazard ' Charles II's * necessities in foreign
parts.' He was a friend of Monck and was
made governor of Dover Castle in 1660.
Upon the Restoration he was created a baron,
by the title of Lord Fitzherbert of Eastwell
(from which family the Finches claimed de-
scent), 26 June 1660, and on 10 July was
appointed lord-lieutenant of Kent. Early in
1661 he went on an important embassy to
Sultan Mahomet Chan IV, and published an
account of it the same year. He remained as
English ambassador at Constantinople eight
years, and on his return journey wrote from
Naples to the king a description, which was
afterwards printed, of the eruption of Mount
Etna. He was reinstated on his arrival in
England lord-lieutenant of Kent and go-
vernor of Dover Castle, but was, with a long
list of other lieutenants, dismissed from the
former post in 1687. When James II was
stopped at Feversham by the Kentish fisher-
men, he wrote to Winchilsea,. who was at
Canterbury, asking him to come to him. The
earl arrived before night (12 Dec.), and in-
terposed on behalf of the king besides moving
him to a more suitable lodging in a private
house (Add. MS. 32095, f. 298 ; RALPH, His-
tory, i. 1068). When James fled for the
second time, Winchilsea was one of those
who voted for offering the vacant throne to
William and Mary, and in March 1689 was
again made lord-lieutenant of Kent. He
died in August the same year. He married
four times : (1) Diana, daughter of Francis,
fifth lord Willoughby of Parham ; (2) Mary,
daughter of William Seymour, marquis of
Hertford; (3) Catherine, daughter of Sir
Thomas Norcliff ; (4) Elizabeth, daughter of
John Ayres, esq. Out of twenty-seven chil-
dren sixteen lived to ' some maturity.'

His published works were : 1. 'Narrative
of the Success of his Embassy to Turkey.

Finch

12

Finch

The Voyage of the Right Honourable He-
neage Finch from Smyrna to Constantinople.
His Arrival there, and the manner of his
Entertainment and Audience with the Grand
Vizier and Grand Seignieur,' London, 1661.
2. 'A true and exact Relation of the late
prodigious Earthquake and Eruption of Mount
Etna, or Mount Gibello, as it came in a Letter
written to his Majesty from Naples. By the
Right Honourable the Earl of Winchelsea,
his Majesty's late Ambassador at Constanti-
nople, who on his return from thence, visit-
ing Catania, in the Island of Sicily, was an
eye-witness of that dreadful spectacle. To-
gether with a more particular Narrative of
the same, as it is collected out of several
relations sent from Catania. With a View
of the Mountain and Conflagration,' London,
1669, fol.

[Collins's Peerage, ed. 1779, iii. 280 ; Walpole's
Eoyal and Noble Authors, ed. Park, iii. 316;
Kycaut's Hist, of the Turks, ii. 97, &c. ; Luttrell's
Relation of State Affairs, i. 422, 575 ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; Doyle's Baronage.] E. T. B.

FINCH, HENEAGE, first EAEL OF
AYLESFORD (1647 P-1719), second son of
Heneage Finch, first earl of Nottingham [q. v.],
was educated at Westminster School and
Christ Church, Oxford. He left the univer-
sity without a degree, and entering the legal
profession was admitted a barrister of the
Inner Temple. His name soon became known
as the author of various reports of celebrated
trials and other legal tracts; he was appointed
king's counsel 10 July 1677, and solicitor-
general in 1679, entering parliament as mem-
ber for the university of Oxford in the same
year. In 1686 he was deprived of the solicitor-
generalship by James II, and two years later
pleaded as leading counsel on the side of the
seven bishops. He sat for Guildford in the
parliament of 1685, again representing the
university of Oxford in the Convention par-
liament of 1689-90, and all subsequent ones
(except that elected in 1698), till his pro-
motion to the peerage in 1703 {Members of
Parliament Blue Book, pt. i. see Index). Bur-
net relates that in the debate on the Act of
Settlement of 1701 Finch attempted to alter
the clause for abjuring the Prince of Wales
into an obligation not to assist him, and pressed
his point * with unusual vehemence in a debate
that he resumed seventeen times in one ses-
sion against all rules ' (BURNET, History of his
cvm Time, ed. 1823, iv. 537-8 and note). In
August 1702 he was chosen by the university
to present a complimentary address to Queen
Anne on her visit to Oxford, and in 1703 was
created, * in consideration of his great merit
and abilities,' Baron Guernsey, and sworn of
the privy council. Burnet remarks that there

were great reflections on the promotion of
Finch and others, to make, it was said, a
majority for the Stuarts in the House of
Lords. In 1711 he also became master of the
jewel house. On the accession of George I he
was raised to the peerage, taking the title
of Earl of Aylesford, an estate having been
left to him there, with a large fortune, by his
wife's father. Besides this new dignity he
was again sworn of the privy council, and
created chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster,
which office he resigned in 1716. He died
22 July 1719, and was buried at Aylesford,
Kent. He married Elizabeth, daughter and
coheir of Sir John Banks of Aylesford, by
whom he had nine children.

His portrait appears in the print engraved
by White in 1689 of the counsel of the seven
bishops.

[Collins's Peerage, ed. 1779, iv. 316 ; Sharpe's
Peerage, i. 20 ; Welch's Alumni "Westmonas-
terienses,p.571 ; Poynter's Chronicle, 1703,1711 ;
Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs; Burnet's
History of his own Time, ed. 1823, ii. 106, 397;
Doyle's Baronage.] E. T. B.

FINCH, SiRHENRY(rf. 1625), serjeant-
at-law, was the second son of Sir Thomas
Finch [q. v.] of East well, Kent, by Catherine,
daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Moyle. His
elder brother, Sir Moyle Finch, was the father
of Sir Heneage Finch [q. v.], speaker of the
House of Commons in the reign of Charles I,
whose son Heneage [q. v.], first earl of Not-
tingham, was lord chancellor to Charles II.
Sir Henry Finch was educated, according to
Wood, 'for a time ' at Oriel College, Oxford,
where, however, he seems to have taken no
degree, and was admitted of Gray's Inn in
1577, and called to the bar there in 1585
(DouTHWAiTE, Gray's Inn, p. 62). He seems
to be identical with a certain Henry Finch
of Canterbury, who held from the arch-
bishop a lease of Salmstone rectory, except
the timber and the advowson, between 1583
and 1600. In February 1592-3 he was re-
turned to parliament for Canterbury, and
he retained the seat at the election of 1597.
He became an ( ancient ' of his inn in 1593,
and the same year was appointed counsel
to the Cinque ports. He was reader at his
inn in the autumn of 1604. In 1613 he was
appointed recorder of Sandwich, on 11 June
1616 he was called to the degree of serjeant-
at-law, and nine days later he received the
honour of knighthood at Whitehall (Cal.
State Papers, Dom. 1598-1601 p. 533, 1611-
1G18 p. 373; Official Return of Lists of
Members of Parliament; DUGDALE, Chron.
Ser. 103 ; NICHOLS, Progr. James I, iii. 173 ;
BOYS, Collections for a History of Sandwich t
pp. 423, 779). At this time he was en-

Finch i

gaged, in conjunction with Bacon, Noy, and
others, upon an abortive attempt at codifying
the statute law, described by Bacon as ' the
reducing of concurrent statutes heaped one
upon another to one clear and uniform law.'
About the same time his opinion was taken
by the king on the * conveniency ' of mono-
poly patents, and to him, jointly with Bacon
and Montague, was entrusted the conduct of
the business connected with the patent in-
tended to be granted to the Inns of Court
(SPEDDING, Letters and Life of Bacon, vi. 71,
84, 99). He took part in the argument on
the question whether baronets ranked as
bannerets before the king and council on
6 April 1612 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep.
App. pt. iv. 9). In 1621 he published a work
entitled 'The World's Great Restauration,
or Calling of the Jews, and with them of all
Nations and Kingdoms of the Earth to the
Faith of Christ,' in which he seems to have
predicted as in the near future the restora-
tion of temporal dominion to the Jews and
the establishment by them of a world-wide
empire. This caused King James to treat
the work as a libel, and accordingly Finch
was arrested in April 1621. He obtained his
liberty by disavowing all such portions of the
work as might be construed as derogatory to
the sovereign and apologising for having writ-
ten unadvisedly. Laud, in a sermon preached
in July 1621, took occasion to animadvert on
the book. It was suppressed and is now
extremely rare (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
xi. 127 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1619-23,
pp. 247, 248). He must have been in em-
barrassed circumstances in 1623, as his son
John [q. v.] having become surety for him was
only protected from arrest for debt by an order
under the sign-manual (Cal. State Papers,
Dom. 1619-23, p. 515). He died in October
1625, and was buried in the parish church of
Boxley, Kent (HASTED, Kent, iv. 624). By
his wife Ursula, daughter of John Thwaites of
Kent, he was father of John, lord Finch of
Fordwich [q. v.] (BEEKT, County Genealogies
(Kent), p. 206), and of Edward (Jl. 1630-
1641) [q. v.], royalist divine, whom the genea-
logists overlook. Besides the ' Great Restaura-
tion,' Finch published a legal treatise of con-
siderable merit entitled ' No/zorf^i'ia, cestas-
cavoir un Description del Common Leys
d'Angleterre solonque les Rules del Art Pa-
rallelees ove les Prerogative le Roy, &c.,&c.,
Per Henrie Finch de Graye'slnne, Apprentice
del Ley,' Lond. 1613, fol. It is dedicated in
remarkably good Latin, ' Augustissimo Prin-
cipi omnique virtutum genere splendidissimo
Jacobo Magno Dei gratia Britannise Regi.' It
consists of four books. The first treats of
what is now called jurisprudence, and is

; Finch

mainly devoted to expounding the distinc-
tion between natural and ' positive ' law. It
is learnedly written, Plato and Cicero being
frequently cited. The second book deals with
the common law, customs, prerogative, and
statute law ; the third with procedure, anc
the fourth with special jurisdictions, e.g. those
of the admiral and the bishop. The treatise
is written in law French. An English ver-
sion, entitled ' Law, or a Discourse thereof
in Four Books, written in French by Sir
Henry Finch, Knight, His Majesty's Ser-
jeant-at-law, done into English by the same
author,' appeared in London in 1627, 8vo ;
1636, 12mo; 1678, 8vo: and was edited with
notes by Danby Pickering of Gray's Inn, in
1789, 8vo. It differs in some important par-
ticulars from the original work. Another
and much closer translation was published
in the last century under the title, ' A De-
scription of the Common Laws of England
according to the Rules of Art compared with
the Prerogatives of the King/ &c., London,
1759, 8vo. As an exposition of the common
law, Finch's Law, as it was called, was only
superseded by Blackstone's ' Commentaries,'
so far as it dealt with jurisprudence only by
the great work of Austin. A little abstract
of the work, entitled ' A Summary of the
Common Law of England,' appeared in Lon-
don in 1673, 8vo.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 387; Wool-
rych'sLiv-esofEminentSerjeants-at-law,i. 391-3;.
Berry's County Genealogies (Kent).] J. M. K.

FINCH, HENRY (1633-1704), ejected!
minister, was born at Standish, Lancashire,,
and baptised on 8 Sept. 1633. He was edu-
cated at the grammar schools of Standish and
Wigan. Calamy does not say at what uni-
versity he graduated. After preaching in the
Fylde country (between the Lune and the
Ribble) he was presented in 1656 to the vicar-
age of Walton-on-the-Hill, Lancashire, a
parish which then included the town of Liver-
pool. He was a member of the fifth presby-
terian classis of Lancashire. In July 1659"
he took a rather active part in the plans
for the rising of the ' new royalists ' under
Sir George Booth (1622-1684) [q.v.] His
property was seized by the parliamentary
sequestrators, and not restored ; but for the*
restoration of the monarchy in the following
year he would probably have lost his bene-
fice. Unable to accept the terms of the Uni-
formity Act, he was ejected in 1662. He-
retired to Warrington, where ^ he lived for
some years in dependence on his wife's rela-
tives. The Five Mile Act (1665) compelled
him to leave, and he settled in Manchester
(not then a corporate town), where he sup-
ported himself by keeping a school. Both at

Finch

Warrington and Manchester he attended the
ordinary services in the established church,
preaching only occasionally on Sunday even-
ings in his own dwelling to such restricted
gatherings as the law allowed. On the in-
dulgence of 1672 he took out a license as a ' ge-
neral presbyterian minister,' and officiated in
the licensed' private oratory ' (Birch Chapel),
which was in the hands of Thomas Birch of
Birch Hall, Lancashire, though the legal
o v vTiers were the warden and fellows of the
collegiate church of Manchester. On 29 Oct.
1672 he took part in the first ordination con-
ducted by the ejected nonconformists, in the
house of Robert Eaton at Deansgate, Man-
chester. On the outbreak of the Monmouth
rebellion (1685) Finch was imprisoned at
Chester; this was probably the occasion when,
as Calamy relates, ' they thrust a conformist
into his place ' at Birch Chapel, but * that pro-
iect dropt,' and Finch was allowed to resume
his ministry.

The Toleration Act (1689) was the means
of calling attention to the insecurity of his
position. Birch Chapel, being a consecrated
place, could not be licensed as a dissenting
meeting-house. Finch, however, stayed on
until the death of Thomas Birch the younger
in 1697, when the chapel was ceded by his son,
George Birch, to the legal owners. Finch
then preached at licensed houses in Platt and
Birch, till his friends built a meeting-house
at Platt (1700), Finch himself contributing
20/. towards the erection, which cost 95/. in
all. The opening discourse was preached by
Finch's son-in-law, James Grimshaw of Lan-
caster, author of ' Rest from Rebels,' 1716.

Finch was a member of the provincial meet-
ing of united ministers (presbyterian and
congregational) formed in Lancashire in 1693
on the basis of the London ' agreement ' of
1691, involving a doctrinal subscription. He
preached before this meeting on two occa-
sions, 4 Aug. 1696, and 13 Aug. 1700, both
at Manchester. Calamy acknowledges the
value of Finch's corrections to his account of
the silenced ministers. It is interesting to
note that, though a strong supporter of the
revolution of 1688, Finch was ' a charitable
contributor while he liv'd' to the distressed
nonjurors. Finch died on 13 Nov. 1704, and
was succeeded by Robert Hesketh, early in
whose ministry the chapel was conveyed
(25-6 Oct. 1706) in trust for the mainte-
nance of an 'orthodox' ministry.

PETER FIXCH (1661-1754), presbyterian
minister, son of the above, was born on 6 Oct.
1661. On 3 May 1678 he entered the non-
conformist academy of Richard Frankland
[q. v.] at Natland, Westmoreland. He soon
removed to the university of Edinburghjwliere

4 Finch

he graduated M.A. on 16 July 1680. His
first employment was as chaplain in the family
of William Ashurst, afterwards knighted [see
ASHURST, HENRY]. In 1691 he was invited
to become colleague at Norwich to Josiah
Chorley [q. v.] ; his first entry in the pres-
byterian register of baptisms is dated 1 June
1692. He remained at his post for over sixty-
two years, and survived Edward Crane [q. v.]
and Thomas Dixon the younger [see under
DIXON, THOMAS], both of whom had been
designated as his successor. Himself a strict
Calvinist, Ke contributed much, by his love
of peace, to preserve concord when doctri-
nal differences threatened to divide his flock.
From 1733 John Taylor, the Hebraist, was
his colleague. He died on his ninety-third
birthday, 6 Oct. 1754, and was buried in the
church of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich. A
small portrait of him hangs in the vestry of
the Octagon Chapel. His great-grandson,
Peter, was mayor of Norwich in 1827.

[Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 404 sq. ; Con-
tinuation, 1727, i. 564; Monthly Repository,
1811, p. 261; Taylor's Hist. Octagon Chapel,
Norwich, 1848, p. 15 sq. ; Booker's Hist. Ancient
Chapel of Birch (Chetham Soc.), 1858; Cat. of
Edinb. Graduates (Bannatyne Club), 1858 ;
Halley's Lancashire Nonconformity, 1869, p.
94, &c. ; Manuscript Minutes of Provincial Meet-
ing of Lancashire Ministers (1693-1700), in pos-
session of trustees of Cross Street Chapel, Man-
chester ; papers relating to Platt Chapel, in
possession of G-. W. Rayner Wood.] A. G.

FINCH, SIR JOHN, BARON FINCH
OF FORDWICH (1584-1660), speaker of the
House of Commons and lord keeper, son of
Sir Henry Finch [q. v.], by Ursula, daugh-
ter of John Thwaites, was born on 17 Sept.
1584, admitted a member of Gray's Inn in
February 1600, and called to the bar on
8 Nov. 1611. Clarendon states that he ' led
a free life on a restrained fortune,' and that
he ' set up upon the stock of a good wit and
natural parts, without the superstructure of
much knowledge in the profession by which
he was to grow ' (Rebellion, Oxford ed. i.
130), and Finch himself, on the occasion of
his instalment as lord chief justice, publicly
confessed that the first six years of his
pupilage were mainly devoted to other pur-
suits than the study of the law (RTTSHWORTH,
Hist. Coll. ii. 256). In 1614 he was returned
to parliament for Canterbury. In 1617 he
was elected a bencher of his inn, where, in
the autumn of the following year, he dis-
charged the duties of reader (DouTHWAiTE,
Gray's Inn, p. 66). Foss says, without giv-
ing his authority, that in 1617 he was elected
recorder of Canterbury. He was certainly
recorder of the city in March 1618-19 (Ecje'r-

Finch

Finch

ton MS. 2584, f. 177), and was dismissed by
the corporation shortly afterwards. The
cause of his removal does not appear. Finch
himself, in a letter dated 4 Jan. 1619, solicit-
ing the interest of Lord Zouch, warden of
the Cinque ports, with the privy council,
from which he had obtained a mandamus
against the corporation for his reinstatement,
speaks vaguely of the ' factious carriage ' of
one Sabin (ib. f. 100). The corporation
had refused to obey the order of the privy
council, and it remained as yet unenforced.
On 19 May 1620 the corporation wrote
to the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord
Zouch praying that they might not be com-
pelled to re-elect Finch, as it would be
* against their consciences and their charter,
and greatly to the disquiet of the city.' On
28 May, however, they changed their tone,
humbly informing the council that they were
willing to re-elect Mr. Finch as their recorder,'
and craving ' pardon for discontenting their
lordships' (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1619-
1623, pp. 108, 144, 146, 148). Finch was
returned to parliament for "Winchelsea in
February 1623-4, but was unseated on peti-
tion on the ground that certain voters had
been excluded by the mayor. A new writ
issued on 19 March, and Finch was re-elected
(Comm. Journ. i. 739). He exchanged Win-
chelsea for Canterbury at the election of
1625. On 31 May the king, and on 13 June
1625 the king and queen paid a visit to Can-
terbury, and were received with an address
by Finch as recorder. The addresses, notes
of which are preserved in Sloane MS. 1455, ff.
1-6, must have been remarkable only for the
style of fulsome adulation in which they
were conceived. In 1626 he was knighted
and appointed king's counsel and attorney-
general to the queen ( Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1625-6, p. 456 ; Rof ER, Fcedera, Sanderson,
xiii. 633, 866). On 17 March 1627-8 he was
elected speaker of the House of Commons,
being still member for Canterbury (Comm.
Journ. i. 872). His speech to the throne,
couched though it was in language of the
most extravagant loyalty, nevertheless con-
cluded with three petitions: (1) that the
house might be assured of the immunity of
its members from arrest, (2) that freedom of
debate might be respected, (3) that access to
the royal person might be granted on suit-
able occasions (Par I. Hist. ii. 225). On
14 April 1628 he presented a petition against
the practice of billeting soldiers on private
citizens. On 5 May he conveyed to the king
the answers of the commons to various royal
messages, in particular to the demand of the
king to know whether the commons would
rest content with his ( royal word and pro-

mise for the redress of their grievances,
-bmch expressed on behalf of the commons
at once their entire confidence in the royal
word, and their settled conviction that no
less than a public remedy will raise the de-
jected hearts ' of the people at large (ib. pp.
281, 346). In the debate on the royal mes-
sage of 5 June, enjoining the commons not
to meddle with affairs of state or asperse
ministers, Sir John Eliot having risen osten-
sibly to rebut the implied charge of aspersing
ministers, Finch, < apprehending Sir John in-
tended to fall upon the duke ' (Buckingham),
said, with tears in his eyes : < There is a com-
mand laid upon me to interrupt any that
should go about to lay aspersion on the
ministers of state ; ' upon which Eliot sat
down, the house, after some desultory con-
versation, resolved itself into a committee of
public safety, and Finch repaired to the king,
from whom next day he brought a concilia-
tory message. On this occasion he seems to
have acted as a mediator between the king
and the commons. Sir Robert Philips, who
replied to the royal message on behalf of the
house, while expressing himself very cau-
tiously on the general question, lauded Finch
as one who had ' not only at all times dis-
charged the duty of a good speaker, but of a
good man' (ib. pp. 402-7 ; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. 1628-9, p. 153). In September and
October 1628 Finch was associated with the
attorney-general, Sir Robert Heath, in in-
vestigating the circumstances attending the
assassination of the Duke of Buckingham
(ib. pp. 332, 343). On 25 Feb. 1628-9 Finch
delivered a message from the king command-
ing the adjournment of the house. Several
members objected that adjournment was a
matter for the house to determine, and Sir
John Eliot proceeded to present a remon-
strance on the subject of tonnage and pound-
age, which Finch refused to read. Eliot
then read it him self. Finch, however, refused
to put the question, and, rising to adjourn the
debate, was forced back into the chair, and
held there by Denzil Holies, Valentine, and
others, Holies swearing 'God's wounds he
should sit still till it pleased them to rise.'
Finch burst into tears, exclaiming, ' I will
not say I will not, but I dare not,' remind-
ing the house that he had been their ' faith-
ful servant,' and protesting ' he would sacri-
fice his life for the good of his country, but
durst not sin against the express command
of his sovereign.' Meanwhile with locked
doors the substance of Eliot's remonstrance
was adopted by the house and declared car-
ried. Shortly afterwards parliament was
dissolved, not to meet again for eleven years
(Parl. Hist. ii. 487-91). In 1631 Finch was

Finch

16

Finch

much employed in Star-chamber and high
commission cases (Reports of Cases in the
Courts of Star-chamber and High Commis-
sion, Camd. Soc.) In the autumn of 1633,
the Inns of Court having decided to provide
a grand masque for the entertainment of the
king and queen, by way at once of testify-
ing their loyalty and protesting against the
austere views lately published by Prynne in
his * Histrio-Mastix,' Finch was elected one
of the committee of management. The per-
formance, which took place on Candlemas
day (2 Feb. 1633-4), is described at some
length by Whitelocke, and seems to have
been a very splendid pageant. The masquers
went in procession from Ely House, Holborn,
by way of Chancery Lane and the Strand to
Whitehall. The dancing took place in the
palace, the queen herself dancing with some
of the masquers. The revels were prolonged
far into the night, and terminated with a
stately banquet. Finch was subsequently
deputed to convey the thanks of the members
of the four inns to the king and queen for
their gracious reception of the masquers.
The entertainment was afterwards repeated
by royal command in the Merchant Taylors'
Hall (WHITELOCKE, Memoirs, pp. 19, 22).
About the same time Finch was busily en-
gaged in the proceedings taken against
Prynne in the Star-chamber. His speech, in
which he charges Prynne with veiling under
the name of Herodias a libel on the queen, is
reported in * Documents relating to William
Prynne ' (Camd. Soc. pp. 10, 11). Attorney-
general Noy dying in the following August
was succeeded by Sir John Banks, and Sir
Robert Heath having been removed from
the chief-justiceship of the court of common
pleas on 14 Sept., Finch was appointed to
succeed him on 16 Oct., having taken the
degree of serjeant-at-law on 9 Oct. Notes
of his speeches on being sworn in as serjeant,
taking leave of Gray's Inn on 12 Oct., and
being sworn in as chief justice, are preserved
in Sloane MS. 1455, ff. 7-15. These changes
inspired some legal wit with the following
couplet :

Noy's floods are gone, the Banks appear,
The Heath is cropt, the Finch sings there.

(DUGDALE, Chron. Ser. 106-7; CROKE, Rep.
Car. p. 375 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1634-5,
p. 221). On the bench Finch distinguished
himself by the height to which he carried
the royal prerogative, and the severity of his
sentences. Thus a certain James Maxwell
and his wife Alice having been found guilty
in the Star-chamber (17 April 1635) of libel-
ling the king and the lord keeper, and Lord
Cottington proposing a fine of 3,000/. for the

offence against the king and the same sum to
the lord keeper, the lord chief baron moved
to add in the case of the woman a whipping,
in which he was supported by Finch. The
motion, however, was lost. In another Star-
chamber case (27 Jan. 1636-7) one Elm-
stone having been sentenced to imprisonment
and also to stand in the pillory at Westmin-
ster, Finch moved to add that he lose his
ears. The motion was lost. On Prynne's
second trial (1637) Finch surpassed himself
in brutality. He drew the attention of the
court to the fact that some remnants of
Prynne's ears still remained, and moved that
they be cut close, and that he be stigmatised
with the letters S. L. (seditious libeller) on
his cheeks, which proposals were adopted
into the sentence. In the case of John Lang-
ton (1638), one of the subordinate officials of
the exchequer, charged with abuse of the royal
prerogative, Finch doubled the fine of 1,000/.
proposed by Lord Cottington, and added the
pillory, imprisonment, and disability to hold
office, in which the rest of the court con-
curred, Archbishop Laud, however, being for
raising the fine to 5,000/. Finch also added
a whipping to the sentence of fine, pillory,
and mutilation proposed by Lord Cottington
for one Pickering, a Roman catholic, found
guilty in 1638 of libelling the king and queen
by calling them Romanists, and sacrilegiously
converting part of a churchyard into a "pig-
sty (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1635 p. 31,
1636-7 p. 398, 1637 p. 214, 1637-8 pp. 384,
474 ; COBBETT, State Trials, iii. 717, 725).

On 12 Feb. 1636-7 the king laid before
the judges a case for their opinion on the
legality of ship-money. The opinion which
they all subscribed, but for which, according
to Clarendon, Finch was mainly responsible,
was to the effect that the king had an uncon-
trolled discretion in the matter. To this opinion
Finch and the majority of his colleagues
adhered on the occasion of the trial of Hamp-
den in the exchequer chamber. He delivered a
long P j some what 'rambling judgment, con-
clud^xg^with the statement that 'upon com-
mon law and the fundamental policy of the-
kingdom the king may charge his subjects for
the defence of the kingdom when it is in dan-
ger,' and ' that the king is sole j udge of the dan-
ger, and ought to direct the means of defence '
(COBBETT, State Trials, iii. 843, 1243). Of this
judgment Clarendon says that it made ship-
money ' more abhorred and formidable than
all the commitments by the council table-,
and all the distresses taken by the sheriffs in
England ; the major part of men looking upon
these proceedings with a kind of applause-
to themselves, to see other men punished for
not doing as they had done ; which delight

Finch ]

was quickly determined when they found
their own interest, by the unnecessary logic
of that argument, no less concluded than
Mr. Hampden's ' (Rebellion, i. 127/130). In

^^. .^c^^en's ' (Rebellion, i. 127/130). In
March 1638-9 Finch was sworn of the privy
council, and on 17 Jan. 1639-40 he obtained
through the influence of the queen the place
of lord keeper, then vacant by the death of
Lord Coventry. His appointment was far
from giving universal satisfaction. Thus, Sir
Richard Cave writes to Sir Thomas Roe,
under date 7 Feb. 1639-40: < The lord keeper
Ifeeps such a clatter in his new place that
they are more weary of him in the chancery
than they were before in the common pleas.'
On 7 April 1640 he was created Baron Finch of
Fordwich in Itieni (Letters of Lady Brilliana
Harley (Camd. Soc.), p. 32 ; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. 1639-40 pp. 341, 344, 436, 1640
p. 12). The Short parliament of 1640 was
opened by the king on 13 April with a few
words indicative of the gravity of the situa-
tion, the task of more fully setting forth the
royal wishes and intentions being devolved
upon the lord keeper. After dwelling upon
the magnanimity shown by the king in ' se-
questering the memory of all former dis-
couragements,' and once more summoning a
parliament, Finch proceeded to expatiate upon
the threatening aspect of Scottish affairs, and
the consequent necessity of obtaining imme-
diate supplies. On this theme he again en-
larged on 20 April, but with no effect, the
commons resolving that grievances must take

r Finch

but his wife, Lady Mabel, was permitted to
occupy them at the annual rent of 100/. so
long as they should continue in sequestration
(Lords' Journals, vi. 568 a, vii. 272 ; Add
MS. 5494, f. 206). They seem to have been
subsequently redeemed for 7,000/., though
Finch s name does not appear in Dring's
'Catalogue' (1733) (Parl. Hist. ii. 528-34
552-60, 685-98; COBBETT, State Trials, iv.
18; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1661-2, p. 328).
During his exile Finch seems to have resided
principally at the Hague. Here in 1641
Evelyn met him, and lodged for a time in
the same house with him, the house, oddly
enough, of a Brownist, where, says Evelyn,
' we had an extraordinary good table ' (Diary,
26 July and 19 Aug. 1641). Two letters to
Finch, one from Henrietta Maria, the other
from Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, belonging
to this period, maybe read in 'Archseologia,'
xxi. 474 et seq. They are of slight histori-
cal importance, but by the familiarity of their
style serve to show the intimate terms on
which he stood with the writers. A letter to
Sir Christopher Hatton, dated 3 Jan. 1640-1,
announcing his arrival at the Hague (Add.
MSS. 28218 f. 9, 29550 f. 49), was printed in
1641 (Brit. Mus. Cat. < Finch '). Another to
Dr. Cosin, dean of Peterborough, written in
a very inflated style, but not without touches
of humour, is undated, but must have been
written in 1641 or 1642, as it contains a re-
ference to the ' danger that hangs over the
head ' of Cosin, viz. the prosecution in the

precedence of supply. On 5 May parliament high commission court for innovating in re-
was dissolved. One of the first acts of the ligion, which terminated 22 Jan. 1642 in se-

Long parliament was the exhibition of articles
of impeachment against Finch. The princi-
pal counts in the indictment were three :
(1) his arbitrary conduct when speaker on
the occasion of Eliot's motion on tonnage
and poundage ; (2) malpractices on the bench
in 1635 for the purpose of extending the
royal forest in Essex beyond its legal boun-
daries ; (3) his conduct in Hampden's case
{Harleian Miscellany, v. 566-9 ; Somers
Tracts, iv. 129-32; Trevelyan Papers, Camd.
Soc. iii. 199-200). Finch appeared at the
bar of the House of Commons during the pre-
liminary stage (21 Dec.), and made an ela-
borate speech in his own defence, but took
refuge in Holland before the form of the ar-
ticles was finally determined, arriving at the
Hague on 31 Dec. 1640. According to Cla-
rendon (Rebellion, i. 311, 526) the house was
' wonderfully indisposed to hear anything
against ' him, though Falkland denounced
him as the ' chief transgressor' in the mat-
ter of ship-money. His estates in Kent and
Middlesex were sequestrated in 1644, being
estimated as of the annual value of 338/. ;

VOL. XIX.

questration. It was printed in 1642
and reprinted in 1844 (Newcastle Reprints
of Rare Tracts, Historical, i.) On 14 July
1647 Finch petitioned the House of Lords
for leave to return home to die in his native
country. The petition was ordered to be
considered, and was entered in the journal
of the house, but no leave appears to have
been granted (Lords 1 Journals, vii. 331). In
October 1660 Finch was one of the commis-
sioners for the trial of the regicides, but took
little part in the proceedings. He died on the
27th of the following month, and was buried
in St. Martin's Church, near Canterbury. As
he left no male issue the peerage became ex-
tinct. Finch married first Eleanor, daughter
of George Wyat; and secondly, Mabel, daugh-
ter of the Rev. Charles Fotherby, dean of
Canterbury. Smith (Obituary, Camd. Soc.,
p. 52) calls him a ' proud and impious man,
but loyal to his prince.' His character has
been painted in black colours by Campbell ;
but though a bigoted supporter of despotic
power, there is no reason to suppose that he
was other than a conscientious man. His

C

Finch

18

Finch

view of the duty of a judge was certainly very
humble, if we may credit the statement of
Clarendon (Rebellion, i. 130) that while lord
keeper he announced his intention of giving
effect on all occasions to the mandates of the
privy council. It has, however, never been
suggested that he was open to pecuniary cor-
ruption. Wood says that he was the author
of a * Manuale Mathematicum,' curiously
written on vellum with his own hand, for-
merly preserved among the manuscripts in
the Ashmolean Museum (Athence Oxon. ed.
Bliss, ii. 388), but now missing from the Ash-
molean collection at the Bodleian (BLACK,
Cat. p. 1505). He was also one of the first
donors to Gray's Inn library (DOUTHWAITE,
Grays Inn, p. 176).

[Berry's County Genealogies (Kent) ; Camp-
bell's Lives of the Chancellors ; Foss's Lives of
the Judges.] J. M. R.

FINCH, SIR JOHN (1626-1682), physi-
cian, younger son of Sir Heneage Finch,
speaker of the House of Commons [q. v.],
was born in 1626, and, after education at Mr.
Sylvester's school in the parish of All Saints,
Oxford, entered Balliol College as a gentleman
commoner and graduated B. A. 22 May 1647.
In 1648 he left Oxford, and graduated M. A.
at Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1649 ; then
went to Padua and took the degree of M.D.
in that university. He became English consul
at Padua, and was made syndic of the univer-
sity. The Grand Duke of Tuscany afterwards
appointed him to a professorship at Pisa. At
the Restoration he returned to England, and
on 26 Feb. 1661 was elected an extraordinary
fellow of the College of Physicians of London.
' Obpraeclara doctoris Harvei merita,' say the
college annals, probably in reference to the
fact that Harvey had been a doctor of physic
of the university of Padua. Lord Clarendon
presented Finch to the king, who knighted
him on 10 June 1661, and on 26 June in the
same year he was created M.D. at Cambridge,
Dr. Carr appearing as his proxy. He was
one of the fellows admitted by the council
of the Royal Society, in virtue of the power
given them for two months, on 20 May 1663.
The house now called Kensington Palace
belonged to Finch, and in 1661 he sold it to
his elder brother, Sir Heneage Finch, after-
wards Lord Nottingham. In 1665 he was
sent as minister to the Grand Duke of Tus-
cany, and in 1672 was promoted to be am-
bassador at Constantinople. On his voyage
thither he stopped at Leghorn and at .Malta
to arrange the restitution of some ffoods be-
longing to the basha of Tunis which had
been seized bv English privateers. On 2 MAJ
1676 he left bis house in Pera, with a n-t inuc
of one hundred and twenty horses and fifty-

five carts of baggage, and after a nine days'
journey reached Adrianople. The object of
the visit was to obtain the sultan's confirma-
tion of privileges granted to English residents
in his dominions, and after tedious delays
this was accomplished on 8 Sept. The town
was crowded, and the ambassador, who had
at first wretched lodgings, was later obliged
to live in tents in the fields owing to an
epidemic of plague, of which some of his
household died. He returned to Constanti-
nople, and in 1682 to England. He died of
pleurisy on 18 Nov. 1682 in London, whence
his body was conveyed by his kinsmen to
Cambridge and there buried, as he had desired,
near that of his friend Sir Thomas Baines
[q_.v.], in the chapel of Christ's College. Their
friendship is the most interesting circum-
stance of the life of Finch. It began ab
Cambridge, where Henry More the Platonist
introduced Finch, on his migration from Ox-
ford, to Baines, already a member of Christ's
College. They pursued the same studies and
lived in the same places, both graduated in
medicine at Padua, were admitted fellows of
the College of Physicians of London on the
same day, and were together created doctors
of physic at Cambridge. When Finch had
been knighted he sought the same honour for
Baines, and when he went abroad as an am-
bassador he took Sir Thomas Baines with
him as physician to the embassy. They con-
sulted together on every difficulty, and at
Constantinople were known as the ambas-
sador and the chevalier, and it was considered
as important to secure the influence of the
one as of the other. Thus constant through-
out life they are buried side by side, under
the same marble canopy, and are every year
commemorated as benefactors of their college,
where they jointly founded two fellowships
and two scholarships, anxious to encourage
in future generations the formation of friend-
ships at the university as true and as lasting
as their own.

[Hunk's Coll. of Phys. i. 298; Pepys's Diary
6th ed. in. 446 ; Cambridge University Calendar
1 868 ; North's Life of the Hon. Sir Dudley North'
Knt., London, 1744; tomb in the chapel of
Christ's College, Cambridge; Dodd's Church
History, iii. 257; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss ii

N.M.

FINCH, ROBERT (1783-1830), anti-
quary, born in London on 27 Dec. 1783 was
the only son of Thomas Finch, F.R S ' He
was educated for a short time at St. Paul's
Schoo , and at eighteen was admitted at

"I '" r A ?^ x S rd - He ^^ RA -

09. He was ordained in 1807

and officiated at Maidstone and elsewhere

ie went abroad, visiting Portugal^

Finch

Finch

France, Switzerland, Italy, Greece, and the
Holy Land. For several years before his
death he lived in Rome. He died at his
residence, the Palazzo del Re di Prussia, in
Rome, on 16 Sept. 1830, from malarial fever.
Finch had a great love of the fine arts, and
studied antiquities and topography. He left
his library, pictures, coins, and medals to the
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and his plate
to Balliol College. He was a fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries, and a contributor to
the ' Gentleman's Magazine 'and other periodi-
cals. He married in 1820, when in Italy,
Maria, eldest daughter of Frederick Thom-
son of Kensington, but left no issue.

[Gent. Mag. 1830, vol. c. pt. ii. pp. 567-8.]

W. W.

FINCH, ROBERT POOLE (1724-1803),
divine, son of the Rev. Richard Finch, was
born at Greenwich 3 March 1723-4, entered
Merchant Taylors' School in 1736, and was
admitted a member of Peterhouse, Cambridge,
whence he graduated B.A. 1743, M.A. 1747,
D.D. 1772. He became a preacher of some
eminence, published numerous sermons, and
was also an author of a treatise upon oaths
and perjury, which passed through many
editions. In 1771 he was appointed rector
of St. Michael's, Cornhill, but resigned in
1784, on becoming rector of St. John the
Evangelist, Westminster. In 1781 he was
made prebendary of Westminster, and re-
taining this appointment until his death,
18 May 1803, was buried in the abbey.

He published in 1788 ' Considerations upon
the Use and Abuse of Oaths judicially taken/
which became a standard work among the
publications of the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge.

[Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School ;
Chester's Westminster Abbey Keg. p. 469.]

C. J. R.

FINCH, SIE THOMAS (d. 1563), mili-
tary commander, was second son of Sir Wil-
liam Finch, who was knighted for his services
at the siege of Terouenne in 1513, and at-
tended Henry VIII with a great retinue in
1520. His mother, his father's first wife, was
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Cromer of
Tunstall, Kent, and widow of Sir Richard
Lovelace. An elder brother, Lawrence, died
without issue, and Thomas succeeded to his
father's property. He was trained as a soldier,
and in 1553 was engaged in suppressing
Wyatt's rebellion in Kent. On the day after
Mary's coronation (2 Oct. 1553) he was
knighted. Soon after Elizabeth's accession
(1559), Nicholas Harpsfeld [q. v.], archdeacon
of Canterbury, threatened violent resistance
to the new ecclesiastical legislation, and Finch

was despatched to Canterbury to disarm his
household. Early in 1563 he was appointed,
in succession to Sir Adrian Poynings, knight-
marshal of the army then engaged in war
about Havre. He at once sent his half-
brother, Sir Erasmus Finch, to take tempo-
rary charge, and his kinsman Thomas Finch
:o act as provost-marshal. He himself em-
barked in the Greyhound in March with two
mndred followers, among them James and
John Wentworth, brothers of Lord Went-
worth, another brother of his own, a brother
of Lord Cobham, and a nephew of Ambrose
Dudley, earl of Warwick. When nearing
Havre the ship was driven back by contrary
winds towards Rye. Finch and his friends
induced the captain ' a very good seaman,'
says Stow l to thrust into the haven before
the tide,' and ' so they all perished' with the
exception of * seven of the meaner sort '
(19 March). The news reached the court
two days later, and produced great consterna-
tion (Cecil to Sir Thomas Smith in WEIGHT,
Queen Elizabeth, i. 133). A ballad com-
memorating the misfortune was licensed to
Richard Griffith at the time (COLLIEE, Sta-
tioners 1 Registers, 1557-70, Shakespeare Soc.
73). Finch was buried at Eastwell, Kent.

Finch married Catherine, daughter and
coheiress of Sir Thomas Moyle, chancellor
of the court of augmentations, and thus
came into possession of Moyle's property of
Eastwell, at his death 2 Oct. 1560. He
owned other land in Kent, and on 9 Dec.
1558 Aloisi Pruili, Cardinal Pole's secretary,
requested Cecil to direct Finch to allow the
officers of the cardinal, then just dead, to
dispose of oxen, hay, wood, and deer belong-
ing to their late master in St. Augustine's
Park, Canterbury (Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1547-80, p. 116). His widow remarried Ni-
cholas St. Leger, and died 9 Feb. 1586-7.
Of his children, three sons and a daughter
survived him. The second son, Sir Henry
Finch, serjeant-at-law, is separately noticed.
The third', Thomas, died without issue in the
expedition to Portugal in 1589. The daugh-
ter, Jane, married George Wyatt of Bexley,
son of Sir Thomas Wyatt of Allington, Kent.
Finch's heir, Moyle, created a baronet 27 May
1611, married in 1574 Elizabeth, daughter of
Sir Thomas Heneage of Copt Hall, Essex ;
inherited Eastwell on his mother's death in
1587 ; obtained a license to enclose one thou-
sand acres of land there, and to embattle his
house, 18 Jan. 1589, and died 14 Dec. 1614.
His widow was created, in consideration of
her father's services, Viscountess Maidstone,
8 July 1623, and Countess of Winchilsea,
12 July 1628, both titles being granted with
limitation to heirs male. She died and was

c2

Finch

20

Finch-Hatton

buried at Eastwell in 1633. Her eldest son,
Thomas, succeeded her as Earl of Winchilsea.
Her fourth son, Sir Heneage [q. v.], was
speaker of the House of Commons, 1626-31.

[Collins's Peerage, ed. Brydges, iii. 378-9 ;
Hasted's Kent, iii. 198-9; Stow's Chronicle,
1614, pp. 654-5; Wright's Queen Elizabeth,
i. 127, 133 ; Froude's Hist. vi. 201 ; Machyn's
Diary, pp. 302, 308.] S. L. L.

FINCH, WILLIAM (d. 1613), merchant,
was a native of London. He was agent to
an expedition sent by the East India Com-
pany, under Captains Hawkins and Keel-
ing, in 1607 to treat with the Great Mogul.
Hawkins and Finch landed at Surat on
24 Aug. 1608. They were violently opposed
by the Portuguese. Finch, however, obtained
permission from the governor of Cambay to
dispose of the goods in their vessels. In-
cited by the Portuguese, who seized two of
the English ships, the natives refused to have
dealings with the company's representatives.
During these squabbles Finch fell ill, and
Hawkins, proceeding to Agra alone, obtained
favourable notice from the Emperor Jehang-
hire. Finch recovered, and joined Hawkins
at Agra on 14 April 1610. The two re-
mained at the mogul's court for about a year
and a half, Finch refusing tempting offers to
attach himself permanently to the service of
Jehanghire. Hawkins returned to England,
but Finch delayed his departure in order to
make further explorations, visiting Byana
and Lahore among other places. Finch
made careful observations on the commerce
and natural products of the districts visited.
In 1612 the mogul emperor confirmed and
extended the privileges he had promised to
Finch and Hawkins, and the East India Com-
pany in that year set up their first little fac-
tory at Surat. Finch died at Babylon on his
way to Aleppo from drinking poisoned water
in August 1613.

[Purchas ; Pre vest's Histoire de Voyages ;
Dow's Hist, of Hindostan ; Cal. State Papers,
East Indies, 1513-1617, Nos. 449, 649, 650 ]

J. B-Y.

FINCH, WILLIAM (1747-1810), divine,
son of William Finch of Watford, Hertford-
shire, was born 22 July 1747, entered Mer-
chant Taylors' School in 1754, and was elected
thence in 1764 to St. John's College, Oxford.
He graduated B.C.L. in 1770 and D.C.L. in
1775. In 1797 he accepted the college living
of Tackley, Oxfordshire, and in the same
year was appointed Bampton lecturer. He
took as his subject ' The Objections of Infidel
Historians and other writers against Christi-
anity.' The lectures were published in 1797,
together with a sermon preached before the

university on 18 Oct. 1795. Finch, who does
not appear to have published anything else
except a sermon preached before the Oxford
Loyal Volunteers (Oxford, 1798), died 8 June
1810, and was buried at Tackley.

[Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School,
ii. 114 ; Oxf. Matr. Reg. ; Brit. Mus. Libr. Cat.]

C. J. R.

FINCH-HATTON, EDWARD (d. 1771),
diplomatist, was fifth son of Daniel Finch
[q. v.], sixth earl of Winchilsea and second
earl of Nottingham. He proceeded M.A. of
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1718, was
elected M.P.for his university to every parlia-
ment that met between 1727 and 1764, and
instituted with his fellow-member, Thomas
Townshend, the Members' Prizes in the
university for essays in Latin prose. He held
a long succession of diplomatic posts. He
was envoy extraordinary and minister plenipo-
tentiary to Sweden ; in the same capacity
was present at the diet of Ratisbon, 1723,
and went to the States-General in 1724. On
8 Feb. 1724-5 he was appointed to the court
of Poland, and on 11 Jan. 1739 to that of
Russia. On returning home he became groom
of the royal bedchamber (1742), master of
the robes (June 1757), and surveyor of the
king's private woods in November 1760. He
assumed in 1764 the additional name of
Hatton, under the will of his aunt, Elizabeth
(5 Oct. 1764), daughter of Christopher, vis-
count Hatton. He died 16 May 1771. In
1746 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
Thomas Palmer of Wingham, Kent, by whom
he had two sons, George (b. 30 June 1747)
and John Emilius Daniel Edward (b. 19 May
1755), besides three daughters. George Wil-
liam [q. v.], the eldest son of Edward Finch-
Hatton's heir, George, succeeded as tenth earl
of Winchilsea and sixth earl of Nottingham
on the death of his cousin in 1826.

[Collins's Peerage, iii. 296-7.]

FINCH-HATTON, GEORGE WIL-
LIAM, EARL OF WINCHILSEA AND NOTTING-
HAM (1791-1858), politician, was born at
Kirby, Northamptonshire, on 19 May 1791.
His father, George Finch-Hatton of Eastwell
Park, near Ashford, Kent, M.P. for Rochester
1772-84, died 17 Feb. 1823, having married in
1785 Lady Elizabeth Mary, eldest daughter of
David Murray, second earl of Mansfield. She
died 1 June 1825. George William, the elder
son, was educated at Christ's College, Cam-
bridge, where he proceeded B.A. in 1812.
On 13 Oct. 1809 he became a captain in the
Ashford regiment of Kentish local militia, on
14 Dec. 1819 commenced acting as a lieute-
nant of the Northamptonshire regiment of
yeomanry, and on 7 Sept. 1820 was named

Finch-Hatton

21

Finden

a deputy-lieutenant for the county of Kent.
His cousin, George Finch, ninth earl of Win-
chilsea and fifth earl of Nottingham, having
died on 2 Aug. 1826, he succeeded to these
peerages. He presided at a very large and
influential meeting held on Pennenden Heath,
Kent, on 10 Oct. 1828, when strongly worded
resolutions in favour of protestant principles
were carried. In his place in the House of
Lords he violently opposed almost every
liberal measure which was brought forward.
He was particularly noted as being almost
the only English nobleman who was willing
to identify himself with the Orange party in
Ireland, and he was accustomed to denounce
in frantic terms Daniel O'Connell, Maynooth,
and the system of education carried out in
that college. Occasionally he took the chair
at May meetings at Exeter Hall, but his in-
temperate language prevented him from be-
coming a leader in evangelical politics. The
Catholic Relief Bill of 1829 encountered his
most vehement hostility, and ultimately led
to a duel with the Duke of Wellington. Lord
"VVinchilsea, in a letter to the secretary of
King's College, London, wrote that the duke,
' under the cloak of some coloured show of
zeal for the protestant religion, carried on an
insidious design for the infringement of our
liberties and the introduction of popery into
every department of the state.' The duke re-
plied with a challenge. The meeting took place
inBatterseaFieldson21 March 1829, the duke
being attended by Sir Henry Hardinge, and
his opponent by Edward Boscawen, viscount
Falmouth. The duke fired and missed, where-
upon Winchilsea fired in the air and then
apologised for the language of his letter (An-
nual Register, 1829, pp. 58-63; STOCQUELEE,
Life of Wellington, ii. 147-8, with portrait of
Winchilsea ; STEINMETZ, Romance of Duel-
ling, ii. 336-43). He was a very frequent
speaker in the lords, and strenuously opposed
the Reform Bill and other whig measures.
He was gazetted lieutenant-colonel comman-
dant of the East Kent regiment of yeomanry
20 Dec. 1830, named a deputy-lieutenant for
the county of Lincoln 26 Sept. 1831, and
created a D.C.L. of Oxford 10 June 1834.
He died at Haverholme Priory, near Slea-
ford, Lincolnshire, 8 Jan. 1858.

He was the writer of a pamphlet entitled
1 Earl of Winchilsea's Letter to the " Times,"
calling upon the Protestants of Great Bri-
tain to unite heart and soul in addressing
the Throne for a Dissolution of Parliament,'
1851.

Winchilsea was married three times : first,
on 26 July 1814, to Georgiana Charlotte,
eldest daughter of James Graham, third duke
of Montrose, she died at Haverholme Priory

13 Feb. 1835 ; secondly, on 15 Feb. 1837, to
Lmily Georgiana, second daughter of Sir
Charles Bagot, G.C.B., she died at Haver-

.,c.
& ?T y Mar garetta, eldest daughter
of Edward Royd Rice of Dane Court, Kent.
[Portraits of Eminent Conservatives and
Statesmen, 1st ser. 1886, with portrait; Doyle's
Baronage (1886), iii. 690, with portrait after
T. Philhpps; Carpenter's Peerage for the People
(1841), pp. 772-3; Gent. Mag. February 1858
pp. 211-12.] G. C. JB.

FINDEN, EDWARD FRANCIS (1701-
1857), engraver, was younger brother, fellow-
pupil, and coadj utor of William Finden [q. v.l ,
and shared his successes and fortunes. He
executed some separate works, among early
ones being a set of etchings for Duppa's ' Mis-
cellaneous Opinions and Observations on the
Continent,' 1825, and ' Illustrations of the
Vaudois in a Series of Views,' 1831. He was
also a large contributor of illustrations to the
annuals, books of beauty, poetry, and other
sentimental works then in vogue. The sepa-
rate engravings executed by him included
1 The Harvest Waggon,' after Gainsborough ;
'As Happy as a King,' after W. Collins;
'Captain Macheath in Prison,' after G. S.
Newton ; ' The Little Gleaner,' after Sir W.
Beechey; 'The Princess Victoria,' after
Westall; 'Othello telling his Exploits to
Brabantio and Desdemona,' after Douglas
Cowper, &c. He died at St. John's Wood,
aged 65, on 9 Feb. 1857.

[Art Journal, 1852 ; Bryan's Diet, of Painters
and Engravers, ed. Graves ; Eedgrave's Diet, of
Artists; Athenaeum, September 1852; Encycl.
Brit. 9th ed. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] L. C.

FINDEN, WILLIAM (1787-1852), en-
graver, was apprenticed to James Mitan, an
engraver, one of the articles of his appren-
ticeship being that he was never to be a can-
didate for academy honours ; it is probable,
however, that he derived much instruction
from his careful study of the works of James
Heath (1766-1834) [q. v.] He worked chiefly
in conjunction with his younger brother and
fellow-pupil, Edward Finden [q. v.], and was
at first employed in his master's line of engrav-
ing, illustrating the books published by Sharpe,
Sutton, and others, engraving Smirke's draw-
ings for ' Don Quixote.' This rather cramped
style of book illustration the Findens de-
veloped to a very great extent. They esta-
blished a large school of pupils, who worked
under their direction, and executed most of
the works which bear the Findens' name, the
Findens confining themselves principally to
supervision, and to giving the few touches
necessary to produce the elaborate finish

Finden

22

Findlater

and precision in which their productions ex-
celled. This mechanical elaboration perhaps
renders their works cold, and prevents their
great excellency from being duly appreciated.
Among the earlier works produced by Wil-
liam Finden were the illustrations to Sir
Henry Ellis's edition of Dugdale's ' History
of St. Paul's,' 1818, Dibdin's ' ^Edes Althor-
pianse,' 1822, &c. The brothers were both
employed in engraving the Elgin marbles for
the British Museum, and also on the illus-
trations for ' The Arctic Voyages ' published
by Murray; Brockedon's 'Passes of the Alps,'
1829; Campbell's ' Poetical Works,' 1828;
and Lodge's ' Portraits,' 1821-34. They pub-
lished on their own account and at their own
cost in 1833 the illustrations to Moore's 'Life
and Works of Lord Byron.' This last-named
work created a great sensation. It was fol-
lowed by other works of a popular nature,
1 The Gallery of the Graces,' from pictures by
Chalon, Landseer, and others, 1832-4 ; l Land-
scape Illustrations of the Bible,' after Turner,
Callcott, Stanfield, and others, 1834-6 ; l By-
ron Beauties,' 1834 ; ' Landscape Illustrations
to the Life and Poetical Works of George
Crabbe,' 1834 ; ' Portraits of the Female
Aristocracy of the Court of Queen Victoria/
after Chalon, Hayter, and others, 1838-9;
'Tableaux of National Character, Beauty,
and Costume,' first edited by Mrs. S. C. Hall,
then by Mary Russell Mitford (among the
contributors of poetry was Elizabeth Barrett,
afterwards Mrs. Browning [q. v.]), &c. The
large profits which the brothers Finden gained
from these works were risked and finally
dissipated in an ambitious production, ' The
Royal Gallery of British Art,' 1838, &c. ;
this publication, though admirably planned
and beautifully executed, was unsuited to a
public whose taste for annuals and illustra-
tions of poetry had been surfeited to excess.
It was the deathblow to the fortunes of the
two Findens. William Finden died a widower
after a short illness on 20 Sept. 1852, in his
sixty-fifth year, and was buried in Highgate
cemetery ; one of his last acts was to sign a
petition to the queen for the recognition of
the claims of engravers to the full honours
of the Royal Academy. Besides the publi-
cations above mentioned and numerous other
illustrative works he produced some impor-
tant single works, notably the full-length
portrait of George IV, painted by Sir Thomas
Lawrence for the Marchioness of Conyngham
(a collection of progressive proofs of this en-
graving is in the print room at the British
Museum); ' Sheep Washing' and ' The Vil-
lage Festival,' by Sir David Wilkie (in the
National Gallery); 'The Highlander's Re-
turn,' 'The Highlander's Home,' and 'The

Naughty Boy,' after Sir Edwin Landseer;
and ' The Crucifixion,' after W. Hilton, Fin-
den's last work, which was purchased by the
Art Union for 1,470/.

[For authorities see under FINDEN, EDWARD
FRANCIS.] L. C.

FINDLATER, ANDREW (1810-1885),
compiler, born at Aberdour, Aberdeenshire,
in 1810, was educated at the university of
Aberdeen, where he graduated and for some
time attended the divinity classes. On leaving
college he became schoolmaster at Tillydesk,
and subsequently head-master of Gordon's
Hospital, Aberdeen. In 1853 he began a life-
long connection with the publishing firm of
Messrs. Chambers, Edinburgh. In the same
year was published his essay on ' Epicurus ' in
the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitan.' His first
work for Messrs. Chambers was an edition
of their ' Information for the People,' which
appeared in 1857. Shortly afterwards he was
entrusted with the editorship of their ' Ency-
clopaedia,' in which he wrote several articles.
He also prepared for the ' Educational Course '
of the same firm manuals on language, astro-
nomy, physical geography, and physiography,
and put forth new editions of their ' Etymo-
logical Dictionary' and the 'Miscellanies.'
In addition to these literary productions, he
contributed a series of essays entitled ' Notes
of Travel ' and various other articles to the
' Scotsman.' In 1864 he received the degree
of LL.D. from the university of Aberdeen.
His work is characterised by singular clear-
ness of exposition. His handbook on philo-
logy, for which study he had a special liking,
is particularly concise and intelligent. He
died on 1 Jan. 1885. He married a daughter
of Thomas Barclay, sheriff-clerk of Fifeshire,
who died in 1879.

[Scotsman, 2 Jan. 1885; private information.]

W. B-E.

FINDLATER, CHARLES (1754-1838),
agricultural writer and essayist, was born
10 Jan. 1754 in the manse of West Linton,
Peeblesshire. His grandfather, Alexander
Findlater, was a native of Moray, and 'mar-
ried into the famous Scotch family, Kirkaldy
of Grange. Thomas (1697-1778), his son,
was minister of West Linton, but his settle-
ment there in 1729 was resolutely opposed by
certain of the parishioners, and led to the rise
of a secessionist congregation, which still sur-
vives. Charles was Thomas Findlater's son
by his second wife, Jean, daughter of Wil-
liam Brown, an Edinburgh bookseller. He
graduated at Edinburgh University 14 Nov.
1770. In 1777 he was ordained assistant to
his father, and in 1790 was presented by the
Duke of Queensberry to the neighbouring

Findlater

Findlay

parish, Newlands, where he lived until 1835,
and then retiring from duty, died at Glasgow
28 May 1838, aged 84. His appointment at
Newlands, like his father's at West Linton,
wasfopposed, and led to the establishment of
a seceding congregation, which yet exists.
He married (26 July 1791) Janet Hay Russell
(who was accidentally burnt to death in 1828).
He was father of the synod of Lothian and
Tweeddale, and was buried at Newlands. A
marble bust of him, executed at the cost of
many admirers, is in the Peebles Art Gallery.

Himself of the moderate theological school,
Findlater's liberal opinions and neglect of
conventionalities, united with much kind-
ness of heart and intellectual power, marked
him among his brother clergy. The cordi-
ality of his friendship and correctness of his
life were universally acknowledged. He esta-
blished one of the first local savings banks,
and used to carry his account-book for it
regularly with him on his pastoral visitations.
He would sing a song at a cottar's wedding,
and on many wintry Sundays gather his con-
gregation round him in his kitchen and give
them dinner afterwards.

Findlater's books show him to have been
well read in moral and political economy.
He published: 1. { Liberty and Equality; a
Sermon or Essay, with an Appendix on God-
win's system of society in his "Political Jus-
tice,"' 1800. This sermon, preached at New-
lands, was directed against the l new doctrine
of French philosophy, the monstrous doc-
trine of equality.' Few of his parishioners
could have understood a word of it. Yet
some sympathisers with the obnoxious doc-
trine attacked Findlater, and he was obliged
to hide himself until the lord advocate, Sir
James Montgomery, was able to appease the
outcry. The sermon was dedicated to Mont-
gomery when printed. 2. * General View of
the Agriculture of the County of Peebles,'
Edinburgh, 1802. This is descriptive rather
than didactic. Restates that pigeons and bees
are rather disadvantageous than otherwise to
the Peebles farmers from their impoverish-
ing the ground, and, curiously enough, never
mentions in his survey either the game or
the fish of the county. The industry and
sobriety of the inhabitants are commended,
1 with the exception of a few instances of per-
version of principle, occasioned by the in-
troduction of the French philosophy, and
these chiefly confined to the county town.'
3. * Sermons or Essays, as the Reader shall
chuse to design them, upon Christian Duties,'
1830. In these are contained ' a plain state-
ment of some of the most obvious principles
of political economy.' 4. Accounts of West
Linton and of Newlands in Sinclair's 'Sta-

tistical Account ' and in the new < Statistical
Account.'

[Findlater's Works in the British Museum ;
Dr. Hew Scott's Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanse, pt. i!
247, 253 ; Presbytery and Synod Eecords at
Newlands; private information from the Rev.
J. Milne, minister of Newlands.] M. Or. W.

FINDLATER and SEAFIELD, fourth
EARL or. [See OGILVT, JAMES, 1664-1730.]

FINDLAY, ALEXANDER GEORGE

(1812-1875), geographer and hydrographer,
born in London, 6 Jan. 1812, was a descendant
of the Findlaysof Arbroath, Forfarshire. His
grandfather was a shipowner of that port, who
transferred his business to the river Thames
about the middle of last century. Findlay's
father, Alexander Findlay, also a geographer,
was born in London in 1790, and became one
of the original fellows of the Royal Geogra-
phical Society on its foundation in 1830.
Among his numerous undertakings success-
fully completed was an atlas sheet of the
environs of London (1829) to a distance of
thirty-two miles from St. Paul's (upon a
half-inch scale), every line of which was his
own handiwork. He died in 1870. The son
early devoted himself to the compilation of
geographical and hydrographical works, and
his atlases of* Ancient and Comparative Geo-
graphy ' are known all over the world. In
1851 ne completed the revision of Brookes's
' Gazetteer,' and the same year published his
earliest important work, on the ' Coasts and
Islands of the Pacific Ocean,' in 2 vols. of
1 ,400 pages. By the death of John Purdy,
the hydrographer, in 1843, he succeeded to
the foremost position in this branch of nau-
tical research and authorship. His researches
in the kindred science of meteorology further
attracted the attention of Admiral Fitzroy,
who in the earlier days of meteorological in-
vestigation invited him to join an official de-
partment then about to be established, but
Findlay preferred an independent career. In
the course of years of immense labour he pre-
pared and issued six large nautical directories,
which have proved invaluable to the mari-
time world. These directories are accom-
panied by illustrations, charts, &c., and in-
clude 'the North Atlantic Ocean,' 'The
South Atlantic Ocean/ ' The Indian Ocean,'
1 Indian Archipelago, China, and Japan,' ' The
South Pacific Ocean,' and ' The North Pacific
Ocean.' ' These works,' observes Sir Henry
Rawlinson, 'constitute a monument of in-
dustry and perseverance, and are accepted as
standard authorities in every quarter of the
globe.' As a cartographer Findlay exhibited
a wide practical knowledge of the sailor's
requirements which even the hydrographic

Findlay

Finet

department of the admiralty was not able to
surpass, and he executed a series of charts uni-
versally known and appreciated by the mer-
cantile marine. The Society of Arts awarded
Findlay its medal for his dissertation on ' The
English Lighthouse System.' Subsequently
he published 'Lighthouses and Coast Fog
Signals of the World.' At the time of Sir
John Franklin's catastrophe he carefully sifted
all the probable and possible routes, and as a
member of the Arctic committee of the Royal
Geographical Society materially assisted in
preparing the arguments which induced the
government to send out the Alert and Dis-
covery expedition of 1875. On the death of
Laurie, the London geographical and print
publisher, in 1858, Findlay took up his busi-
ness, which soon sprang into renewed activity
under his guidance, and in 1885, on the dis-
persal of the navigation business of Van Keu-
len of Amsterdam, founded in 1678, it became
the oldest active firm in Europe for the publi-
cation of charts and nautical works. Find-
lay devoted much time to the labours of his
friend, Dr. Livingstone, in central Africa, and
he also carefully investigated the question of
the sources of the Nile. For the record of the
Burton and Speke explorations in the lake
regions of central equatorial Africa during
1858-9 he constructed a map of the routes
traversed. He also wrote a paper on the con-
nection of Lake Tanganyika with the Nile,
accompanying it by a comparative series of
maps relating to the northern end of the lake.
Findlay served on various committees ap-
pointed by the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, and contributed
the following papers to section E : at Liver-
pool in 1853, ' On the Currents of the Atlan-
tic and Pacific Oceans ; ' Exeter, 1869, ' On
the Gulf Stream, and its supposed influence
upon the Climate of N.-W. Europe.'

In 1844 Findlay was elected a fellow of
the Royal Geographical Society, and soon
became an active member of its council and
committees. To the ' Journal ' of the society
he contributed several papers, as well as to
the ' Transactions of the Royal United Service
Institution,' and to the ' Transactions of the
Society of Arts.' Findlay's services were
pronounced equally worthy of remembrance
with those of Arrowsmith and Petermann. In
1870 the Societa Geografica Italiana elected
him one of its foreign honorary members.
Findlay's various publications embrace a total
of no less than ten thousand pages, all of
which are in active use. He died at Dover
on 3 May 1875.

[Royal Geographical Society's Journal, vol.
xlv. 1875; Athenaeum, May 1875; Bookseller,
June 1875 ; private memoranda.] G. B. S.

FINDLAY, ROBERT, D.D.(1721-1814) r
Scotch divine, son of William Findlay of
Waxford, Ayrshire, born 23 Nov. 1721, was
educated at Glasgow, Leyden, and Edinburgh,
and was ordained a minister of the kirk of
Scotland in 1744. He had charges succes-
sively at Stevenston (1743), Galston (1745),
Paisley (1754), and St. David's Church, Glas-
gow (1756), was appointed professor of di-
vinity in the university of Glasgow in 1782,
and died 15 June 1814. He published in the
Library ' for July 1761 A Letter to the
Rev. Dr. Kennicott vindicating the Jews
from the Charge of Corrupting Deut. xxvii. 4,'
which, on Kennicott's replying in the * Li-
brary,' he followed up with ' A Second Letter
to Dr. Kennicott upon the same subject,
being an Answer to the Remarks in the " Li-
brary " for August 1761, and a further illus-
tration of the argument.' This letter he
sent to the ' Library ; ' but the editor of that
magazine having had enough of the contro-
versy, it appeared separately in January 1762.
Both letters were signed ' Philalethes.' A
more ambitious task next engaged Findlay's
attention, viz. an examination of the views
on the credibility of Josephus and the Jewish
and Christian Scriptures propounded by Vol-
taire in his ' Philosophic de 1'Histoire.' This
work appeared under the title of ' A Vin-
dication of the Sacred Books and of Josephus,
especially the former, from various misrepre-
sentations and cavils of the celebrated M. de
Voltaire,' Glasgow, 1770, 8vo. Findlay also
published a pamphlet on ' The Divine Inspi-
ration of the Jewish Scriptures and Old
Testament,' London, 1803, 8vo.

[Irving's Book of Eminent Scotsmen ; Brit.
Mus. Cat.; Cleland's Annals of Glasgow, ii.
114; Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. ii. 26, 116,
187, 203.] J. M. R.

FINET or FINETT, SIR JOHN (1571-
1641), master of the ceremonies, was son of
Robert Finet of Soulton, near Dover, Kent,
who died early in 1582. His mother was
Alice, daughter and coheiress of John Wen-
lock, a captain of Calais. His great-grand-
father, John Finet, an Italian of Siena, came
to England as a servant in the train of Car-
dinal Campeggio in 1519, settled here and
married a lady named Mantell, maid of honour
to Catherine of Arragon. John was brought
up at court and commended himself to
James I by composing and singing witty
songs in the royal presence after supper. Sir
Anthony Weldon (Court of Xing James,
1812, i. 399) credits Finet's songs with much
coarseness. On 17 Jan. 1617-18 he is said to-
have offended his master by the impropriety
of some verses that he introduced into a play

Finet

Finger

produced at court (Cal. State Papers, Dom.

17 Jan. 1618). Finet was in Paris early in
1610, and sent home an account of the treat-
ment accorded to duellists in France, dated
19 Feb. 1609-10 (see Cott. MS. Titus, C. iv.)
He seems to have been at the time in the
service of Lord-treasurer Salisbury ( Cal. State
Papers, Dom. 29 April 1612). Wood states
that he was in France on diplomatic business
in 1614, but on 15 Dec. 1614 he was reported
in a contemporary news-letter to have just
returned from Spain, whither he had been
despatched to present gifts of armour and
animals to members of the royal family (id.
15 Dec. 1614). Next year he was with the
king at Cambridge. On 23 March 1615-16
he was knighted, and on 13 Sept. 1619 he
was granted the reversion of the place of
Sir Lewis Lewknor, master of the cere-
monies, whom he had already begun to assist
in the performance of his duties. On 19 Feb.
1624-5 he was granted a pension of 120/.,
vacant by the death of Sir William Button,
assistant-master of the ceremonies, and on

18 March 1624-5 he was formally admitted
into Button's office on the understanding
that on Finet's promotion to Lewknor's place
the office should be abolished. On Lewk-
nor's death Finet succeeded to the mastership
of ceremonies (12 March 1625-6). Thence-
forward Finet was busily employed in en-
tertaining foreign envoys at the English
court, and determining the numerous diffi-
culties regarding precedence which arose
among the resident ambassadors. He was in-
timate with all the courtiers. Lord Herbert
of Cherbury (Autobiography, ed. S. L. Lee,

?. 164) had made his acquaintance before
616. In 1636 it was proposed at Oxford
to confer on him the degree of D.C.L., but it
is doubtful if the proposal was carried out.
Finet died 12 July 1641, aged 70, and was
buried on the north side of the church of St.
Martin's-in-the-Fields. Sir Charles Cotterell
[q. v.] was his successor at court.

In 1618 Finet married Jane, the ' lame '
daughter of Henry, lord Wentworth, of
Nettlestead, Suffolk, whose brother Thomas
was created Earl of Cleveland 7 Feb. 1624-5.
By her he had a son, John, and two daugh-
ters, Lucy and Finetta.

Finet was the author of the following :
1. 'The Beginning, Continvance, and Decay
of Estates. Written in French by R. de Lu-
sing, L. of Alymes, and translated into Eng-
lish by I. F.' (London, 1606); dedication,
signed lohn Finet, to Richard Bancroft, arch-
bishop of Canterbury : an essay on the his-
tory of the Turks in Europe. 2. 'Finetti
Philoxenis : some choice observations of S r
John Finett, knight, and master of the cere-

monies to the two last kings, Touching the
Reception and Precedence, the Treatment
and Audience, the Puntillios and Contests
of Forren Ambassadors in England,' London,
1656. The dedication to Philip, viscount
Lisle, is signed by the editor, James Howell
[q. v.] The incidents described by Finet
chiefly concern the reign of James I. A
manuscript copy of the book belongs to
C. Cottrell Dormer, esq., of Rousham, near
Oxford (Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. 83). An
interesting letter from Finet to Lord Clifford
is among the Duke of Devonshire's MSS. at
Bolton Abbey (ib. 3rd Rep. 39). Others are
at Hatfield and the Record Office. Some
recipes by Finet appear in a manuscript
volume belonging to the late E. P. Shirley
of Ettington Hall, Oxford (ib. 5th Rep. 365).

[Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, ii. 492-3 ; Cal. State
Papers, Dom. 1611-41; Berry's County Gene-
alogies, Kent, p. 449; authorities cited in the
text.] S. L. L.

FINEUX, SIB JOHN (d. 1525). [See
FYNEUX.]

FINGALL, second EAEL OF.
PLUNKET, CHBISIOPHEB, d. 1649.]

FINGER, GODFREY OK GOTTFRIED

(f 1685-1717), composer, a native of Olmiitz
in Moravia, came to England probably about
1685. This date is fixed by the preface to
his first composition, ' Sonatse XII,' in which
he says that it was the fame of James II
which led him to bid farewell to his native
land. The work was published in 1688, but
from his calling the king ' tutissimum contra
aemulos et invidos zoilos patrocinium ' it may
be inferred that he had at that time been
long enough in England to make enemies,
who no doubt resented the intrusion of a
foreigner. The title of his opus primum is
' Sonatae XII, pro diversis instruments . . .
authore Godefrido Finger Olmutio-Moravo
Capellae Serenissimi Regis Magnaa Britanisa
Musico ' (no publisher's name is given). A
beautifully engraved frontispiece shows the
composer protected by Minerva, offering be-
fore a bust of the king his musical produc-
tion, on which is inscribed the motto, * Puras
non plenas aspice manus.' A false interpre-
tation of this title seems to have given rise
to the impression that Finger was appointed
chapel-master to the king (ROGER NORTH,
Memoirs of Mustek, ed. Rimbault ; GROVE,
Dictionary), but it is plain that no such office
was claimed in the title, and it is also almost
a matter of certainty that Nicholas Staggins-
held the post during the whole period of
Finger's residence in England. For some time
Finger was no doubt a member of the king's-

Finger

band. His Op. 2 (published by Walsh) con-
sisted of six sonatas for two flutes, and in
1690 he published (privately, according to
Rimbault) ' VI Sonatas or Solos,' three for
violin and three for flute, dedicated to the
Earl of Manchester. On 5 Nov. 1691 a set
of ' Ayres, Chacones, Divisions, and Sonatas
for violins and flutes/ composed by Finger and
John Banister, was advertised in the 'Lon-
don Gazette' (No. 2712) as being on sale at
Banister's house. Shortly afterwards, says
the authority above quoted, he joined God-
frey Keller in a set of sonatas in five parts
for flutes and hautboys (PLAYFORD, General
Catalogue, 1701). Other instrumental works
are stated by Hawkins to be in Estienne
Roger's catalogue. On 5 Feb. 1693 Finger's
setting of Theophilus Parsons's ode on St.
Cecilia's day was performed ' at the consort
in York-buildings ' (advertised in the ' London
Gazette,' No. 2945). He had already begun
writing music for the theatre, having made a
first attempt in this new capacity in the pre-
vious year, on the production of Southerne's

* Wives' Excuse ' at Drury Lane. The list
of plays for which he wrote music is, as
far as can be ascertained, as follows : Con-
greve's 'Love for Love,' 1695, and 'The
Mourning Bride,' 1697 ; Ravenscroft's ' Anato-
mist,' in which was inserted the masque
by Motteux, entitled ' The Loves of Mars and
Venus,' 1697 (the music, written in con-
junction with J. Eccles, was published by
Heptinstall and dedicated to Sir Robert
Howard) ; N. Lee's The Rival Queens ' (with
Daniel Purcell) ; Elkanah Settle's ' Virgin
Prophetess/ Baker's ' Humours of the Age/
Mrs. Trotter's 'Love at a Loss/ Gibber's
'Love makes a Man,' and Farquhar's 'Sir
Harry Wildair/ all in 1701. These were
most probably written, though not performed,
before the ' Prize Music/ as it w r as called, was
publicly heard. On 18 March 1699 the

* London Gazette ' contained an advertise-
ment to the effect that ' several persons of
quality' had offered a sum of two hundred
guineas for the best musical settings of a
certain work not named in the advertisement.
This was Congreve's masque ' The Judgment
of Paris/ and the four prizes were to be in
this proportion : one hundred, fifty, thirty,
and twenty guineas. As to how long a time
was allowed for the work information is not
forthcoming; the successful compositions
were, however, performed early in the new
century. The prizes were awarded in this
order : John Weldon, John Eccles, Daniel
Purcell, and Godfrey Finger. The early au-
thorities seem to agree in considering Finger
to have been the best of the competitors, and
the award is generally explained as the result

> Finger

of animosity against a foreigner. At this
point of musical history English music en-
joyed for a brief space exceptional popularity.
The foreign element which had made its
appearance with the Elizabethan inadrigalists
had died out, and the advent of the Italian
opera and Handel did not take place until
a few years later. The judges of the com-
positions were not masters of the art, but
members of the fashionable world. The Hon.
Roger North says, in recounting the history
of the affair in his ' Memoirs of Musick ' (ed.
Rimbault, p. 117) : ' I will not suppose, as
some did, that making interest as for favour
and partiality influenced these determina-
tions, but it is certain that the comunity of
the masters were not of the same opinion
with them. Mr. G. Finger, a german, and a
good musitian, one of the competitors who
had resided in England many years, went
away upon it, declaring that he thought he
was to compose music for men and not for
boys.' Some authorities allege as the reason
of his departure the inadequate performance
of his work, which Fetis states, but without
giving his source of information, to have
taken place on 11 March 1701. In 1702 he
was appointed chamber-musician to Sophia
Charlotte, queen of Prussia, and for some
years he lived at Breslau. After the queen's
death an opera, ' Der Sieg der Schonheit iiber
die Helden/ was performed in Berlin in De-
cember 1706. It was composed by Finger
and A. R. Strieker, and the ballets were by
Volumier. He is said to have produced an-
other opera, ' Roxane ' (Telemann's account,
quoted by MATTHESON), but the fact that
Strieker wrote an opera, 'Alexanders und
Roxanens Heirath/ produced at Berlin in
1708, makes it uncertain whether Telemann
was not in error, especially as he does not
express his meaning very lucidly. In 1717
he was appointed chapel-master at the court
of Gotha. He is said to have held the
title of ' Churpfalzischer Kammerrath ' at the
time of his death, but the date is not forth-
coming.

[Sonatse XII, &c., title quoted above ; Hon.
Roger North's Memoirs of Musick, ed. Rim-
bault, 1846, p. 117 et seq. and notes; Grove's
Diet. i. 524, &c. ; Burney's Hist. iii. 579, iv.
632; Hawkins's Hist. (ed. 1853), 701, 764, 824;
London Gazette, references given above ; Tetis's
Dictionnaire, sub voce ; Mattheson's Grundlage
einer Ehrenpforte, Hamburg, 1740, p. 362 ;
Schneider's Geschichte der Oper, &c., 1852, pp.
23, 24; Addit.MS. in Brit. Mus. 31466, consisting
of sixty-six sonatas for violin, thirteen of which
are by Finger. Manuscript scores of the music
in the 'Rival Queens' and the 'Virgin Prophetess'
are in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge.]

J. A. F. M.

Finglas

Finlaison

FINGLAS, PATRICK (Jl. 1535), Irish
judge, was appointed baron of the exchequer
in Ireland by Henry VIII in or before 1520,
and afterwards, by patent dated at Westmin-
ster 8 May 1534, he was constituted chief
justice of the king's bench in that kingdom
in the place of Sir Bartholomew Dillon. He
resigned the latter office in or before 1535.

He wrote 'A. Breviat of the getting of
Ireland, and of the Decaie of the same.'
Printed in Harris's ' Hibernica,' edit. 1770,
i. 79-103. It appears that the original ma-
nuscript of this work is in the Public Record
Office (State Papers, Henry VIII, Ireland,
vol. xii. art. 7). It is described in the calendar
as ' An Historical Dissertation on the Con-
quest of Ireland, the decay of that land, and
measures proposed to remedy the grievances
thereof arising from the oppressions of the
Irish nobility.'

[Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), p. 93 ;
Liber Hibernise, ii. 30, 49 ; Cal. of State Papers
relating to Ireland, 1509-73 (Hamilton), pp. 3,
9, 14, 161.] T. C.

FINGLOW, JOHN (d. 1586), catholic
divine, born at Barnby, near Howden, York-
shire, was educated at the English College
of Douay, during its temporary removal to
Rheims, where he was ordained priest on
25 March 1581. Being sent on the mission
he laboured zealously in the north of Eng-
land until he was apprehended and com-
mitted to the Ousebridge Kidcote at York.
He was tried and convicted of high treason,
for being a priest made by Roman authority,
and for having reconciled some of the queen's
subjects to the catholic church. He was
executed at York on 8 Aug. 1586.

[Douay Diaries, pp. 10, 28, 160, 176, 178,
261, 293; Challoner's Missionary Priests (1741),
i. 183; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 106; Morris's
Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers, 3rd series ;
Stanton's Menology, p. 387.] T. C.

FININGHAM, ROBERT DE (d. 1460),
a brother in the Franciscan or Greyfriars'
monastery at Norwich, where he was also
educated, was born at Finingham in Suffolk,
and nourished in the reign of Henry VI.
He was a very learned man, skilled, as Pits
expresses it, in all liberal arts, excelling es-
pecially in canon law, and was the author
of numerous Latin works. The chief pur-
pose of his writings was in defence of the
Franciscans against the common accusation
that their profession of poverty was hypo-
critical. The titles given of his works are
as follows : 1 . ' Pro Ordine Minorum.' 2. ' Pro
dignitate Status eorum.' 3. ' Casus Conci-
liorum Anglige.' 4. ' De Casibus Decretorum.'
5. 'De Casibus Decretalium.' 6. 'De Extra-

vagantibus.' 7. * De Excommunicationibus.'
Tanner describes a manuscript of the last in

University Library (E. e. v. 11).

[Pits, De Anglise Scriptt. p. 652 ; Bale's Scriptt.
Brit. cent. viii. 23 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 280 ;
Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, iv. 113 ; Wadding's
Scriptt. Min. Ord. (1650), p. 308.] E. T. B.

FINLAISON, JOHN (1783-18CO), statis-
tician and government actuary, son of Donald
Finlayson (who spelt the name thus), was
born at Thurso in Caithness-shire, 27 Aug.
1783, and at the age of seven was by the
death of his father left an orphan. In 1802
he became factor to Sir Benjamin Dunbar
(afterwards Lord Duffus), whose whole es-
tates, together with those of Lord Caith-
ness, were entrusted to his management when
he was only nineteen years of age. He soon
after went to Edinburgh to study for the
bar, but having visited London in 1804 on
business, he became attached to Elizabeth,
daughter of the Rev. James Glen, and re-
ceiving the offer of an appointment under the
board of naval revision, which enabled him
to marry at once, he entered the government,
service in July 1805. He was shortly after
promoted to be first clerk to the commission,
and filled that office till the board closed its
labours in August 1808. For some time pre-
viously he had also acted as secretary to a
committee of the board, and in that capacity,
although but twenty-three, he framed the
eleventh and twelfth reports of the commis-
sion (Eleventh and Twelfth Reports of the
Commissioners for Revising the Civil Affairs of
His Majesty's Navy, 1809; Parl Papers,
1809, vol. vi.), and was the sole author of
the system for the reform of the victualling
departments. The accounts had seldom been
less than eighteen months in arrear, but
by Finlaison's system they were produced,
checked, and audited in three weeks, when
the saving made in Deptford yard only in the
first year, 1809, was 60,000/. In 1809 he
was employed to devise some plan for arrang-
ing the records and despatches at the admi-
ralty, and after nine months of incessant ap-
plication produced a system of digesting and
indexing the records by which any document
could be immediately found. This plan met
with such universal approval that it was
adopted by France, Austria, and Russia, and
its inventor received as a reward the order
of the Fleur-de-lys from Louis XVIII in 1815
(BAROtf CHARLES DTTPIN, Voyages dans la
Grande-Bretagne, 1821, pt. ii. vol. i. pp. 60-
67). In the same year he was appointee
keeper of the records and librarian of the ad-
miralty, and became reporter and precis write]

Finlaison

Finlaison

on all difficult and complicated inquiries aris-
ing from day to day. During the twelve
years while he held this post he was also en-
gaged in many other confidential duties. He
was desired by Lord Mulgrave to prepare the
materials for a defence of the naval adminis-
tration before parliament in 1810, and with
three months' labour collected a mass of in-
formation which enabled Mulgrave to make
a successful defence. In 1811 Finlaison com-
piled an exact account of all the enemy's naval
forces. Such information had never before
been obtained with even tolerable accuracy.
Experience proved it to be correct, and it was
quoted in parliament as an authority. In
the same year he was employed to investi-
gate the abuses of the sixpenny revenue at
Greenwich Hospital, a fund for the support
of the out-pensioners, and in his report showed
that by other arrangements, as well as by
the reform of abuses arid the abolition of
sinecure places, the pensions might be much
increased. The subject of the increase of
the salaries of the government clerks having
twice been forced on the notice of parlia-
ment, John Wilson Croker in 1813 directed
Finlaison to fully inquire into the case of
the admiralty department, when, after six
months of close attention, he completed a
report, upon which was founded a new system
of salaries in the admiralty. In 1814 he com-
piled the first official * Navy List,' a work of
great labour, accuracy, and usefulness. It
was issued monthly, and he continued the
duty of correcting and editing it until the
end of 1821. From 1817 to 1818 he was
occupied in framing a biographical register
of every commissioned officer in the navy, in
number about six thousand, describing their
services, merits, and demerits ; this work he
engrafted on to his system of the digest and
index, where it formed a valuable work of re-
ference for the use of the lords of the admi-
ralty. He introduced into the naval record
office a hitherto unknown degree of civility
towards the public and of readiness to impart
information. Having as librarian found many
valuable state papers relating to the Ameri-
can war, he was in 1813 induced to attempt
the completion of Sir Redhead Yorke's ' Naval
History,' which was intended to form a part
of Campbell's l Lives of the Admirals.' He
carried out his design in part by continu-
ing the history down to 1780. This por-
tion of the work was printed for private cir-
culation, but its further progress was aban-
doned. In 1815 Dr. Barry O'Meara, physi-
cian to Napoleon at St. Helena, commenced
a correspondence with Finlaison, his private
friend, on the subject of the emperor's daily
life. In 1824, by the desire of the writer,

the letters were burnt. Some copies of
:hem, however, had fallen into other hands
and were published in 1853 in a book en-
titled ' Napoleon at St. Helena and Sir Hud-
son Lowe.' Finlaison now completed a work
on which he had been employed since 1812,
the fund for the maintenance of the widows
and orphans of all who were employed in the
civil departments of the royal navy. Through
Lord Melville's intervention his efforts ter-
minated successfully in the establishment of
the fund by order in council 17 Sept. 1819.
The naval medical supplemental fund for
the widows of medical officers also owed to
him its existence and subsequent prosperity.
Until 1829 he remained the secretary, when
the directors treated him so ungenerously
that he resigned, and by mismanagement this
fund was ruined in 1860. The success of
these charities, together with his subsequent
investigation into the condition of friendly
societies, upon which he was employed by a
select committee of the House of Commons
in 1824, introduced him to a private practice
among benefit societies ; he constructed tables
for many of these, furnished the scheme of
some, and entirely constituted others. Among
other societies with which he became con-
nected were : the London Life, the Amicable
Society, the Royal Naval and Military Life
Assurance Company, and the New York Life
Assurance and Trust Company. The govern-
ment in 1808 instituted a new system of
finance based upon the granting of life an-
nuities, the tables used being the Northamp-
ton tables of mortality. On 1 Sept. 1819
Finlaison made a first report to Nicholas
Vansittart [q. v.], in which he demonstrated
the great loss that was sustained by the go-
vernment in granting life annuities at prices
much below their value, the loss in eleven
years having been two millions sterling ( WAL-
FORD, Insurance Cyclopaedia^ v. 496-514).
His report was not printed till 1824, when
he was directed to make further investiga-
tions into the true laws of mortality prevail-
ing in England. The result of his studies
was the discovery that the average duration
of human life had increased during the cen-
tury. His tables were also the first which
showed the difference between male and fe-
male lives ('Life Annuities. Report of J.
Finlaison, Actuary of the National Debt, on
the Evidence and Elementary Facts on which
the Tables of Life Annuities are founded/
1829).

Before the close of 1819 he furnished the
chancellor of the exchequer with a statement
of the age of each individual in the receipt of
naval half-pay or pensions, fourteen thousand
persons, thence deducing the decrement of

Finlaison

Finlay

life among 1 them. In 1821 Mr. Harrison em-
ployed him for several months in computa-
tions relative to the Superannuation Act, and
in 1822 he was occupied in considerations re-
lative to the commutation of the naval and
military half-pay and pensions. The measure
consequently suggested by him was finally
established by negotiations with the Bank of
England in 1823 for its acceptance of the
charge for public pensions in consideration of
the ' dead weight ' annuity. All the calcula-
tions were made by him, and it was plainly
stated in the House of Commons that in the
whole establishment of the Bank of England
there was not one person capable of computing
the new annuity at the fractional rate of inte-
rest agreed upon. On 1 Jan. 1822 he was re-
moved from the admiralty to the treasury,
and appointed actuary and principal account-
ant of the check department of the national
debt office, the duties of which position he
performed for twenty-nine years. For many
years after he had sought to impress on the
government the loss which the country was
sustaining by the use of erroneous tables, he
was treated with neglect and contempt, and
it was only by the accidental production of
one of his letters before Lord Althorpe's com-
mittee of finance in March 1828 that the
matter was brought forward. This letter
proved that the revenue was losing 8,OOOZ. a
week, and that this loss was concealed by
the method of preparing the yearly accounts.
The immediate suspension of the life annuity
system took place, and, remodelled upon the
basis of Finlaison's tables, it was resumed in
November 1829 with a saving in five years
of 390,000/. In 1831 he made computations
on the duration of slave and Creole life, pre-
liminary to the compensation made to the
slaveowners 1 Aug. 1834. He was con-
sulted by the ecclesiastical commissioners on
the means of improving church property, on
the question of church leases, and finally on
the subject of church rates; he made various
reports on these matters, and on one occasion
was summoned to attend the cabinet to ex-
plain his views to the ministers. On the
passing of the General Registration Act in
1837, his opinion was taken on the details of
the working of the scheme, and he was the
first witness called before the parliamentary
committee on church leases in the following
year. The Institution of Actuaries being
formed in 1847, he was elected the first pre-
sident, and retained that position until his
death. In 1848 he wrote two reports on the
act for lending money to Irish landlords. He
retired from the public service in August
1851, and employed his remaining days in
his favourite study of scripture chronology,

and the universal relationship of ancient and
modern weights and measures. He died at
15 Lansdowne Crescent, Netting Hill, Lon-
don, 13 April 1860. He married in London,
first, m 1805, Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev.
James Glen, she died at Brighton in 1831 ;
secondly, in 1836, Eliza, daughter of Thomas
Davis of Waltham Abbey. His son Alexan-
der Glen Finlaison, who was born at White-
hall on 25 March 1806, is also an author and
an authority on insurance statistics.

Finlaison was the author of : 1. ' Report of
the Secretary to the Supplemental Fund for
the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of the
Medical Officers of the Royal Navy/ 1817.

2. ' Tables showing the Amount of Contri-
butions for Providing Relief in Sickness/ 1833.

3. ' Rules of the Equitable Friendly Institu-
tion, Northampton, with Tables/ 1837. 4. <Ac-
count of some Applications of the Electric
Fluid to the Useful Arts by A. Bain, with a
Vindication of his Claim to be the First
Inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Printing
Telegraph, and also of the Electro-Magnetic
Clock/ 1843. 5. ' Tables for the use of
Friendly Societies, for the Certificate of the
Actuary to the Commissioners for the Reduc-
tion of the National Debt. Constructed from
the original computations of J. Finlaison, by
A. G. Finlaison/ 1847. He also produced
some lyrical poems of considerable merit.

[Times, 17 April 1860, p. 9, and 23 April,
p. 9 ; G-ent. Mag. August 1860, pp. 194-5 ; As-
surance Mag. April 1862, pp. 147-69 ; Walford's
Insurance Cyclopsedia (1874), iii. 300-3 ; Macau-
lay's England (1858), i. 284 ; Southwood Smith's
Philosophy of Health (1835), i. 115-47.]

GK C. B.

FINLAY, FRANCIS DALZELL(1793-
1857), Irish journalist, son of John Finlay,
tenant farmer, of Newtownards, co. Down, by
his wife, Jane Dalzell, was born 12 July 1793
at Newtownards, and began life as a printer's
apprentice in Belfast, where he started as a
master printer in 1820. The letterpress which
issued from his works was distinguished by
both accuracy and elegance, being far superior
to any that had previously been produced in
Ireland. In 1824 he founded the ' Northern
Whig.' Liberalism being then a very unpo-
pular creed in Ulster, Finlay was frequently
prosecuted for press offences. On 21 July
1826 he was indicted for publishing in the
'Northern Whig ' a libel tending to bring into
disrepute the character of a certain ' improv-
ing ' landlord. The libel consisted in a letter
purporting to be by a small farmer in which
the improvements alleged to have been ef-
fected by the landlord in question were denied
to be improvements at all, and in which a
character for litigiousness was imputed to

Finlay

3

Finlay

the landlord. Finlay was sentenced to three
months' imprisonment, without the option of
a fine, and the publication of the ' Northern
Whig' was suspended from August 1826
until May 1827. From the first Finlay ad-
vocated the emancipation of the Roman ca-
tholics, and it was in the columns of the
' Northern Whig ' that William Sharman
Crawford [q.v.] propounded his celebrated
views on tenant-right. Some comments in
the ' Northern Whig ' on the conduct of Lord
Hertford's agent led to another prosecution for
libel in 1830, which, however, was abandoned
when it transpired that Daniel O'Connell had
volunteered for the defence. On a similar
charge he was found guilty on 23 July 1832
and sentenced to three months' imprisonment
and fined 50/. In spite, however, of these
proceedings, the ' Northern Whig ' continued
from time to time to give expression to similar
views which were adjudged libellous and
occasioned its proprietor very heavy legal ex-
penditure. To the extension of the suffrage,
the disestablishment of the Irish church, and
the reform of the land laws Finlay through
his paper gave a steady and zealous support ;
but, though a personal friend of O'Connell,
he opposed the movement for the repeal of
the union and the later developments of Irish
disaffection, such as the Young Irelandism of
Mitchell and the agitation which resulted in
the abortive insurrection of Smith O'Brien.
He died on 10 Sept. 1857, bequeathing his
paper to his son, Francis Dalzell Finlay, by
whom it was conducted until 1874, when it
was transferred to a limited company. Finlay
married in 1830 Marianne, daughter of the
Rev. William Porter, presbyterian minister,
of Newtonlimavady, co. Derry.

[Northern Whig, 12 Sept. 1857 ; information
from F. D. Finlay, esq.] J. M. K.

FINLAY, GEORGE (1799-1875), his-
torian, was son of Captain John Finlay, R.E.,
F.R.S., and brother of Kirkman Finlay (d.
1828) [q. v.] His grandfather, James Fin-
lay, was a Glasgow merchant. He was born
21 Dec. 1799, at Faversham, Kent, where
his father was inspector of the government
powder mills. The latter died in 1802, and
George was for some time instructed by his
mother, to whose training he attributed his
love of history. His education was con-
tinued at an English boarding-school, and in
the family of his uncle, Kirkman Finlay of
Glasgow [q. v.], under private tutors. He
subsequently studied law in Glasgow, and
proceeded about 1821 to the university of Got-
tingento acquaint himself with Roman juris-
prudence. While there he began to doubt
his vocation for law, and, partly influenced

by his acquaintance with a Greek fellow-
student, ' resolved to visit Greece and judge
for myself concerning the condition of the
people and the chances of the war.' In No-
vember 1823 he met Byron at Cephaloiiia.
1 You are young and enthusiastic,' said Byron,
' and therefore sure to be disappointed when
you know the Greeks as well as I do.' The
number of Hellenes and Philhellenes about
Byron gave umbrage to the Ionian govern-
ment, which was bound to remain neutral.
Finlay quitted the island on a hint from Sir
Charles Napier, and, after narrowly escap-
ing shipwreck, made his way successively
to Athens and Missolonghi, where for two
months he spent nearly every evening with
Byron, who, Parry says, ' wasted much of
his time ' in conversation with the future
historian and other such frivolous persons.
Quitting Missolonghi before Byron's death,
Finlay joined Odysseus on an expedition into
the Morea, but, disgusted with the general
venality and rapacity, returned to the head-
quarters of the government, where things
were no better. A malarious fever compelled
him to return to Scotland, where he passed his
examination in civil law, but was soon again
in Greece at the invitation of his intimate
friend Frank Abney Hastings [q. v.], who
had built a steamer in which Finlay took his
passage. He continued fighting for Greece,
or engaged in missions on her behalf, until
the termination of the war, when he pur-
chased an estate in Attica, ' hoping to aid in
putting Greece into the road that leads to a
rapid increase of production, population, and
material improvement.' 1 1 lost my money
and my labour, but I learned how the sys-
tem of tenths has produced a state of society,
and habits of cultivation, against which one
man can do nothing. When I had wasted
as much money as I possessed, I turned my
attention to study.' His unfortunate invest-
ment had at least the good results of com-
pelling his continual residence in the country,
with which he became most thoroughly ac-
quainted, and of stimulating his perception
of the evils which, in the past as in the pre-
sent, have deteriorated the Greek character
and injured the credit and prosperity of the
nation. The publication of his great series
of histories commenced in 1844, and was
completed in 1861, when he wrote the auto-
biographical fragment which is almost the sole
authority for his lifgjx- His correspondence
is lost or maccessible^and, notwithstanding
his courteous hospitality, acknowledged by
many travellers, little more seems to be known
of his life in Greece than his constant endea-
vours to benefit the country by good advice,
j sometimes expressed in language of excessive

*\ It is now in the library of the
British School at Athens. For an account of
his diaries, letter books, and correspondence,
and a detailed biblioeraohv of his nublisheH

Finlay

Finlay

if excusable acerbity, but which, if little fol-
lowed, was never resented by the objects of
it. His most important effort was the series
of letters he addressed to the ' Times ' from
1864 to 1870, which, being translated by the
Greek newspapers, produced more effect than
his earlier admonitions. He also contributed
to ' Blackwood's Magazine,' the 'Athenaeum/
and the ' Saturday Review/ and occasionally
visited England, not later, however, than
1854. He wrote in Greek on the stone age
in 1869, and in the following year published
the French narrative of Benjamin Brue, the
interpreter who accompanied the Vizier Ali
on his expedition into the Morea in 1715.
Among his other writings are an essay on the
site of the holy sepulchre (1847), and pam-
phlets on Greek politics (1836) and finance
(1844). His essays on classical topography,
never collected by himself, were published
in 1842 in a German translation by S. F. W.
Hoffmann. He died at Athens 26 Jan. 1875 ;
the date 1876 given in the Oxford edition of
his history is an unaccountable mistake.

Finlay's great work appeared in sections,
as follows : l Greece under the Romans/ 1844 ;
' Greece to its Conquest by the Turks/ 1851 :
1 Greece under Ottoman and Venetian Domi-
nation/ 1856 ; 'Greek Revolution/ 1861 . After
the author's death the copyright of these seve-
ral works was offered to the delegates of the
Clarendon Press by his representatives, and
in 1877 all were brought together under the
title of ' A History of Greece from its Con-
quest by the Romans to the present time,
B.C. 146 to A.D. 1864/ and published in seven
volumes under the able editorship of the
Rev. H. F. Tozer. The whole had been
thoroughly revised by Finlay himself, who,
besides aiming throughout at a greater con-
densation of style, had added several new
chapters, chiefly on economical subjects, en-
tirely recast the section on Mediaeval Greece
and Trebizond, and appended a continuation
from 1843 to the enactment of the constitu-
tion of 1864. The period covered by the
history, therefore, is no less than two thou-
sand and ten years.

Finlay is a great historian of the type of
Polybius, Procopius, and Machiavelli, a man
of affairs, who has qualified himself for treat-
ing of public transactions by sharing in them,
a soldier, a statesman, and an economist.
He is not picturesque or eloquent, or a mas-
ter of the delineation of character, but a sin-
gular charm attaches to his pages from the
perpetual consciousness of contact with a
vigorous intelligence. In the latter portion
of his work he speaks with the authority of
an acute, though not entirely dispassionate,
eye-witness ; in the earlier and more exten-

sive portion it is his great glory to have shown
now interesting the history of an age of slavery
may be made, and how much Gibbon had
left undone. Gibbon, as his plan requires,
exhibits the superficial aspects of the period
m a grand panorama ; Finlay plunges beneath
the surface, and brings to light a wealth of
social particulars of which the mere reader
of Gibbon could have no notion. This being
Finlay's special department, it is the more to
his praise that he has not smothered his story
beneath his erudition. He may, indeed, even
appear at a disadvantage beside the Germans
as regards extent and profundity of research,
but this inferiority is more than compensated
by the advantages incidental to his prolonged
residence in the country. His personal dis-
appointments had indeed caused a censorious-
ness which somewhat defaces the latter part
of his history, and is the more to be regretted
as it affected his estimate of the value of his
own work, and of its reception by the world.
In character he was a frank, high-minded,
public-spirited gentleman.

[Autobiography prefixed to vol. i. of the Ox-
ford edition of Finlay's History ; Memoir in
Athenaeum, 1875; Sir Charles Newton in Aca-
demy, and Professor Freeman in Saturday Re vi ew,
1875.] K. G.

FINLAY, JOHN (1782-1810), Scottish
poet, was born of humble parents at Glasgow
in December 1782. He was educated in one
of the academies at Glasgow, and at the age
of fourteen entered the university, where he
had as a classmate John Wilson (' Christo-
pher North '), who states that he was distin-
guished ' above most of his contemporaries.'
While only nineteen, and still at the uni-
versity, he published f Wallace, or the Vale
of Ellerslie, and other Poems' in 1802, dedi-
cated to Mrs. Dunlop of Dunlop, the friend
of Burns, a second edition with some addi-
tions appearing in 1804, and a third in 1817.
Professor Wilson describes it as displaying ' a
wonderful power of versification/ and possess-
ing * both the merits and defects which we look
for in the early compositions of true genius.'
The prospect of obtaining a situation in one
of the public offices led him to visit London
in 1807, and while there he contributed to
the magazines some articles on antiquarian
subjects. Not finding suitable employment
he returned to Glasgow in 1808, and in that
year he published ' Scottish Historical and
Romantic Ballads, chiefly ancient, with Ex-
planatory Notes and a Glossary.' As the
title indicates, the majority of the ballads
were not his own composition, but Sir Walter
Scott nevertheless wrote of the book : ' The
beauty of some imitations of the old Scottish

Finlay

3 2

Finlayson

"ballads, with the good sense, learning, and
modesty of the preliminary dissertations,
must make all admirers of ancient lore regret
the early loss of this accomplished young
man.' He also published an edition of Blair's
4 Grave,' wrote a life of Cervantes, and super-
intended an edition of Adam Smith's ' Wealth
of Nations.' In 1810 he left Glasgow to
visit Professor Wilson at Ellerlay, West-
moreland, but on the way thither was seized
with illness at Moffat, and died there on
8 Dec. He had begun to collect materials
for a continuation of Warton's ' History o
Poetry.'

[Memoir with specimens of his poetry ii
Blackwood's Mag. ii. 186-92 ; J. Grant Wilson'
Poets and Poetry of Scotland, ii. 46-8 ; C. Rogers'
Scottish Minstrel, iii. 57-62.] T. F. H.

FINLAY, KIRKMAN (d. 1828), phil
hellene, was son of Captain-lieutenant John
Finlay, RE., F.R.S., who died at Glasgow
in 1802 (Scots Mag. Ixiv. 616), and brother o
George Finlay [q. v.] His education was carec
for by his uncle, Kirkman Finlay [q. v.], lore
provost of Glasgow. When about twenty
years of age, being in possession of a hand-
some fortune, he proceeded to Greece for the
purpose of engaging in the war of indepen-
dence. In February 1824 he became ac-
quainted with Lord Byron and Prince Mav-
rocordatos, both then at Missolonghi, who
entrusted him with conciliatory messages for
Odysseus and other refractory chiefs. At
Byron's request, Finlay with two comrades
set out in March in charge of powder and
other military stores, forwarded from Misso-
longhi to Odysseus for his war in Negropont.
On crossing the stream of the Phidari, which
had been much swollen by the rains, he
missed the ford, lost the most valuable part
of his baggage and papers, and very nearly
his life. Finlay continued one of the few
philhellenes, undaunted by disappointment
and disgust, constant and persistent to the
cause he had adopted. On that cause he
spent his fortune, energies, and life. During
a sortie of the Turks from the fortress of
Scio on 29 Jan. 1828 he was shot through
the head at the first attack, as he was at-
tempting to rally a body of men under his
command. He fell dead on the spot.

[Moore's Life of Lord Byron ; Count Gamba's
Narrative of Lord Byron's Last Journey to
Greece, pp. 223-4 ; Gent. Mag. TO!, xcviii. pt. i.
p. 372.1 G. G.

FINLAY, KIRKMAN (1773-1842), lord
provost of Glasgow, the son of James Finlay,
merchant, was born in Glasgow in 1773. He
was educated at the grammar school and
at the university, and at an early age en-

tered on business on his own account. In
1793 he took a prominent part in opposing
the monopoly of the East India Company in
the cotton trade. He became a magistrate
of Glasgow in 1804, and in 1812 he was
elected lord provost of the city. He was
M.P. for Glasgow from 1812 to 1818, and
during this time distinguished himself as a

Political economist of an advanced type. In
819 he was appointed rector of the uni-
versity. He was really one of the founders
of the commerce of Glasgow, on the wider
basis which it took after the failure of the
tobacco trade with America. He married
Janet, daughter of Mr. John Struthers. He
died in 1842, at Castle Toward, a residence
which he built on the Firth of Clyde. George,
the Greek historian, and Kirkman Finlay,
both separately noticed, were his nephews.

[MacGeorge's History of Glasgow ; Glasgow-
Past and Present ; Irving's Eminent Scotsmen 1

W. B-E.

FINLAYSON, GEORGE (1790-1823),
naturalist and traveller, born of humble pa-
rents at Thurso in 1790, was clerk to Dr.
Somerville, chief of the army medical staff
in Scotland, and afterwards to Dr. Farrel, chief
of the army medical staff in Ceylon, whence
he was removed to Bengal, and attached to
the 8th light dragoons as assistant-surgeon
in 1819. In 1821-2 he accompanied the
mission to Siam and Cochin China in the
character of naturalist, returning with it to
Calcutta in 1823. By this time his health
was thoroughly broken, and he soon after-
wards died. The journal which he had kept
during the mission was edited, with a prefa-
tory notice of the author, by Sir Stamford
Raffles, F.R.S., under the title of ' The Mis-
sion to Siam and Hue, the capital of Cochin
China, in the years 1821-2, from the Journal
of the late George Finlayson, Esq.,' London.
1826, 8vo.

[Eaffles's memoir, noticed above; Quarterly
Review, 1826.] J. M. R.

FINLAYSON, JAMES, D.D. (1758-
1808), divine, was born on 15 Feb. 1758,
at Nether Cambushenie, in the parish of
Dunblane, Perthshire, where his ancestors
lad been settled for several centuries. He
made rapid progress at school, and began his
tudies in the university of Glasgow at the age
'f fourteen. He held two tutorships, and sub-
sequently became amanuensis to Professor
Anderson, who had discovered his abilities,
n 1782 he became domestic tutor to two sons
f Sir William Murray of Ochtertyre. As
;he family spent the winter in Edinburgh,
? inlayson continued his studies at the uni-
ersity. He was licensed to preach in 1785.

Finlayson

33

Finlayson

In this year the Duke of Atholl offered Fin-
layson the living of Dunkeld, which he was
induced to decline, as Sir William Murray in-
formed him that an arrangement was pro-
posed to procure for him the chair of logic
in the university of Edinburgh. He was
offered the living of Borthwick, near Edin-
burgh, of which parish he was ordained
minister on 6 April 1787. He had assumed
the duties of the logic professor in the winter
session of 1786-7. He was now rising into
reputation with a rapidity the more remark-
able from his modest disposition. The most
experienced sages of the church respected his
judgment in questions of ecclesiastical policy.
He therefore dedicated much of his leisure
to study the laws, constitution, and history
of the Scottish church, and began to take an
active part in the details of its political
government. This made him gradually lean
more to the ecclesiastical than to the literary
side of his functions. He soon became a
leader on the moderate side in the church
courts. In 1790 he was presented by the
magistrates of Edinburgh to Lady Tester's
church ; in 1793 he was appointed to succeed
Robertson, the historian, in the collegiate
church of the old Grey Friars; in 1799, on a
vacancy occurring in the high church, he was
chosen by the town council to fill that col-
legiate charge. This last is considered the
most honourable appointment in the church
of Scotland, and it was, at the time, rendered
more desirable from the circumstance that
he had for his colleague Hugh Blair [q. v.j,
whose funeral sermon he was called upon to
preach in little more than a year. The uni-
versity of Edinburgh conferred on Finlayson
the degree of D.D. (28 March 1799), and in
1802 he was elected moderator of the general
assembly. He was elected king's almoner in
the same year, but resigned the post almost
immediately. These honours indicate the
general estimate of Finlayson's merits. Fin-
layson established his ascendency on the
wisdom of his councils and his knowledge of
the laws and constitution of the church, and
among his own party his sway was unlimited.
Those who differed from him in church politics
freely acknowledged his honourable character
and the purity of his motives : his political
opponents, in points of business unconnected
with party, were occasionally guided by his
judgment. His manner was simple and un-
presuming ; he was below the average height.
He wrote the life of Dr. Hugh Blair, and a
volume of his sermons was published after
his death. In 1805 his constitution began
to decline. In 1807 he was constrained to
accept the assistance of one of his earliest
friends, Principal G. II. Baird [q. v.], who

VOL. XIX.

taught the class during the remainder of that
session. _ On 25 Jan. 1808, while conversing
with Baird, he was seized with a paralytic
affection. Among the few words he was able
to articulate was the following sentence * I
am about to pass to a better habitation, where
ail who believe in Jesus shall enter.' On his
deathbed the senatus academicus of the uni-
versity and the magistrates of Edinburgh
waited on him and asked him to name the
successor to his chair. In deference to his
advice, an offer of the chair was made to
Principal Baird, the gentleman he had named
He died on 28 Jan. 1808, and was honoured
with a public funeral in the cathedral church
of Dunblane. His students and others erected
a monument to his memory at Dunblane, and
a memorial window of stained glass was
placed in Grey Friars by his old pupil Prin-
cipal Lee of Edinburgh University. He pub-
lished : 1. ' Heads of an Argument in sup-
port of the Overture respecting Chapels of
Ease,' 1798. 2. < A Sermon on Preaching,'
Edinburgh, 1801. 3. < Sermons,' Edinburgh,

[Life by Baird; Encyclopaedia Perthensis ;
Chambers's Biog. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen ;
Anderson's Scottish Nation ; Hew Scott's Fasti
Eccl. Scot. ; Proceedings of the General As-
sembly of the Church of Scotland ; private in-
formation.] A. K. M. F.

FINLAYSON" or FINLEYSON, JOHN
(1770-1854), disciple of Richard Brothers
[q. v.], was born in Scotland in 1770. His
descendants make him the second son of
Colonel John Hamilton M'Finlay, who mar-
ried, about 1765, Lady Elizabeth Mary Alex-
ander, eldest sister of the last Earl of Stir-
ling. He was originally a writer at Cupar-
Fife, and removed thence to Edinburgh. His
relations with Brothers, which began in 1797,
are detailed in the article on that enthusiast.
He printed at Edinburgh a couple of pam-
phlets before repairingto London. In London
he was ' in considerable practice as a house-
agent.' Brothers led him to change the spel-
ling of his name, by telling him his ancestors
had some l fine leys ' of land granted them for
deeds of valour. Brothers, who died (1824)
in Finlayson's house at Marylebone, made it
his dying charge to his friend that he should
write against a rival genius, Bartholomew
Prescot of Liverpool. This Finlayson did,
describing Prescot's ' System of the Universe/
very correctly, as a ' misapprehended mistaken
elaborate performance, or book.'

He printed a variety of pamphlets, reite-
rating Brothers's views, and developing his
own peculiar notions of astronomy, for which
he claimed a divine origin. The heavenly
bodies were created, he thinks, partly 'to

D

Finlayson

34

Finlayson

amuse us in observing them.' The earth he
decides to be a perfect sphere, ' not shaped
like a garden turnip, as the Newtonians make
it ; ' the sun is a created body ' very different
from anything we can make here below ; ' the
stars are ' oval-shaped immense masses of
frozen water, with their largest ends fore-
most.'

Finlayson was reduced in extreme and
widowed age to a parish allowance of 3s. Qd.
weekly, supplemented by 5s. from Busby, in
whose house Brothers had lived from 1806
to 1815. Prescot and John Mason (a brush-
maker), though a disciple of Brothers, refused
to assist him. He died on 19 Sept. 1854, and
was buried in the same grave as Brothers at
St. John's Wood. He married, in 1808, Eliza-
beth Anne (d. 1848), daughter of Colonel
Basil Bruce (d. 1800), and had ten children.
His eldest son, Kichard Brothers Finlayson,
who took the name of Richard Beauford, was
a photographer at Galway, where he died on
17 Dec. 1886, aged 75.

Finlayson printed : 1. l An Admonition to
the People of all Countries in support of
Richard Brothers,' 8vo (dated Edinburgh,
7 Sept. 1797). 2. The same, ' Book Second,'
containing * The Restoration of the Hebrews
to their own Land,' 8vo (dated Edinburgh,
27 Jan. 1798). 3. 'An Essay/ &c. 8vo (on Dan.
xii. 7, 11, 12 ; dated London, 2 March 1798).
4. ' An Essay on the First Resurrection, and
on the Commencement of the Blessed Thou-
sand Years,' 8vo (dated London, 14 April
1798). 5. ' The Universe as it is. Discovery
of the Ten Tribes of Israel and their Restora-
tion to their own Land/ 1832, 8vo. 6. 'God's
Creation of the Universe/ 1848, 8vo (contains
some of his letters to the authorities respect-
ing his claims on Brothers's estate ; Mason
and Prescot were angry at this publication,
but Finlayson had ' a dream and vision ' of
Brothers, approving all he had done). 7. 'The
Seven Seals of the Revelations.' 8. 'The
Last Trumpet/ &c., 1849, 8vo (incorporates
No. 7 ; there are several supplements, the
latest dated 21 Feb. 1850). Also nine large
sheets of the ground plan of the New Jeru-
salem (with its 56 squares, 320 streets, 4
temples, 20 colleges, 47 private palaces, 16
markets, &c.) ; and twelve sheets of views
of its public buildings ; all these executed by
Finlayson for Brothers (the original copper-
plates were in the hands of Beauford, whose
price for a set of the prints was 38/.) Fin-
layson's pamphlets are scarce ; he deposited
his stock with Mason, after whose death it
was destroyed.

[Finlayson's Works ; information from his
eldest son, and from H. Hodson Rugg, M.D. ;
tombstone at St. John's Wood.] A. Gr.

FINLAYSON, THOMAS (1809-1872),
united presbyterian minister, second son of
Thomas Finlayson, a farmer, was born at Col-
doch, Blair Drummond, Perthshire, 22 Dec.
1809. He received his elementary education
at the parish school of Kincardine in Men-
teith, and preparatory to entering college
engaged in a special study of the classics at
a school in the village of Doune in Kilma-
dock parish. At the university of Glasgow
and at the theological hall of the united
secession church he went through the usual
course of training, and was licensed as a
preacher of the gospel in April 1835 by the
presbytery of Stirling and Falkirk. Part of
his period of study was spent in teaching a
school at Dumbarton, where he formed a
friendship with the Rev. Dr. Andrew Somer-
ville, who afterwards became the secretary
of the foreign mission of the united presby-
terian church. In November 1835 Finlayson
was ordained minister of the Union Street
congregation, Greenock, where he founded
a missionary society, and in two years per-
suaded his people to pay off the large debt
existing on the church. After twelve years
of admirable ministerial work in Greenock
he was called to be colleague and successor
to the Rev. John M'Gilchrist of Rose Street
Church, Edinburgh, and, having accepted the
call, was inducted to the ministry there in
September 1847. The congregation to which
he now became minister was one of very
few churches which at that time set an ex-
ample and gave a tone to the whole church.
They at once attached themselves to their
new minister. He was elected moderator of
the supreme court of his church in 1867, and
shortly afterwards received the degree of D.D.
from the university of Edinburgh. As one of
the most ardent promoters of the manse fund,
he was the chief agent in raising 45,000,
which led to the spending of 120,OOOJ. in
building and improving manses in two hun-
dred localities. In the management of the
augmentation fund he also took a deep in-
terest. As a preacher he excelled in distinct
and powerful exhibition of the truth ; what-
ever he had to say came fresh from his own
independent thought, went straight to the
heart of the subject, and made an immediate
impression on his hearers. The untimely
death in 1868 of his eldest son Thomas,
a promising advocate at the Scottish bar,
caused him intense grief, from which he never
fully recovered. On 7 Oct. 1872 his con-
gregation celebrated the semi-jubilee of his
ministry in Edinburgh. Having gone to
Campbeltown to take part in an induction
service there, he was suddenly attacked with
failure of the heart's action, and was found

Finn Barr

35

Finn Barr

dead in his bed on 17 Oct. 1872. He wa
buried in the Grange cemetery, Edinburgh
on 22 Oct. He married, in 1836, Miss Chrystal
by whom he had six children.

[Memorials of the Rev. Thomas Finlayson
D.D., 1873, with portrait; John Smith's Our
Scottish Clergy, 1849, 2nd ser. pp. 295-301.]

G. C. B.

FINN BARE,, SAINT and BISHOP (d. 623),
of Cork, was son of Amergin, of the tribe oi
Ui Briuin Ratha of Connaught, who were
descended from Eochaidh Muidmheadhon,
brother of Olioll Olum, king of Munster.
Amergin left Connaught for Munster and
settled in the territory of Muscraidhe (Mus-
kerry), in the county of Cork, where he ob-
tained an inheritance and land at a place
called Achaidh Durbchon ; he was also chief
smith to Tigernach, king of the Ui Eachach
of Munster, who lived at Rathlin in the
neighbourhood of Bandon. Amergin married
in defiance of the king's prohibition, and the
couple were ordered to be burnt alive. A
thunderstorm which prevented the sentence
from being carried out was regarded as a
divine interposition, and they were set free.
A child having been born from this union,
they returned to Achaidh Durbchon, where
he was baptised by a bishop named MacCorb,
who gave him the name of Luan (or Lochan
according to another account). When he
was seven years old three clerics of Munster
Brendan, Lochan, and Fiodhach who had
been on a pilgrimage to Leinster, came to re-
visit their native territories, and stopping at
the house of Amergin admired the child.
Eventually they were allowed to take him
away to be educated. On their return with
him they arrived at a place called Sliabh
Muinchill, where it was thought suitable that
he should read his alphabet (or elements), be
tonsured, and have his name changed. The
cleric who cut his hair is said to have ob-
served : ' Fair [finn] is this hair [barra] of
Luan.' Let this be his name, said another,
1 Barr-finn or Finn-barr.' His name, however,
in popular usage, as well as in many autho-
rities, has always been Barra or Bairre. On
this occasion Brendan was observed to weep
and then soon after to smile, and when asked
the reason replied, ' I have prayed to Almighty
God to grant me three territories in South
Munster for my use and that of my successors,
viz. from the Blackwater to the Lee, from the
Lee to the Bandon, and from the Bandon to
Bere Island, but they have been granted to
Barra for ever. I wept because I fear I am
blameworthy in God's sight, and I smiled
again for joy because of the love which God
manifested for Barra.' The three clerics, with

Barra proceeding on their journey, arrived at
S Gabhran, now Gowran, in the county
of Kilkenny. Here he read his psalms and
began his studies, and his diligence was shown
by his prayer that a heavy fall of snow might
continue to block his hut until he could read
his 'saltair.' It is said to have continued ac-
cordingly. He next went to Cuil Caisin (now
Coolcashm), in the barony of Galmoy, county
of Kilkenny, where he marked out and founded
that church, and thence to Aghaboe, where he
blessed a church and stayed for a while. He
departed at the request of his predecessor, St.
Canice, after some negotiation, and went to
MacCorb, by whom he had been baptised. The
latter had been a fellow-pupil of St. David,
and both were reputed to have been pupils
of Pope Gregory, which probably means that
they studied his writings, which'were held in
high esteem by the Irish. About this time
Fachtna, an aged chieftain of Muscraidhe
Breogain, now the barony of Clanwilliam, in
county of Tipperary, whose son and daughter
Finn Barr had cured, and whose wife he was
said to have brought to life, made a grant to
him of RathMhartir in perpetuity. Here there
is an important difference between the Irish
and Latin lives, the latter giving Fiachna as
the name of the chieftain, whom Ussher, ap-
pearing to have known only the Latin life,
identifies with the king of West Munster. But
the Irish life evidently gives the correct ac-
count. With MacCorb Finn Barr read the
gospels of St. Matthew and the ecclesiastical
rules, to which another authority adds the
Epistles of St. Paul. It was while in this
neighbourhood that he stayed at Lough Eirce,
in a place called Eadargabhail (Addergoole),
where, according to the Irish life, he had a
school in which many famous saints are said
to have been educated. There has been much
discussion as to the situation of Lough Eirce,
chiefly o wing to an error of Colgan, who placed
"t in the neighbourhood of Cork. There is
a townland of Addergoole in the parish of
A.ghmacart in the south of Queen's County,
and adjoining it in co. Kilkenny is the parish of
Eirke, in a low-lying district. Here the site
of the school must be looked for. At Lough
Eirce there was also a female school, presided
over by a sister of Finn Barr's. Coming now
to his own country, he founded a church at
Achaidh Durbchon. t Near this/ says the Irish
life, 'is the grotto [cuas] of Barra, and there is
a lake or tarn there, from which a salmon is
>rought to him every evening.' This appears
o be the lake of Gougane Barra, at the source
>f the river Lee, which probably derives its
name from the cuadhan, pronounced cuagan
the little cavity) of Barra. Warned, as we
Te informed, by an angel not to stay at the

D 2

Finn Barr

Finn Barr

hermitage, as his resurrection was not to be
there, he set out, and crossing the Avonmore
(Blackwater) proceeded in a north-easterly
direction until he arrived at Cluain, where
he built a church. This place, which has
been strangely confounded with Cloyne,
near Cork, is stated by Colgan to have been
situated between Sliabh g-Crot (the Galtees)
and Sliabh-Mairge, and appears to be Cluain-
ednech, now Clonenagh, a townland near
Mountrath, in the Queen's County. Here,
when he had stayed some time, he was visited
"by two pupils of St. Kuadan, whose church of
Lothra was some thirty miles distant. These
clerics, Cormac and Baithin, had asked
Ruadan for a place to settle in. l Go/ he
said, 'and settle wherever the tongues of
your bells strike.' They went on until they
arrived at the church of Cluain, where their
bells sounded. They were much disap-
pointed at finding the place already occupied,
not thinking they would be allowed to stay
there, but Barra gave them the church an'd
all the property in it, and leaving the place
returned to co. Cork, and came to Corcach
Mor, or t The Great Marsh,' now the city of
Cork. Here he and his companions were en-
gaged in fasting and prayer, when Aodh, son
of Conall, the king of the territory, going in
search of one of his cows which had strayed
from the herd, met with them and granted
them the site of the present cathedral. Before
settling there finally, Barra was admonished
by an angel, we are told, to go to the place to
the westward, ' where,' he said, f you have
many waters, and where there will be many
wise men with you.'

A long time after this, Barra, with Eolang,
David, and ten monks, is said to have gone
to Home to be consecrated a bishop, but the
pope refused to consecrate him, saying the
rite would be performed by Jesus Christ
himself. The Latin lives, instead of Barra's
journey to Rome, tell of a message brought
by MacCorb from the pope informing him
how he was to be consecrated. At this time,
MacCorb having died, Barra desired to have
Eolang of Aghabulloge as a soul-friend or
confessor in his place. According to the
' Calendar ' of Oengus, Eolang was originally
at Aghaboe, and probably accompanied Barra,
whose pupil he had been. Eolang declined,
say ing, 'Christ will take your hand from mine
and hear your confession.' It was reported
that Barra afterwards wore a glove on one of
his hands which Christ had touched, to hide
its supernatural brightness. Seventeen years
after the foundation of Cork, feeling that his
death was near, he went to Clonenagh, and
there died suddenly. His remains were
brought to Cork and honourably interred,

and in after times his bones were taken up
and enshrined in a silver casket. His pas-
toral character is thus described : 'The man of
God abode there [at Cork], building up not so-
much a house of earthly stones as a spiritual
house of true stones, wrought by the word and
toil through the Holy Spirit.' His generosity
is often referred to. Cumin of Condeire, in his
poem, says : ' He never saw any one in want
whom he did not relieve; ' and the ' Calendar'
of Oengus at 25 Sept. notices ' the festival of
the loving man, the feast of Barre of Cork,'
and in his ' Life ' he is the ( amiable champion *
(athleta). In after times, when Fursa was
at the city of Cork, ' he saw [in vision] a
golden ladder near the tomb of the man
of God, to conduct souls to the kingdom of
Heaven, and he beheld the top of it reach to
the sky.'

Barra's travels are scarcely referred to in
his ' Life.' He is said to have gone to-
Britain with St. Maidoc. In Reeves's edition
of Adamnan's ' St. Columba ' reference is-
made to ' his repeated and perhaps protracted'
visits to St. Columba at Hy,' though no-
notice of them is found in his 'Life.' There-
is an extraordinary story in the Rawlin-
son manuscript of his having borrowed a
horse from St. David in "Wales and ridden*
over to Ireland, in memory of which a brazen
horse was made and kept at Cork, but there
is nothing of this in the other lives. He is-
the patron saint of Dornoch, the episcopal
seat of Caithness, where his festival is per-
formed riding on horseback, a usage which
seems to have some connection with the
legend just mentioned. The island of Barra
also claims him as patron and derives its name
from him. According to Gerald de Barre, or
Giraldus Cambrensis, his family name was
derived from this island, and thus ultimately
from the saint. Mr. Skene thinks the name
Dunbarre is connected with him, as Dunblane-
with St. Blane. The name undergoes many
modifications. He is termed Finn Barr, Barr-
f hinn, or Barr-f hind, which by the silence
of f h becomes Barrind, and then Barrindus.
He is also Barr-og, or Barrocus, Bairre, Barra,,
and Barre, the last being his name in popular
usage. In the parallel lists of Irish and
foreign saints in the ' Book of Leinster ' he is
said to have been ' like Augustine, bishop of
the Saxons, in his manner of life.' He died
on 25 Sept. most probably in 623.

[Beatha Barra MS. 23 a, 44, Royal Irish
Academy; Codex Kilkenniensis, fol. 132 b, 134;
Codex Bodl. Rawlinson B. 485, both published
by Dr. Caulfield in his Life of St. Finn Barr ;
Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. ii. 314-18; Calendar of
Oengus at 25 Sept. ; Reeves's Adarnnan, Ixxiv.J

T. 0.

Finnchu

37

Finnchu

FINNCHU, SAINT (/. 7th cent.), of
Brigobann, now Brigown, in the county
of Cork, was son of Finnlug, a descendant of
Eochaidh Muidhmeadhon, and an inhabi-
tant of Cremorne, county of Monaghan. Finn-
lug's first wife, Coemell, was of the Cian-
machta of Glen Geimhin. After a married life
of thirty years Coemell died, and Finnlug
married Idnait, daughter of Flann, also of the
Ciannachta. Soon after he was expelled from
Ulster with his followers, and making his way
to Munster the king, Aengus Mac Nadfraoich,
granted him land in the province of Mog-Ruth
(Fermoy) . Here Idnait gave birth to the child
Finnchu, who was baptised by Ailbe of Imlach
Ibair (Emly), and ' a screpall, that is seven
pennies of gold, paid as a baptismal fee.' The
form of his name given in the ' Calendar ' of
Oengus is Chua, to which Finn (fair) being
,-added makes Chua-finn, and by transposition
Finnchua. The Irish life and the ' Martyr-
ology of Donegal' make him son of Finn-
lug, son of Setna, but in other authorities
lie is son of Setna. He was placed with
Cumusgach, king of Teffia (in Westmeath
and Longford), with whom he remained seven
years. At the end of that time Comgall
q. v.] of Bangor (county of Down) obtained
leave to educate the child as an ecclesias-
tic at Bangor. Here he distinguished him-
self by his courage in bearding the king of
Ulaidh, who had insisted on grazing his horses
on the lands of the monastery. Nine years
later Comgall died, and Finnchu succeeded
him as abbot, though he does not appear in
the regular lists. Seven years afterwards he
was expelled from Bangor and the whole of
Ulaidh, ' because of the scarcity of land.' He
then returned to Munster, where the king of
Cashel allowed him to choose a place of re-
sidence. Finnchu said : * I must not settle in
any place save where my bell will answer me
without the help of man.' From Cashel he
proceeded to the territory of Fermoy, and on
the morrow his bell answered him at Fan
Muilt (the wether's slope). As this was the
queen's home farm, he would have been
evicted had he not consented to pay rent.
After this Finnchu ' marked out the place
and arranged his enclosure, and covered his
houses, and allotted lands to his households.'
Hither came to him Conang, king of the
Deisi, who prostrated himself to him, and
Finnchu gave him, ( as a soul-friend's jewel, his
own place in heaven.' Then, in order to obtain
a place in heaven instead of that which he
had given away, he suspended himself by the
armpits from hooks in the roof of his cell,
so that ' his head did not touch the roof, nor
his feet the floor.' Thenceforth the place was
called Bri gobann (Smith's Hill), now Mit-

chelstown, from the skill shown by the
smiths who manufactured the hooks. During
seven years he continued to practise this self-
mortification until he was visited by St.
Ronan Finn with an urgent request for help
from the king of Meath, who was distressed
by the inroads of British pirates. After much
persuasion he saw St. Ronan, ' though sorely
ashamed of his perforated body holed by
chafers and beasts.' Accompanying St. Ronan
to Tara, on the night of his arrival an inroad
took place, and by Finnchu's advice, ' all, both
laymen and clerics, turned right-handwise
and marched against the intruders,' with the
result that they slew them, burnt their ships,
and made a mound of their garments.

At this time, dissensions having arisen
between the two wives of Nuadu, king of
Leinster, he sent oif his favourite wife to
Munster * on the safeguard of Finnchua of
Sliabh Cua.' Arrived near Brigown the saint
desired she should not come any further until
her child was born, for at that time ' neither
wives nor women used to come to his church.*

On the birth of the child he was baptised
by Finnchu, and named Fintan. In a war
which ensued between the king of Leinster
and the kinsmen of his neglected wife, Finn-
chu was successful in obtaining the victory for
the king. Fintan was with him, and when
the king begged that the boy might be left
with him, Finnchu consenting gave him ' his
choice between the life of a layman and that
of a cleric.' Having chosen the latter the
land was bestowed on him, from which he was
afterwards known as St. Fintan of Cluain-
ednech. The St. Fintan (d. 634) [q. v.] gene-
rally known by this title was the son of Tul-
chan, but it appears from his ' Life ' that there
were four of the name at Cluain-ednech. Re-
turning to Munster, Finnchu was next called
to repel an attack from the north, the queen
of Ulaidh having instigated her husband to
invade Munster to provide territory for her
sons. The king of Munster was then living
at Dun Ochair Maige (the fort on the brink
of the Maige), now Bruree, in the county of
Limerick, and when he and his consort be-
held 'the splendid banners floating in the
air, and the tents of royal speckled satin
pitched on the hill,' they sent for Finnchn,
who had promised, if occasion required, to
come, 'with the CennCathach [head battler],
even his own crozier.' After vainly trying
to make peace, he ' marched in the van of
the army with the Cenn Cathach in his hand,
and then passed right-handwise round the
host.' For the complete victory which fol-
lowed the king awarded ' a cow from every
enclosure from Cnoc Brenain to Dairinis of
Emly, and a milch cow to the cleric carrying

Finnchu

Finnerty

his crozier in battle.' Ciar Cuircech, nephew
of the king of Kerry, having been sent adrift
on account of suspected treason, had been
taken by pirates, and was retained by them
as guide, and for three autumns they harried
Kerry, and carried off the corn. The king
sent for his relative, Finnchu (the Ciarraige
and Finnchu's mother being both of the seed
of Ebir). The saint came to the rescue, and
1 his wrath arose against the maurauders, and
the howling and rending of a hound pos-
sessed him on that day, wherefore the name
of Finnchu [fair hound] clave to him.' Ciar
was spared by Finnchu, who took him away,
and placed him in the territory since called
from him Kerrycurrihy, in the county of Cork.
The last warlike adventure in whichFinnchu
was engaged was the repelling an invasion of
the Clanna Neill. The people of Munster,
who were then without an overking, elected
Cairbre Cromm, a man of royal descent, who
was at this time ' in waste places hunting
wild swine and deer.' He consented to lead
them on condition that Finnchu accompanied
him. On coming in sight of the enemies'
camp the Munster men ' flinch from the fight
in horror of the Clanna Neill,' but stirred by
the warning of Finnchu that not a homestead
would be left to them if they did not fight,
they gained the victory. Cairbre Cromm was
then made king of Munster, but being dis-
satisfied with his appearance, as ' his skin was
scabrous,' he besought Finnchu to bestow a
goodly form on him, and the saint ' obtained
from (jod his choice of form for him.' His
shape and colour were then changed, so that
he was afterwards Cairbre the Fair.

After this he made a vow that he would
not henceforth be the cause of any battles.
He gave his blessing to the rulers of Munster,
and they promised to pay the firstlings of
cows, sheep, and swine to him and his suc-
cessors, together with an alms ' from every
nose in Fermoy.' Then he went to his own
place, and thence it is said to Rome, for he
was penitent for the battles and deeds he had
done for love of brotherhood. He is associated
in Oengus with two foreign saints, Mammes
and Cassian. Little of a religious character
appears in the present life, but in Oengus he
is said to have been ' a flame against guilty
men,' and that ' he proclaimed Jesus.' His
religion appears to have chiefly consisted in
ascetic practices of an extreme character. He
was supposed to lie the first night in the same
grave with every corpse buried in his church.
In an Irish stanza current in the north of the
county of Cork he is associated with Molagga,
Colman of Cloyne, and Declan, all very early
saints, and he is termed ' Finnchu the as-
cetic.' The anachronisms in this life are more

formidable than usual, but may possibly be
explained by the habit of using the name of
a well-known king for the reigning sove-
reign, as in the case of Pharaoh and Caesar.
The year of his death is not on record, but it
must have been a long time after he left
Bangor, which was in 608. His day is 25 Nov.

[The Irish life in the Book of Lismore, trans-
lated by Whitley Stokes, D.C.L. ; Martyrology
of Donegal, p. 317; Eeeves's Eccles. Autiq. of
Down, &c., p. 381 ; Calendar of Oengus, cxix,
clxxii.] T. 0.

FINNERTY, PETER (1766 P-1822),
journalist, born in or about 1766, was the
son of a trader at Loughrea in Gal way. He-
was brought up as a printer in Dublin, and
became the publisher of ' The Press,' a na-
tionalist newspaper started by Arthur O'Con-
nor in September 1797. The violence of
that journal caused it to be prosecuted by
the government. On 22 Dec. 1797 Finnerty
was tried before the Hon. William Downes,
one of the justices of the court of king's
bench in Ireland, upon an indictment for a
seditious libel. The prosecution was insti-
tuted in consequence of the publication of a
letter signed 'Marcus,' on the subject of the
conviction and execution of William Orr, a
presbyterian farmer, on a charge of adminis-
tering the United Irish oath to a private in
the Fifeshire Fencibles. Finnerty refused
to divulge the writer's name, and, although
John Philpot Curran made a most eloquent
speech in his defence, he was found guilty.
The sentence was that he should stand in
and upon the pillory for the space of one
hour ; that he should be imprisoned for two-
years from 31 Oct. 1797 (the day he was
arrested) ; that he should pay a fine "of 201.
to the king ; and that he should give secu-
rity for his future good behaviour for seven
years from the end of his imprisonment, him-
self in 500/., and two sureties in 250/. each.
The whole of this sentence was eventually car-
ried into effect. Finnerty, on 30 Dec., stood
for one hour in the pillory opposite the ses-
sions house in Green Street, in the presence
of an immense concourse of sympathising*
spectators. He was accompanied by some
of the leading men in the country. On
being released from the pillory he said to the
people : ' My friends, you see how cheerfully I
can suffer I can suffer anything, provided
it promotes the liberty of my country.' The
crowd cheered this brief address enthusiasti-
cally, but they were quickly dispersed by the
military (HowELL, State Trials, xxvi. 902-
1018; CuKRAtf, Speeches, 2nd edit, by Davis,

On regaining his liberty Finnerty came to

Finney

39

Finnian

London and obtained an engagement as a
parliamentary reporter on the staff of the
'Morning Chronicle.' In 1809 he accom-
panied the Walcheren expedition as special
correspondent, in order to supply the ' Chro-
nicle' with intelligence, but his bulletins
soon induced the government to ship him
home in a man-of-war. This he attributed to
Lord Castlereagh, whom he libelled accord-
ingly. On 7 Feb. 1811 he was sentenced by
the court of queen's bench to eighteen months'
imprisonment in Lincoln gaol for a libel
charging his lordship with cruelty in Ireland.
The talent and courage which he displayed
at the trial obtained for him a public sub-
scription of 2,000. He memorialised the
House of Commons on 21 June against the
treatment he had experienced in prison, ac-
cusing the gaolers of cruelty in placing him
with felons, and refusing him air and ex-
ercise. The memorial gave rise to several
discussions, in which he was highly spoken
of by Whitbread, Burdett, Eomilly, and
Brougham (HANSARD, Parl. Debates, 1811,
xx. 723-43). He died in Westminster on
11 May 1822, aged 56.

Finnerty was an eccentric Irishman, ex-
tremely quick, ready, and hot-headed. Much of
his time was spent with.PaulHiffernan [q. v.],
Mark Supple, and other boon companions at
the Cider Cellars, 20 Maiden Lane, Covent
Garden. He published : 1. ' Report of the
Speeches of Sir Francis Burdett at the late
Election,' 1804, 8vo. 2. ' Case of Peter Fin-
nerty, including a Full Report of all the
Proceedings which took place in the Court
of King's Bench upon the subject . . . with
Notes, and a Preface comprehending an Es-
say upon the Law of Libel,' 4th edit. London,
1811, 8vo.

[Phillips's Curran and his Contemporaries,
p. 184 ; Gent. Mag. vol. xcii. pt. i. p. 644 ; Biog.
Diet, of Living Authors, p. 116; Andrews's
British Journalism, ii. 31, 66 ; Notes and Queries,
2nd ser. ix. 306; Grant's Newspaper Press, ii.
224 ; Hunt's Fourth Estate, ii. 275.] T. C.

FINNEY, SAMUEL (1719-1798), minia-
ture-painter, born at Wilmslow, Cheshire,
13 Feb. 1718-19, was eldest son of Samuel
Finney of Fulshaw, Cheshire, and Esther,
daughter of Ralph Davenport of Chorley.
His family being in pecuniary difficulties,
Finney came up to London to study law, but
quitted that profession for painting. He
established himself as a miniature-painter,
working both in enamel and on ivory, and
was very successful. He exhibited minia-
tures at the Exhibition of the Society of Ar-
tists in 1761, and in 1765 exhibited a minia-
ture of Queen Charlotte, having been ap-

pointed 'enamel and miniature painter to her
majesty.' He was a member of the Incor-
porated Society of Artists, and in 1766 sub-
scribed the declaration roll of that society.
Having amassed a fortune sufficient to pay
off the encumbrances on the old family estate,
Finney in 1769 retired to Fulshaw, became
a justice of the peace, and devoted the re-
mainder of his life to quelling the riots, then
so prevalent in that part of Cheshire, and in
local improvements. He also compiled a
manuscript history of his family, part of
which was printed in the ' Cheshire and Lan-
cashire Historical Collector,' vol. i. A small
portrait of Finney is in the possession of his
descendant, Mr. Jenkins of Fulshaw ; it was
engraved by William Ford of Manchester,
and the plate was destroyed after twelve
copies had been struck off. He died in 1798,
and was buried at Wilmslow. He was twice
married, but left no children.

[Kedgrave's Diet, of Artists; Graves's Diet. of
Artists, 1760-1880; Earwaker's East Cheshire,
i. 154.] L. C.

FINNIAN, SAINT (d. 550), of Cluaini-
raird, now Clonard, in the county of Meath,
son of Finlugh, son of Fintan, a descendant of
Conall Cearnach, one of the heroes of the Red
Branch, was born in Leinster. He was bap-
tised by a Saint Abban, and afterwards placed
when of suitable age under the charge of Fort-
chern. With him he read ' the Psalms and
the Ecclesiastical Order.' On reaching the
age of thirty he crossed the sea, and accord-
ing to the Irish life went to Tours, called by
the Irish Torinis. where he became a friend
of St. Caeman. But the Latin life, the author
of which, according to Dr. Todd, had the Irish
before him, substitutes Dairinis, an island in
the bay of Wexford, in which there was a
well-known monastery. The resemblance in
sound may have suggested the correction, as
Caeman was connected with Dairinis. But
as the ' Office of St. Finnian' also mentions a
visit to Tours, and two of St. Finnian's pupils,
Columcille and Columb Mac Criomthainn,
are said to have visited Tours, the Irish life
may be correct. Finnian, probably on his
way back, was at Cell Muine, or St. David's
in Wales, where he met David, Gildas, and
Cathmael or Docus. Here he is said to have
stayed thirty years, and to have spoken the
British language ' as if it was his own native
tongue.' Finnian was employed to negotiate
with the Saxon invaders, and failing in this
is said to have overthrown them by super-
natural means. An angel warned him to re-
turn to Ireland, which was in need of his
teaching, instead of visiting Rome as he
wished to do. He obeyed the divine call, and

Finnian

Finnian

landed, according to Dr. Lanigan, first at the
island of Dairinis, where he paid a second
visit to St. Caeman. Leaving the island he
coasted along, and finally landed at one of
the harbours of Wexford, where he was well
received by Muiredach, son of the king of
Leinster, who honoured him, not as Dr. Lani-
gan says, by prostrating himself before him,
but by taking him on his back across the
fields. The king having offered him any site
he pleased for a church, he selected Achad
Aball, now Aghowle, in the barony of Shil-
lelagh, in the county of Wicklow. Here he
is said to have dwelt sixteen years. Moving
about and founding churches in several places,
he arrived at Kildare, where he ' stayed for
a while, reading and teaching/ and on leaving
was presented by Brigit with a ring of gold,
which she told him he would require. After-
wards a slave at Fotharta Airbrech, in the
north-east of the King's County, complained
that the king demanded an ounce of gold for
his freedom. Finnian having weighed the ring
(ring money ?) given him by Brigit, found it
to be exactly one ounce, and he purchased the
man's freedom. This slave was St.Caisin of Dal
m Buain. Crossing the Boy ne, he next founded
a church at Ross Findchuill, also called Esgar
Brannain, now Rosnarea. One of a raiding
party from Fertullagh in Westmeath passing
by his church became his disciple, and after-
wards his successor at Clonard. This was
Bishop Senach of Cluain Foda Fine, now
Clonfad, in the county of Westmeath. It
was probably at this time that he established
his school at Clonard, in A.D. 530, according
to Dr. Lanigan. Disciples came to him from
all parts of Ireland till the number is said to
have reached three thousand, and he acquired
the title of ' the Tutor of the Saints of Ire-
land.' Many celebrated men were educated
under him, among them Columcille, Columb
of Tir da Glas, the two Ciarans, and others.
To each of his pupils on their departure he
gave a crozier or a gospel (i.e. a book of the
gospels), or some well-known sign. These
gifts became the sacred treasures of their re-
spective churches. From his disciples he se-
lected twelve who were known as ' the twelve
Apostles of Ireland.' These, according to Dr.
Todd, formed themselves into a kind of cor-
poration, and exercised a sort of jurisdiction
over the other ecclesiastics of their times.
They were especially jealous of the right
of sanctuary which they claimed for their
churches.

A bard named Gemman, also termed ' the
master,' and mentioned in Adamnan's ' Co-
lumba' as a tutor, brought him a poem cele-
brating his praises, and asked in return that
' the little land he had should be made fer-

tile.' Finnian replied, ' Put the hymn which
thou hast made into water, and scatter the
water over the land.' This is in accordance
with Bede's description of the virtues of Irish
manuscripts when immersed in water (EccL
Hist. bk. i. chap, i.) In the Latin life he
orders Gemman ' to sing the hymn over the
field.' Some of the pupils of Finnian having
been attracted to St. Ruadan of Lothra, for-
merly one of his disciples, he visited that saint
at the request of his school, and an amicable
contest took place between them, with the
result that Ruadan consented ' to live like
other people.' The special reason for the
flocking of students to Lothra is said to have
been ' a lime tree from which there used to
drop a sweet fluid in which every one found
the flavour he wished.' His next journey
was into Luigne, now the barony of Leyney,
co. Sligo, whither he was accompanied by
Cruimther (or presbyter) Nathi. Here he
founded a church in a place called Achad
caoin conaire, now Achonry, where his well
and his flagstone were shown.

When he had thus 'founded many churches
and monasteries, and had preached God's
word to the men of Ireland,' he returned to
Clonard. Here his pupil, Bishop Senach, ob-
serving ' his meagreness and great wretched-
ness,' and * seeing the worm coming out of
his side in consequence of the girdle of iron
which he wore,' could not restrain his tears.
Finnian comforted him by reminding him that
he was to be his successor. His food was a
little barley bread, and his drink water, ex-
cept on Sundays.

In the ' Martyrology of Donegal ' he is com-
pared to St. Paul, the parallel being carried
out in detail. Finnian was the chief of the
second order of Irish saints ; he is sometimes
said to have been a bishop, but it is not so
stated in his life, and it is improbable, as the
second order were nearly all presbyters. He
died at Clonard, and, according to the ' Chro-
nicon Scotorum,' of the pestilence known as
the Buidhe Conaill, or yellow plague, which
ravaged Ireland in A.D. 550. The language
of his life is ambiguous, but seems to agree
with this : ' As Paul died in Rome for the
sake of the Christian people, even so Finnian
died in Clonard that the people of the Gael
might not all die of the yellow plague.' The
' Annals of the Four Masters ' place his death
at 548 (549), which is too early. Colgan's
opinion that he lived as late as 563 is founded
on a statement referring not to him but to
St. Finnian of Maghbile. He is said in the
Irish life to have reached the age of 140, and
if his stay in different places was so long as
mentioned, this would seem to be necessary,
but the numbers can scarcely be intended to

Fintan

Fintan

fee taken literally. ' Thirty ' seems to be used
indefinitely in the lives of Irish saints. St.
Finnian's day in the ' Martyrology of Done-
gal' is 12 Dec., though 11 Feb., 3 Jan., and
26 March have also been mentioned.

[Lives from the Book of Lismore, translated
by Whitley Stokes, D.C.L., pp. 222-30; Lani-
.gan's Eccl. Hist. i. 468, &c., ii. 21, 22 ; Dr.Todd's
St. Patrick, pp. 98-101 ; Martyrology of Donegal,
p. 333 ; Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 548 ;
Eeeves's Adamnan, p. 136.] T. 0.

FINTAN, SAINT (d. 595), of Cluain-
ednech, according to his pedigree in the ' Book
of Leinster,' and his life as quoted by Colgan,
was the son of Gabren and Findath, and a
descendant of Feidlimid Rectmar. In the
1 Codex Kilkenniensis ' his father is called
Crymthann, but Gabren is added in the mar-
gin, apparently as a correction. Again, in
the ' Life of Finnchu ' he is said to have been
the son of Nuadu, king of Leinster, by his
wife, Anmet. But as, according to some ac-
counts, there were four Fintans at Cluain-
ednech, the son of Nuadu was evidently a
different person from the subject of the present
notice. On the eighth day after his birth our
Fintan was baptised at Cluain mic Trein,
which may be presumed to have been in or
near Ross, anciently called Ros mic Trein.
He studied with two companions, Coemhan
and Mocumin, under Colum, son of Crim-
thann, afterwards of Tirdaglas, now Terry-
glas, barony of Lower Ormond, county of
Tipperary. Coemhan became eventually abbot
of Enach Truim, now Annatrim, in Upper
Ossory, and Mocumin, otherwise Natcaoim,
was also subsequently of Tirdaglas.

The party of students and their master
moved about, and on one occasion stayed at
Cluain-ednech, where there was then no
monastery. Here such numbers flocked to
them that they had to move to Sliabh Bladma,
now Slieve Bloom. Looking back from the
mountain-side it was said that angels were
hovering over the place they had left, and
Fintan was at once advised to build his mo-
nastery there, which he did about A.D. 548.
This place is now Clonenagh, a townland near
Mountrath in the Queen's County. Here he
led a life of the severest asceticism, but not-
withstanding the strictness of his rule many
sought admission to his community. ' The
monks laboured with their hands after the
manner of hermits, tilling the earth with hoes,
and, rejecting all animals, had not even a
single cow. If any one offered them milk or
butter it was not accepted ; no one dared to
bring any flesh meat.'

This mode of life being felt as a reproach
by the neighbouring clergy, a council assem-

bled, at which St. Cainnech of Kilkenny and
others were present, who visited St. Fintan
and requested him for the love of God to re-
lax the extreme rigour of his rule. Fintan
after much persuasion conceded the changes
proposed as regarded his community, but re-
fused to alter his own mode of living. His
discernment of character is shown in the case
of two relatives of one of his monks. After
the young man had failed to convert them,
Fintan visited them and pronounced that one
would be converted, but that the case of the
other was hopeless. He seems to have been
kind to his community, for when some of
them, eager, like all the Irish of the period, for
foreign travel, went away without his leave,
and proceeded to Bangor in Ulster, and thence
to Britain, he said to those who spoke of
them, ' They are gone for God's work.'

A warlike party once left the heads of
their enemies at the gate of Clonenagh. They
were buried by the monks in their own ceme-
tery, Fintan saying that all the saints who lay
in that burial-ground would pray for them, as
the most important part of their bodies was
buried there. At this time the king of North
Leinster held the son of the king of South
Leinster (or Hy Censelach) prisoner, intend-
ing to kill him as a rival, but Fintan and
twelve disciples went to the king at a town
named Rathmore, in the north-east of the
county of Kildare, to remonstrate with him.
The king ordered the fortress to be firmly
closed against him, but Fintan overcame all
resistance, and rescued the youth, who after-
wards became a monk at Bangor.

Walking on one occasion in the plain of
the Liffey, he met Fergna, son of Cobhthach,
and kneeled before him. The man was much,
surprised, but Fintan told him he was to be-
come a monk. He said : ' I have twelve sons
and seven daughters, a dear wife, and peace-
ful subjects,' but he eventually gave up all.
Bishop Brandubh, ' a humble man of Hy Cen-
selach,' went to Fintan to become one of his
monks. Fintan met him in the monastery
of Achad Finglas, near Slatey, and desired
him to remain in this monastery, ' where,' he
added, ' the mode of life is more tolerable
than in mine/

His most famous pupil was Comgall [q.v.]
of Bangor, who came to him at Cluain-ednech.
Here he joined the community, but so hard
was the life that he grew weary of it, and
the devil tempted him to return to his native
place. He told Fintan of this, but shortly
after, when praying at a cross to the west of
Cluain-ednech, a supernatural light broke in
on him, and he became quite happy. Fintan
then sent him back to his native place to
build churches and rear up servants to Christ.

Fintan

Fintan

He subsequently founded the famous monas-
tery of Benchor (Bangor) in Ulster.

Fintan when on his deathbed appointed as
his successor Fintan Maeldubh. In the ' Lebar
Brecc ' notes on the ' Calendar ' of Oengus
there are said to have been four Fintans there.
His life was a continual round of fasts, night
watches, and genuflexions. He is termed by
Oengus ' Fintan the Prayerful,' and on the
same authority we read, ' he never ate during
his time, save woody bread of barley, and
clayey water of clay.' In the parallel list of
Irish and foreign saints, he, as /chief head of
the monks of Ireland,' is compared with
Benedict, 'head of the monks of Europe/
His day is 17 Feb.

[Colgan's Acta Sanct. Hibernise, p. 349, &c. ;
Codex Kilkenniensis ; Marsh's Library, Dublin,
p. 74 aa ; Calendar of Oengus, lii. liii. ; Martyr-
ology of Donegal, p. 51 ; Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. ii.
227-30.] T. O.

FINTAN or MUNNU, SAINT (d. 634),
of Tech Munnu, now Taghmon, co. Wexford,
was son of Tulchan, a descendant of Conall
Gulban, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages,
his mother, Fedelm, being of the race of
Maine, son of Niall. He used to leave his
father's sheep to go for instruction to a holy
man named Cruimther (or presbyter) Grel-
lan, who lived at Achad Breoan. The sheep did
not suffer, and it was even rumoured that two
wolves were seen guardingthem. St. Comgall
of Bangor on his way from Connaught met
with him at Uisnech (now Usny), in the
parish of Killare, barony of Rathconrath, co.
Westmeath. Comgall allowed the boy to
join him, and on the first day initiated him
into his discipline by refusing to allow him
a draught of water until vespers in spite of
the heat.

Fintan is said to have gone next to the
school of St. Columba at Cill mor Ditraibh ;
but this seems inconsistent with the dates of
his life. His regular studies were carried on
under Sinell of Cluaininis, an island in Lough
Erne, who is described as ' the most learned
man in Ireland or in Britain.' With him
he continued nineteen years, studying the
Scriptures in company with nine others. In
making their bread they were not permitted
to separate the chaff from the wheat ; but all
being ground together, the flour was mixed
with water and baked by means of stones
heated in the fire.

On the completion of his studies he went
to Hy to enter the monastery, but found that
St. Columba was dead, and Baithin, his suc-
cessor, refused to accept him, alleging that
St. Columba had anticipated his coming, and
directed him not to receive him. ' He will
not lik^ this,' he added, 'for he is a rough

man ; therefore assure him that he will be
an abbot and the head of a congregation.'
This story, which is not only found in his
lives, but in Adamnan's ' Life of Columba,' is.
stated in the latter to have been communi-
cated to the author by Oissene, who had it
from the lips of Fintan himself. Fintan is
described as fair, with curly hair and a high
complexion. On his return to Ireland he took
up his abode in an island named Cuimrige or
Cuinrigi, where he founded a church at a
place called Athcaoin ; but having ascended
a mountain to pray he was so disturbed by
the cries and tumult at the battle of Slenne
(perhaps of Sleamhain, near Mullingar, A.D.
602) that he left the island. He next passed
on to his own neighbourhood in the territory
of Ely, but did not visit or salute any one.
Here he built Tech Telle (now Tehelly), in
the north of the King's County, where he re-
mained five years. He permitted his mother
to visit him with his two sisters, but said
that if she came again he would depart to
Britain. Probably in allusion to this a poem
attributed to Colum Cille, says : ' The mother
that bore thee, O Fintan, Munnu, bore a
son hard to her family.' Soon afterwards
a virgin with five companions presented her-
self at Tech Telle, and said to the steward :
' Tell the strong man who owns this place
to give it to me, for he and his fifty youths
are stronger than I and my five, and let
him build another for himself.' Fintan com-
plied, ordering his pupils to bring only their
axes, books, and chrismals with their ordinary
clothing, and the two oxen which drew the
wagon with the books. But he refused to bless
her, and told her that the church would not
be associated with her name, but with that
of Telle, son of Segein. He and his party th en
proceeded to the UiBairrche (now the barony
of Slieve Margy in the Queen's County),
where there was a monastery of Comgall of
Bangor, over which one of his pupils named
Aed Gophan (or Guthbinn ?) presided. He
was obliged to go away into exile for twelve
years, and left Fintan to take charge during
his absence. Meanwhile, Comgall having
died, ' the family ' of the monastery came to
Fintan, but he refused their several requests
either to accept the abbacy of Bangor, or to
become one of the monks there, but said
that he would leave the place if he could
surrender it to Aed Gophan, who entrusted
it to him. Then they said : f You had better go
and seek for him, even if you have to go to
Rome, and we will wait your return.' He
therefore set out with five companions, but
after crossing one field he met with Aedh
returning after twelve years of exile. Leaving
Ui Bairrche, Fintan came to Achad Liacc, in

Fintan

43

Firbank

the barony of Forth, co. Wexford. Here one
day when in the woods he met three men
clothed in white garments, who told him,
' Here will be your city/ and they marked out
in his presence seven places in which after-
wards the chief buildings of his city should
be erected, and Fintan placed crosses there.
The chieftain of the country of Forth, named
Dimma, who had offended him by unseemly
rejoicing over a homicide, repenting, 'offered
him the land where his city Taghmon now is.'
He asked for a reward, and when Fintan
promised him the kingdom of heaven, said :
1 That is not enough, unless you also give me
long life and all my wishes, and allow me to
be buried with your monks in holy ground.'
All these requests Fintan granted to him.
The community of Fintan consisted of fifty
monks, and their daily food was bread with
water and a little milk. Dimma, chieftain
of the territory, had placed his two sons in
fosterage one, Cellach, at Airbre in Ui Cenn-
selaigh with St. Cuan; the other, Cillin,
with Fintan at Taghmon. The father going
to visit them found Cellach dressed in a blue
cloak, with a sheaf of purple arrows on his
shoulder, his writing tablet bound with brass,
and wearing shoes ornamented with brass.
Cillin, in a cloak of black undyed sheep's
wool, a short white tunic, with a black border
and common shoes, chanting psalms with
other boys behind the wagon. The king was
displeased, but Fintan told him that Cellach
would be slain by the Leinster people, while
Cillin would be ' the head of a church, a
wise man, a scribe, bishop, and anchorite,'
and would go to heaven.

Fintan's rugged character is illustrated in
an imaginary dialogue between him and the
angel who used to visit him. Fintan asked
why another, whom he mentioned, was higher
in favour than himself. Because, was the re-
ply, 'he never caused any one to blush, whereas
you scold your monks shamefully.' * Then/
Fintan indignantly replied, ' I will go into
exile and never take any more pains with my
monks.' ' No/ said the' angel, ' but the Lord
will visit you.' That night Fintan became a
leper, and continued so for twenty-three years.
This is referred to in the ' Calendar ' of Oen-
gus, where he is called ' crochda/ crucified
or bearing a cross.

Fintan's most remarkable appearance was
at the council of Magh Ailbe or Whitefield,
where the propriety of adopting changes made
on the continent in the Rule of Easter was
discussed. Laisrean or Molaisse of Leighlin,
with his friends, defended the new system
and the new order. Fintan and all others
maintained the old. The king of Ui Bairrche,
impatient at Fintan's delay in coming, spoke

tauntingly of his leprosy. When he arrived
the king asked him to speak. ' Why/ said
Fintan, turning fiercely to him, ' do you ask
me, a leprous man, for a speech ? When you
were abusing me Christ blushed at the right
hand of the Father, for I am a member of
Christ.' Fintan proposed the ordeal by fire and
then by water, or a contest in miraculous
power ; but Laisrean would not risk the danger
of defeat. Dr. Lanigan is not accurate in
saying that ' Fintan soon after withdrew his
opposition, and agreed with his brethren of
the south/ for the ' Codex Salmanticensis T
states that the council broke up, assenting to
his conclusion : ' Let every one do as he be-
lieves, and as seems to him right/ words
which fairly express the tolerant spirit of the
Irish church. It is added by the writer of
his ' Life' that whenever he addressed a guest
in rough or hasty language he would not eat
until he had apologised, saying: 'At that mo-
ment I was the son of Tulchan according to
the flesh, but now I am spiritually the son
of God.' Lanigan does not allow that he was
at Clonenagh ; but Bishop Reeves, following
Colgan, holds that he was * fourth in a suc-
cession of Fintans there.' He has given his
name to a Taghmon, also in Westmeath, and
is commemorated at Kilmun in Cowall (Scot-
land), where he is buried according to the
' Breviary of Aberdeen.' There was also a
church in LochLeven called after him. In the
1 Litany ' of Oengus f one hundred and fifty
true martyrs ' who lived under his rule are
invoked, and two hundred and thirty-three
are referred to in the ' Martyrology ' of Tam-
laght ; but this does not imply that they were
all living at one time. The name Mundu or
Munnu is interpreted in the * Lebar Brecc '
as a contraction of mo-Fhindu, the F in the
compound becoming silent; Fintan is also
a contraction of Findu-an. His day is cele-
brated 21 Oct.

[Acta Sanct.Hibernise ex codice Salman ticensi,
London, 1888; Calendar of Oengus, clix. ; Lani-
gan's Eccl. Hist. ii. 404-8; Ussher's Works, vi.
503; Eeeves's Adamnan, pp. 18, 27; the Kev.
James Gammack, in Diet, of Christian Biography,
ii. 520.] T. 0.

FIKBAJSTK, JOSEPH (1819-1886), rail-
way contractor, son of a Durham miner, was
born at Bishop Auckland in 1819. At the
age of seven he was sent to work in a colliery,
and attended a night-school. In 1841 he se-
cured a sub-contract in connection with the
Woodhead tunnel on the Stockton and Dar-
lington railway, and in 1845 and 1846 took
contracts on the Midland railway. The oppo-
sition to railway construction was so^ great
at this time that on one occasion Firbank
was captured and kept a prisoner for twenty-

Firbank

44

Firebrace

four hours. Noblemen would not permit the
contractors or their workmen to approach
their demesnes. In 1848 Firbank was en-
gaged on the Rugby and Stamford branch
of the North- Western railway, and lost most
of his savings by the bankruptcy of the
former contractor of the line. When the
Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Com-
pany transformed their mineral tramways
and canals into passenger railways in 1854,
Firbank took the contract for dealing with
the canals in the town of Newport, Mon-
mouthshire. He also took the contract for
the maintenance of the lines for seven years,
and this contract was several times renewed.

Firbank established himself at Newport,
where he formed an intimate friendship with
Mr. Crawshaw Bailey, the ironmaster, who
supported him in his early undertakings. He
was employed in South Wales for thirty
years, until the absorption of the Monmouth-
shire company by the Great Western. In
1856 Firbank took a contract for the widen-
ing of the London and North- Western rail-
way near London, and afterwards (1859-66)
various contracts on the Brighton line. He
was also engaged upon the Midland Com-
pany's Bedford and London extension (1864-
1868), which involved great difficulties and
ultimately cost the company upwards of
3,000,000/. He was contractor in 1870 on
the Settle and Carlisle extension of the Mid-
land railway. He was afterwards contractor
for many lines, the most difficult undertaking
being the Birmingham west suburban section
of the Midland railway.

In 1884 Firbank built the St. Pancras
goods depot of the Midland railway. The
last contract taken by him was for the Bourne-
mouth direct line from Brokenhurst to Christ-
church. It proved to be the most troublesome
of all his undertakings, and was finally com-
pleted by his son, Joseph T. Firbank. The
lines constructed by Firbank from 1846 to
1886 amounted to forty-nine. All through
his career he was a generous employer, doing
his best to promote the welfare of those whom
he employed.

Firbank died at his residence, near New-
port, on 29 June 1886. He was twice married,
and was survived by his second wife and
seven children. Firbank has been described
as ' an excellent specimen of the class of
Englishmen who rise up not so much by
any transcendent talents, as by intelligence
and energy,' and above all by a scrupulous
1 honesty, inspiring confidence' (SAMUEL
LAING). He was indefatigable in work, re-
tiring to rest by nine o'clock and rarely
rising later than five. His business faculties
were very great. He was a j ustice of the peace

and deputy -lieutenant for the county of Mon-
mouth.

[F. M'Dermott's Life and Work of Joseph
Firbank, 1887.] G-. B. S.

FIREBRACE, HENRY (1619-1691),
royalist, sixth son of Robert Firebrace of
Derby, who died in 1645, by Susanna, daugh-
ter of John Hierome, merchant, of London,
held the offices of page of the bedchamber,
yeoman of the robes, and clerk of the kitchen
to Charles I, which he obtained through the
interest of the Earl of Denbigh. He became
much attached to the king, and was able to
be of service to him on more than one occa-
sion at Uxbridge, in connection with the
negotiations there in 1644, Oxford, and else-
where. After the king's surrender to the Scots
at Newark, in 1646, Firebrace joined him
at Newcastle, and attended him to Holmby
House and Hampton Court, and again after
his flight to the Isle of Wight he obtained
permission to attend him as page of the bed-
chamber during his confinement in Caris-
brooke Castle. Here he determined, if pos-
sible, to effect the king's escape, and accord-
ingly contrived one evening, as Charles was
retiring to rest, to slip into his hand a note
informing him of a place in the bedchamber
where he had secreted letters from friends
outside. A regular means of communication
was thus established between the king and
his most trusted supporters. They thus con-
certed a plan of escape. At a signal given
by Firebrace Charles was to force his body
through the aperture between the bars of his
bedchamber window, and let himself down
by a rope ; Firebrace was then to conduct
him across the court to the main wall of the
castle, whence they were to descend by an-
other rope and climb over the counterscarp,
on the other side of which men and horses
were to be in waiting to carry them to a
vessel. On a night, the precise date of which
cannot be fixed, but which was probably early
in April 1648, Firebrace gave the signal by
throwing something against the bedchamber
window. The king thrust his head into the
aperture, and succeeded in squeezing some
portion of his body through it, but then stuck
fast, and could with difficulty get back into
the room. Firebrace was not slow in devis-
ing a new plan, which he communicated to
the king by a letter. A bar was to be cut in
one of the windows, from which the king
would be able to step upon a wall and escape
over the outworks. The king, who had al-
ready begun filing one of the bars of his bed-
chamber window, expressed approval of the
new plan as an alternative scheme. In the
end, however, he abandoned an attempt

Firebrace

45

Firmin

at secret flight as impracticable. In a
letter (26 April) lie commanded Firebrace
i heartily and particularly to thank, in my
name, A. C. F. Z., and him who stayed for
me beyond the works, for their hearty and
industrious endeavours in this my service.'
The cipher letters are supposed to stand for
Francis Cresset, Colonel William Legg, groom
of the bedchamber, Abraham Doueett, and
Edward Worsely. The person l who stayed
beyond the works ' appears to have been one
John Newland of Newport, who had provided
the vessel for the king's use. On the day
before his execution Charles charged Dr. Wil-
liam Juxon to recommend Firebrace to Prince
Charles as one who had been ' very faithful
and serviceable to him in his greatest extre-
mities.' After this we lose sight of Firebrace
until the Restoration, when he petitioned to
be appointed to one or other of the posts
which he had held under the late king. The
petition, which was supported by a certificate
from Juxon, then archbishop of Canterbury,
of Charles's recommendation, was granted,
and Firebrace was appointed to the several
offices of chief clerk of the kitchen, clerk-
comptroller-supernumerary of the household,
and assistant to the officers of the green
cloth. He died on 27 Jan. 1690-1.

Firebrace married, first, Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Daniel Dowell of Stoke-Golding,
Leicestershire ; secondly, Alice, daughter of
Richard Bagnall of Reading, relict of John
Bucknall of Creek, Northamptonshire ; and
thirdly, Mary, of whom nothing seems to be
known except that she was buried in the
north cloister of Westminster Abbey on
1 Feb. 1687-8. By his first wife he had issue
four sons and one daughter. His eldest son,
Henry, became a fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge, and entered the church ; his
second son, Basil (d. 1724), went into busi-
ness, was sheriff of London in 1687, and was
created a baronet on 28 July 1698. In De-
cember 1685 a royal bounty of 1,694/. was
paid him {Secret Services of Charles II and
James II, Camd. Soc. p. 114). Reference is
made to him in Luttrell's ' Relation.' The
dignity became extinct in 1759. The origi-
nal form of the name Firebrace, sometimes
spelt Ferebras, is said to have been Fier a
bras ; the family was probably of Norman
lineage.

[Nichols's Leicestershire, iv. pt. ii. 726 ; Hist.
MSS. Comm. 4th Kep. App. 274 b, 7th Eep. App.
224 a ; Sir Thomas Herbert's Memoirs, 1702,
pp. 185-200 ; Dr. Peter Barwick's Life of Dr.
John Barwick (translation by Hilkiah Bedford,
pp. 87-9, 380-7 ; Wotton's Baronetage, iv. 65-
77 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660-1, p. 20 ; Coll.
Top. et Gen. vii. 163, viii. 20.] J. M. E.

FIRMIN, GILES (1614-1697), ejected
minister, son of Giles Firmin, was born at
Ipswich in 1614. As a schoolboy he received
religious impressions from the preaching of
John Rogers at Dedham, Essex. He matricu-
lated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in
December 1629, his tutor being Thomas Hill,
D.D. [q. v.] At Cambridge he studied medi-
cine. In 1632 he went with his father to
New England. While at Boston, Massa-
chusetts, he was ordained deacon of the first
church, of which John Cotton was minister.
At Ipswich, Massachusetts, he received in
1638 a grant of 120 acres of land. He prac-
tised medicine in New England, and had the
repute of a good anatomist. About 1647
he returned to England, leaving a wife and
family in America. He was shipwrecked
on the coast of Spain ; Calamy relates, as a
1 well-attested ' fact, that at the very time
when he was in danger of being drowned, his
little daughter of four years old roused the-
family in New England by continually cry-
ing out < My father ! '

In 1648 Firmin was appointed to the vi-
carage of Shalford, Essex, which had been
vacant a year since the removal of Ralph
Hilles to Pattiswick. At Shalford he was
ordained a presbyter by Stephen Marshall
[q. v.] and others. He is returned in 1650
as ' an able, godly preacher.' He appears to
have been a royalist in principle, for he
affirms that he was one of those who ' in the-
time of the usurpation ' prayed for ' the af-
flicted royal family.' Very soon he got into
controversy on points of discipline. He was a
strong advocate for the parochial system, in-
sisted on imposition of hands as requisite for
the validity of ordination, and denied the
right of parents who would not submit to
discipline to claim baptism for their children.
With Baxter he opened a correspondence in
1654, complaining to him that ' these separa-
tists have almost undone us.' The quakers
also troubled his parish. In ecclesiastical
politics he followed Baxter, preferring a re-
formed episcopacy to either the presbyterial
or the congregational model, but laying most
stress on the need of a well-ordered parish.
He actively promoted in 1657 the ' agree-
ment of the associated ministers of Essex '
on Baxter's Worcestershire model.

After the king's return he writes to Bax-
ter (14 Nov. 1660) that he is most troubled
about forms of prayer; these, he says, 'will
not downe in our parts.' He is ready to
submit to bishops, ' so they will not force
me to owne their power as being of divine
authoritie,' and adds, ' some episcopacies I
owne.' In spite of the persuasion of his seven
children he refused to conform. As the result*

of his ejection (1662), Shalford Church was
closed for some months.

Firmin retired to Ridgewell, Essex, per-
haps on the passing of the Five Mile Act
(1665). He supported himself by medical
practice, and was much in request. The
neighbouring justices, who valued his pro-
fessional services, took care that he should
not be molested, though he regularly held con-
venticles, except once a month, when there
was a sermon at Ridgewell Church which
he attended. On 22 July 1672 Daniel Ray,
who had been ejected from Ridgewell, took
out licenses qualifying him to use his house
as a 'presbyterian meeting-place.' Firmin on
1 Dec. took out similar licenses. Ray removed
in 1673, and Firmin remained till his death
in sole charge of the congregation. It still
exists, and now ranks with the independents.

Firmin retained robust health as an octo-
genarian, and was always ready to take his
part in polemics. He had broken a lance
with his old friend Baxter in 1670, and in
1693 he entered the lists of the Crispian con-
troversy, which was then breaking up the
newly formed * happy union ' of the London
presbyterians and independents. He was
a well-read divine, if somewhat captious.
Calamy reckons him at his best in an experi-
mental treatise. He was taken ill on a Sun-
day night after preaching, and died on the
following Saturday, in April 1697. He mar-
ried, in New England, Susanna, daughter of
Nathaniel Ward, pastor of the church at
Ipswich, Massachusetts.

Davids gives an imperfect list of seventeen
of Firmin's publications. His chief pieces
are : 1. ' A Serious Question Stated,' &c.,
1651, 4to (on infant baptism). 2. ' Separa-
tion Examined,' &c., 1651 [i.e. 15 March
1652], 4to. 3. ' Stablishing against Shaking/
&c., 1656, 4to (against the quakers ; the
running title is ' Stablishing against Quak-
ing ; ' answered by Edward Burrough [q. v.]
4.' Tythes Vindicated,' &c., 1659, 4to. 6.' Pres-
byterial Ordination Vindicated,' &c., 1660,
4to. 6. ' The Liturgical Considerator Con-
sidered,' &c., 1661, 4to (anon., in answer to
Gauden). 7. < The Real Christian,' &c., 1670,
4to ; reprinted, Glasgow, 1744, 8vo (in this
he criticises Baxter ; it is his best piece ac-
cordingto Calamy). 8/ The Question between
the Conformist and the Nonconformist,' &c.,
1681, 4to. 9. < Hai/ovpywi,' &c., 1693 (against
Davis and Crisp). 10. ' Some Remarks upon
the Anabaptist's Answer to the Athenian
Mercuries,' &c. (1694), 4to (apparently his
last piece). He wrote also in defence of
some of the above, and in opposition to John
Owen, Daniel Cawdry [q. v.], Thomas Grant-
ham (d. 1692) [q. v.], and others.

[Calamy's Historical Account of his Life and
Times, 1713, p. 295; Continuation, 1727, p. 458;
Davids's Annals of Evang. Nonconf. in Essex,
1863, pp. 440, 449, 457 ; Dexter's Congrega-
tionalism of the last Three Hundred Years,
1880, p. 574 n. ; Firmin's letters to Baxter, in
the collection of Baxter MSS. at Dr. Williams's
Library (extracts, occasionally needing correction,
are given by Davids) ; Hunter's manuscripts,
Addit. MSS. 24478, p. 114 6.] A. G-.

FIRMIN, THOMAS (1632-1697), phi-
lanthropist, son of Henry and Prudence Fir-
min, was bornat Ipswich in June 1632. Henry
Firmin was a parishioner of Samuel Ward,
the puritan incumbent of St. Mary-le-Tower,
by whom in 1635 he was accused of erro-
neous tenets ; the matter was brought before
the high commission court, but on Firmin's
making satisfactory submission the charge
(particulars of which are not disclosed) was
dismissed. Thomas was apprenticed in Lon-
don to a mercer, who attended the services
of John Goodwin [q. V.] the Arminian, then
vicar of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street. He
learned shorthand, and took down Goodwin's
sermons. As an apprentice his alacrity gained
him the nickname of ' Spirit.' An elder ap-
prentice accused him of purloining 5/., but
afterwards confessed that the theft was his
own. The late story (KENNETT) according to
which Firmin, during his apprenticeship, pre-
sented -a petition in favour of John Biddle
[see BIDDLE, JOHN], and was dismissed by
Cromwell as a ' curl-pate boy,' does not tally
with earlier accounts. Kennett, however,
gives as his authority John Mapletoft, M.D.
[q. v.], who was a relative of Firmin.

With a capital of 100/. Firmin began busi-
ness as a girdler and mercer. His shop was at
Three Kings Court, in Lombard Street ; he had
a garden at Hoxton, in which he took great
delight. Slender as were his means he con-
trived to keep a table for his friends, especially
ministers. His frank hospitality brought him
(after 1655) into relations with such men as
Whitchcote, Worthington, Wilkins, Fowler,
and Tillotson. In this way, somewhat earlier,
he became acquainted with Biddle, whose in-
fluence on Firmin's philanthropic spirit was
important. It was from Biddle that he learned
to distrust mere almsgiving, but rather to
make it his business to fathom the condition
of the poor by personal investigation, and to
reduce the causes of social distress by eco-
nomic effort. Biddle also deepened Firmin's
convictions on the subject of religious tolera-
tion, and without converting him to his own
specific opinions made him heterodox in the
article of the Trinity. Biddle was Firmin's
guest in 1655, prior to his banishment, and it
was largely through Firmin's exertions that a

Firmin

47

Firmin

pension of one hundred crowns was granted
by Cromwell to the banished man.

Sympathy with the oppressed had some-
thing to do with Firmin's religious leanings.
He expressed himself as hating popery ' more
for its persecuting than for its priestcraft.'
In 1662 he raised money partly by ' collec-
tions in churches ' for the exiled anti-trinita-
rians of Poland ; but when (1681) the Polish
Calvinists met the same fate Firmin was fore-
most in efforts for their relief, collecting about
680/. His acquaintance with religious con-
troversies was gained in conversation, for he
was never a student. There was scarcely a
divine of note whom he did not know. He
helped young clergymen to preferment, and
it is said that Tillotson, after becoming dean
of Canterbury (1672), when obliged to leave
town, ' generally left it to Mr. Firmin to pro-
vide preachers ' for his Tuesday lecture at St.
Lawrence, Jewry. Tillotson was aware that
Firmin's freedom of opinion did not bias his
judgment of men.

Firmin's first philanthropic experiment was
occasioned by the trade disorganisation of the
plague year (1665). He provided employ-
ment at making up clothing for hands thrown
out of work. It was the only one of his en-
terprises by which he suffered no pecuniary
loss. During the great fire (1666) his Lom-
bard Street premises were burned. He se-
cured temporary accommodation in Leaden-
hall Street, and in a few years was able to
rebuild in Lombard Street, and to carry on
his business with increased success. In 1676
he left the management of the concern in the
hands of his nephew and partner, Jonathan
James (son of his sister Prudence), who had
been his apprentice ; he was then worth about
9,000/. Henceforth he devoted his time and
great part of his means to works of public
benefit. He had been elected about 1673 a
governor of Christ's Hospital, the first public
recognition of his worth.

He had two schemes already in operation.
About 1670 he had erected a building by the
river for the storage of corn and coals, to be
retailed to the poor in hard times at cost
price ; how this plan worked is not stated.
Early in 1676 he had started a ' workhouse
in Little Britain, for the employment of the
poor in the linen manufacture ; ' he built new
premises expressly for it. Tillotson suggests
that the hint of this ' larger design' was taken
from the example of Thomas Gouge [q. v.],
who was one of the frequenters of Firmin's
table. Firmin employed as many as seven-
teen hundred spinners, besides flax-dressers,
weavers, &c. He paid them for their work
at the current rate, but, finding that they must
work sixteen hours a day to earn sixpence, he

added to their earnings in various ways, giving
a sort of bonus in coal to good workers. His
arrangements for the comfort and cleanliness
of his hands, and for the industrial training
of children rescued from the streets, were ad-
mirable. Nothing is said of his directly fos-
tering the education of the children, but he
printed large editions of a ' Scripture Cate-
chism' (probably by Bishop Edward Fowler
[q.v.]), and gave rewards to such as learned it.

The scheme never paid its way. Firmin
sold his linens at cost price, but the sale
flagged ; for the first five years the annual
loss was 200/. He invoked the aid of the
press, in the hope of getting the corporation
of London to take the matter up as a public
enterprise, but in vain. The scale of pro-
duction was diminished, yet the loss increased.
Two or three friends helped to make it good,
but the main burden rested on Firmin. In
1690 the patentees of the linen manufacture
took over the scheme, retaining Firmin as its
manager at a salary of 100/. a year, and re-
ducing the rate of wages. The new arrange-
ment was unsuccessful, Firmin's honorarium
was not paid, and the enterprise was once
more thrown on his hands. He kept it up to
the day of his death, and nominally contrived
to make it pay, only however by keeping the
wages low, and supplementing them by pri-
vate doles to his workers. His last wish was
for two months more of life, in order that he
might remodel his 'workhouse.' This was
done after his death by James, his partner, a
prudent man, who had saved Firmin from
ruining himself by drawing too largely on the
ready money of the firm. He had put down
his coach rather than drop some of his spin-
ners. The higher rate of wages obtainable at
the woollen manufacture led Firmin to at-
tempt its introduction as a London industry.
He took for this purpose a house in Artillery
Lane; but wool was too dear; his hands
were too slow ; after losing money for two
years and a quarter he abandoned the trial.

Firmin deserves notice as a prison philan-
thropist. From about 1676 he interested
himself in the condition of prisoners for debt,
freeing several hundreds who were detained
for small sums, and successfully promoting
acts of grace for the liberation of others. He
visited prisons, inquired into the treatment
pursued, and prosecuted harsh and extor-
tionate gaolers. His biographer relates that
one of these incriminated officials hanged him-
self rather than face a trial.

Firmin was a strong patriot as regards
English manufactures, strenuously opposing
the importation of French silks. But when
the protestant refugees came over from France
in 1680 and following years he was the first

Firmin

4 8

Firmin

to assist them to set up their own trades.
Most of the moneys devoted to their relief
passed through his hands, he himself collect-
ing some 4,000/. His pet project of a linen
manufacture he started for them at Ipswich
in 1682.

In politics Firmin does not seem to have
taken any part till 1685. His opposition to
James II's unconstitutional proceedings cost
him for a time his governorship at Christ's
Hospital. Not won by James's declaration
for liberty of conscience he largely aided the
circulation of pamphlets which sounded the
alarm against it. His principles seem to have
been republican, but he was a devoted ad-
herent to William of Orange. To Robert
Frampton [q. v.], the nonjuring bishop of
Gloucester, Firmin remarked, ( I hope you
will not be a nonconformist in your old age.'
Frampton retorted that Firmin himself was
' a nonconformist to all Christendom besides
a few lowsy sectarys in Poland.' On the pro-
testant exodus from Ireland in 1688-9 Firmin
was the principal commissioner for the relief
of the refugees ; more than 56,OOOZ. went
through his hands, and eight of the protestant
hierarchy of Ireland addressed to him a joint
letter of thanks. He was rendering a similar
service for the nonjurors in 1695, when he
was stopped by the interference of the go-
vernment.

In conjunction with his friend, Sir Robert
Clayton [q. v.], Firmin was an indefatigable
governor of Christ's Hospital, carrying out
many improvements, both of structure and
arrangement. On Sunday evenings it was
his custom to attend the scholars' service, and
see that their ' pudding-pies ' for supper were
of proper ' bigness.' In April 1693 he was
elected a governor of St. Thomas's Hospital,
of which Clayton had been made president
in the previous year. Firmin carried through
the work of rebuilding the hospital and
church. Among his admirable qualities was
the faculty for interesting others in benevo-
lent designs and calling forth their liberality.
He was a kind of almoner-general to the me-
tropolis, keeping a register of the poor he
visited, recommending their cases, and ap-
prenticing their children.

Luke Milbourn [q. v.] in 1692 speaks of
Firmin as a ' hawker ' for the Socinians, f to
disperse their new-fangled divinity.' Only
four books of this class are known with cer-
tainty to have been promoted by him. In
1687 was printed at his expense ' A Brief
History of the Unitarians, called also So-
cinians.' It is in the shape of four letters,
written for his information, probably by Ste-
phen Nye, and is noteworthy as marking the
first appearance in English literature of the

term ' Unitarian,' a name unknown to Biddle.
In 1689 he printed ' Brief Notes on the Creed
of St. Athanasius,' a sheet by an unknown
author. Tillotson, who had lectured on the
Socinian controversy at St. Lawrence, Jewry,
in 1679-80, felt himself compelled by 'calum-
nies ' to publish the lectures in 1693. He
sent a copy to Firmin, who printed a letter
(29 Sept. 1694) in reply, probably by Nye,
under the title ' Considerations on the Ex-
plications of the Doctrine of the Trinity'
(sometimes confounded with a tract of 1693
with similar title, and by the same hand).
This he laid before Tillotson, who remarked
that Burnet's forthcoming exposition of the
articles ' shall humble your writers.' In 1697,
at Firmin's instance, appeared ' The Agree-
ment of the Unitarians with the Catholick
Church,' a work which more closely expresses-
his own views than any of the foregoing.
He never departed from the communion of
the church of England, but put a Sabellian
sense on the public forms. At the time of
his death he was meditating a plan of * uni-
tarian congregations ' to meet for devotional
purposes as fraternities within the church.

Firmin was an original member of the ' So-
ciety for the Reformation of Manners ' (1691),
and was very active in the enforcement of fines
for the repression of profane swearing. Kettle-
well's biographer speaks of his disinterested
charity, and Wesley, who abridged his life-
for the ' Arrninian Magazine,' calls him ' truly
pious.'

Firmin had injured his health by over-
exertion and neglecting his meals, and had
become consumptive. He was carried off in
a couple of days by a typhoid fever, dying
on 20 Dec. 1697. Bishop Fowler [q.v.J at-
tended him on his deathbed. He was buried
in the cloisters at Christ's Hospital, where a
marble slab is placed to his memory. A me-
morial pillar stands in the grounds of Marden
Park, Surrey, the seat of his friend Clayton r
where ' Firmin's Walk ' perpetuates his name.
There is no portrait of Firmin ; he is described
as a little, active man, of frank address and
engaging manner. His autograph will (dated
7 Feb. 1694) shows illiteracy.

Firmin died worth about 3,000/. He was-
twice married : first, in 1660, to a citizen's-
daughter with a portion of 5QOL ; she died
while Firmin was at Cambridge on business,
leaving a son (d. about 1690) and a daughter
(d. in infancy) ; secondly, in 1664, to Mar-
garet (d. 14 Jan. 1719, aged 77), daughter of
Giles Dentt, J.P., of Newport, Essex, alder-
man of London ; by her he had several chil-
dren,who all died in infancy, except the eldest,
GILES, born 22 May 1665 (Tillotson was his
godfather). Giles received his mother's por-

Firth

49

Firth

tion and became a promising merchant ; h
married Rachel (d. 11 April 1724), daughte
of Perient Trott and sister of Lady Clayton
died at Oporto on 22 Jan. 1694, and wa
buried at Newport on 13 April ; his wido^
afterwards married Owen Griffith, rector o
Blechingley, Surrey.

Firmin's only known publication wa
* Some Proposals for the Imploying of the
Poor, especially in and about London, anc
for the Prevention of Begging. In a Lette
to a Friend. By T. F.,' 1678, 4to. An en-
larged issue appeared in 1681, 4to ; two edi-
tions same year. It was reprinted in a col-
lection of ' Tracts relating to the Poor/ 1787
4to.

[The Charitable Samaritan, or a Short and
Impartial Account of ... Mr. T. F. ... by a
gentleman of his acquaintance, 1698, 4to; Life
of Mr. Thomas Firmin, 1698, 8vo, 2nd edition
1791, 12mo (the writer had known him since
1653 ; appended is a funeral sermon, probably
by the same writer, ' preached in the country') ;
Vindication of the memory of Thomas Firmin
from the Injurious Reflections of ... Milbourn,
1698, 4to (apparently by the writer of the Life) ;
Account of Mr. Firmin's Religion, &c., 1698,
8vo ; Tillotson's Funeral Sermon for G-ouge,
1681; Penn's Key Opening the Way, 1692;
Milbourn's Mysteries in Religion, 1692; Grounds
and Occasions of the Controversy concerning the
Unity of God, 1698; Life of Kettlewell, 1718,
p. 420 ; Kennett's Register, 1728, p. 761 ; Bur-
net's Hist, of his own Time, 1734, ii. 211 sq.;
Birch's Life of Tillotson, 1753, p. 292 sq. ; Life
by Cornish, 1780; Arminian Magazine, 1786,
p. 253; Wallace's Antitrin. Biog., 1850, i. (his-
torical introduction), iii. 353 sq.; Life of Bishop
Frampton (Evans), 1876, p. 187; State Papers,
Dom. Chas. I, cclxi. 105; Cole's manuscripts, v.
27 sq.; Hunter's manuscript (Addit. MS. 24478,
p. 1146); Firmin's will at Somerset House.]

A. G-.

FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880), founder
of Firth College, Sheffield, was born at Shef-
field25 April 1819 and left school in 1833. His
father, Thomas Firth, was for several years
the chief melter of steel to the firm of San-
derson Brothers & Co., Sheffield, receiving
70*. a week ; here his two sons, Mark and
Thomas, on leaving school, joined him, and
each had 20s. a week. Their demand for an
increase of wages being refused, they com-
menced a business of their own with a six-
hole furnace in Charlotte Street (1843). At
first they manufactured steel exclusively for
home consumption, and then gradually ex-
tended their business to Birmingham. By
perseverance and energy they at last acquired
an immense American connection, and in
1849 erected the Norfolk Works at Sheffield,
which cover thirteen acres of ground. In 1848

VOL. XIX.

Thomas Firth, senior, died, and Mark became
the head of the firm, which soon acquired
other works at Whittington in Derbyshire
which occupy twenty-two acres, and several
torges at Clay Wheels, near Wadsley. A
speciality of the business was casting steel
blocks for ordnance, and shot both spheri-
cal and elongated, in addition to all kinds
of heavy forgings for engineering purposes,
.brom gun-blocks of seven inches diameter
they went up to sixteen inches for the 81-ton
gun, the heaviest single casting made. The
whole of the steel employed in the manu-
facture of guns for the British government
was Firth's steel. When the government
found it necessary to have a steel core for
their great guns, the Firths laid down ma-
chinery which cost them 100,000/., it being
understood that they should be compensated
for their outlay by receiving the government
work. The principal feature of their busi-
ness was the refining and manufacture of
steel, in which they were unrivalled. They
supplied foreign iron, which they imported
in immense quantities from Swedish mines,
of which they had concessions. After sup-
plying the Italians with a 100-ton gun,
:hey cast a dozen similar ingots for massive
ordnance. The British government obtained
bur of these, but they were never used in
;he armament of any war ship. The Firths
Burnished nearly all the steel gun tubes afloat
n the British navy, and a large propor-
tion of those used by the French. Three
ounger brothers, John, Edward, and Henry,
)ecame members of the firm of T. Firth &
Sons. Mark Firth was one of the original
members of the Iron and Steel Institute on
ts establishment in 1869, and remained con-
nected with it to his decease. Having gained
a large fortune, he made many donations to
lis native place. His first gift of any mag-
litude was 1,000/., which he added to a
egacy of 5,000/. left by his brother Thomas
d. 1858) for the erection of a Methodist
Sew Connexion training college and the
ducation of young men about to enter the
ministry. In 1869 he erected and endowed
lark Firth's Almshouses at Ranmoor, near
is own residence, at a cost of 30,0007. ; in
his building are thirty-six houses, which are
eft to the poor of Sheffield for ever. For
bree successive years he held the office of
master cutler, and in his third year enter-
ained Henry, duke of Norfolk, 2 Sept. 1869,
nthe occasion of his taking possession of his
states as lord of Hallamshire. His next gift
as a freehold park of thirty-six acres for a re-
reation ground. The Prince and Princess of
A^ales opened this park on 16 Aug. 1875, and
\rere for two days Firth's guests at Sheffield.

Fischer

Fischer

Perhaps the most useful act of his life was the
erection and fitting up of Firth College at a
cost of 20,000, its endowment with 5,000/.,
and the foundation of a chair of chemistry
with 150/. a year. This building was opened
"by Prince Leopold 20 Oct. 1879, and a great
educational work has since been carried on
in the institution. Firth, who was mayor
of Sheffield in 1875, died of apoplexy and
paralysis at his seat, Oakbrook, 28 Nov. 1880,
and was buried in Sheffield general cemetery
on 2 Dec., when a public procession nearly
two miles in length followed his remains to
the grave. His personalty was sworn under
600,000^. in January 1881. He married first,
15 Sept. 1841, Sarah Bingham, who died in
1855, and secondly Caroline Bradley, in Sep-
tember 1857, and left nine children.

[Practical Magazine (1876), vi. 289-91, with
portrait ; Gratty's Sheffield Past and Present
(1873), pp. 305* 312, 332-4, with view of Firth's
Almshouses ; Hunter's Hallamshire (Gatty's ed.
1869), p. 215 ; Times, 29 Nov. 1880, p. 9, and
3 Dec., p. 3 ; Illustrated London News, 21 Aug.
1875, pp. 185-90, and 28 Aug., pp. 193, 196,
208, with portrait; Engineer, 3 Dec. 1880, p.
417 ; Journal of Iron and Steel Institute, 1880,
No. 2, pp. 687-8.] G-. C. B.

FISCHER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN

(1733-1800), oboist and composer, lived
many years in London, was chamber musi-
cian to the queen (Charlotte), and took a
prominent part in the Bach- Abel and other
concerts of modern classical music which
were to bring about a great change in musical
taste. Born at Freiburg (Breisgau) in 1733,
Fischer was in 1760 a member of the Dresden
court band, and later entered the service of
Frederick the Great for a short time. In the
course of his travels he came to London, took
lodgings, according to an advertisement of
the time, at Stidman's, peruke-maker, Frith
Street, Soho, and announced his concert for
2 June 1768. As early as 1774 he joined the
quartet parties at court, but his appointment
as queen's musician dates from 1780, with a
salary of 180/. l The original stipend of the
court musicians,' says Mrs. Papendiek in her
journals, ' had been 100/.; but on giving up
their house 30/. had been added, and 25/. for
the Ancient Music concerts. They had four
suits of clothes, fine instruments, and able
masters to instruct them when required.' The
same lady gives a lively account (p. 143)
of the practical jokes played on the popular
oboist by the Prince of Wales and his friends
(see also KELLY, Reminiscences, i. 9, and
PARKE, p. 48, for anecdotes). Fischer esta-
blished his reputation in England by his bril-
liant playing at the Professional, Nobility,
and New Musical Fund concerts, and espe-

cially at the Handel commemoration per-
formances at Westminster Abbey. In 1780
he married Mary, the beautiful younger
daughter of Gainsborough ; it is said that a
separation soon followed. Perhaps it was
because he was refused the post of master of
the king's band and composer of minuets that
Fischer left England in 1786, but in spite of
disappointments of various kinds he returned
in 1790 to London. On the night of 29 April
1800, while performing a solo part in his con-
certo at the Queen's House, and ' after hav-
ing executed his first movement in a style
equal to his best performance during any
part of his life,' he was seized with an apo-
plectic fit. Prince William of Gloucester
supported him out of the room, and the king,
who was much affected, had the best medical
assistance called ; but Fischer died within an
hour at his lodgings in Soho, desiring in his
last moments that all his manuscript music
might be presented to his majesty.

George III has recorded his appreciation
of his faithful musician's performance in a
critical note appended in his own handwrit-
ing to the proof-sheets of Dr. Burney's ' Ac-
count of the Handel Commemoration.' The
testimony of the younger Parke, himself an
oboist of repute, is of even greater value.
After remarking that Fischer arrived in this
country in very favourable circumstances, the
two principal oboe players, Vincent and Simp-
son, using an instrument which in shape and
tone bore some resemblance to a post-horn,
he continues : t The tone of Fischer was soft
and sweet, his style expressive, and his exe-
cution at once neat and brilliant.' A. B. C.
Dario compared the tone of his oboe to that
of a clarionet, Giardini commented on its
power, and Burney and Mrs. Papendiek
agree in praising him. Mozart, on the other
hand, writing from Vienna 4 April 1787, ob-
serves that whereas Fischer's performance had
pleased him upwards of twenty years ago in
Holland, it now appeared to him undeserving
of its reputation. Mozart was even more severe
upon Fischer's compositions, yet he paid a
substantial compliment to the celebrated
minuet (composed by Fischer for a court ball
on the occasion of the king of Denmark's visit
to England) by writing and often playing a
set of variations upon it (Kochel, No. 179);
and Burney bears witness to the merit of his
style.

There were published at Berlin : Oboe con-
certo ; pianoforte concerto ; popular rondo ;
concerto for violin, flute, or oboe ; six duos
for two flutes, Op. 2 ; ten solos for flute and
oboe. In London appeared : Three concertos
for principal oboe, Nos. 8, 9, 10 ; the same
for pianoforte ; seven divertimentos for two

Fischer

Fish

flutes ; ten sonatas for flute ; three quartets
and two trios for German flutes, violin, viola,
and cello, from eminent masters, revised by J.
C. Fischer (GERBER). Pohl mentions 'God
save great George our King,' for four solo
voices, chorus and harp accompaniment, newly
harmonised ; and ' The Invocation of Neptune,'
solo quartet and chorus.

Gainsborough's portrait of Fischer, now at
Hampton Court, is full of expression; another
by the same artist is mentioned by Thick-
nesse, 'painted at full length .... in scarlet
and gold, like a Colonel of the Foot Guards.'
It is said to have been exposed for sale at a
picture dealer's in Catherine Street.

[Burney's History of Music, iv. 673 ; Mendel,
iii. 540 ; Grove's Diet. i. 528 ; Pohl's Mozart
und Haydn in London, ii. 53 ; The Gazetteer,
No.12, p. 246 ; Mrs. Papendiek's Journals, i. 65,
ii. 125; Parke's Musical Memoirs, pp. 48, 334;
Fulcher's Life of Gainsborough, pp. 74, 118,
200; Thicknesse's Gainsborough, 1788, p. 24;
Times, 1 May 1800; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixx. pt. i.
p. 488 ; D'Arblay's Memoir of Burney, 1832, ii.
385; Jahn's Mozart, 1882, ii. 343; Gerber's
Tonkiinstler-Lexikon, 1812, i. 137.] L. M. M.

FISCHER, JOHN GEORGE PAUL
(1786-1875), painter, born at Hanover on
16 Sept. 1786, was the youngest of three sons
of a line-engraver, who died very soon after
the birth of the youngest child, leaving his
family in poverty. Fischer at the age of
fourteen was placed as pupil with J. H.
Ramberg, the fashionable court painter, by
whom he was employed in painting portraits,
theatrical scenery, and generally assisting
his master. He became capable of earning
enough money to support his mother. In
1810 he betook himself to England, and his
Hanoverian connection rendered it easy for
him to obtain the patronage of royalty. He
painted miniature portraits of Queen Char-
lotte and the junior members of the royal
family, and was employed by the prince re-
gent to paint a series of military costumes.
He painted the present queen twice, once in
1819 as an infant in her cradle, and again in
1820. In 1817 he began to exhibit at the
Royal Academy, and continued to do so up
to 1852, occasionally contributing also to
the Suffolk Street Exhibition. His works
were ^ chiefly portraits in miniature, but he
occasionally exhibited landscapes in water-
colours. He continued to paint up to his
eighty-first year, and died 12 Sept. 1875.
Fischer was an industrious but inferior artist.
Some sketches by him in the print room at
the British Museum show spirit and intelli-
gence, especially two pencil portraits of Wil-
liam Hunt and his wife. He published a few
etchings and lithographs.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Graves's Diet of
Artists, 1760-1880 ; Royal Academy Catalogues.]

L. C.

FISH, SIMON (d. 1531), theologian and
pamphleteer, was a member of the university
of Oxford, and entered Gray's Inn about 1525,
which is the first date that can be approxi-
mately fixed in his life. In London he formed
one of a circle of young men who gave ex-
pression to the popular dislike of Wolsey
and denounced the riches of the church.
One of their boldest undertakings was the
production of an interlude, written by one
Mater Roo (a member of Queens' College,
Cambridge), the object of which was to hold
up Wolsey to ridicule. Fish acted a part
in this interlude, and, fearing the wrath of
Wolsey, fled into the Low Countries, where
he consorted with other English exiles, chief
of whom were Tyndale and Roy. From
them it would seem that he learned the
principles of protestantism, and he turned
his energies to the promotion of the Refor-
mation in England. Wolsey's wrath against
him soon passed away, and he returned to
London, where he acted as an agent for the
sale of Tyndale's New Testament. He lived
in a house by the White Friars, and one
Necton confessed that he bought from him
copies of Tyndale's prohibited book, ' now
five, now ten, to the number of twenty or
thirty ' (Necton's confession in STRYPE, Me-
morials, i. App. No. 22). Such conduct drew on
him suspicion, and he again fled to the Low
Countries, probably about the end of 1527.
There he wrote his famous * Supplication of
the Beggars.'

So far it is possible to adapt Foxe's narra-
tive (Acts and Monuments, ed. 1837, iv. 656,
&c.) to other known facts about Fish's life.
About the date of the ' Supplication ' and its
influence in England, Foxe gives two con-
tradictory accounts without seeing that they
are contradictory: (1) He tells us that Fish
found means to send a copy of the ' Suppli-
cation ' to Anne Boleyn early in 1528 ; Anne
was advised by her brother to show it to
Henry VIII, who was much amused by it
and kept the copy. On hearing this Mrs.
Fish made suit to the king for her husband's
return, but apparently received no answer.
However, on Wolsey's fall, in October 1529,
Fish ventured to return, and had a private
interview with Henry VIII, who 'embraced
him with a loving countenance,' and gave
him his signet ring as a protection against
Sir Thomas More, in case the new chancellor
should continue the grudge of his predecessor.
(2) He tells us that the book was brought
to the king by two London merchants, who
read it aloud. When they had done the

E 2

Fish

Fish

king said, * If a man should pull down an
old stone wall, and begin at the lower part,
the upper part thereof might chance to fall
upon his head/ meaning that Fish's exhor-
tation to deal with the monks and friars was
hazardous advice until the royal supremacy
had been established. After saying this the
king took the book and put it away, com-
manding the merchants to keep their inter-
view a secret. Of these accounts the first is
very improbable in itself, and makes Fish a
much more important personage than he was.
Moreover, Foxe evidently thought that Wol-
sey was Fish's personal enemy, and he did
not know of Fish's return to London and of
his second flight. The second account of
Henry VIII's interview with the London
merchants is quite credible in itself, and the
king's remark is so characteristic both of the
man and of the times as to make the story ex-
tremely probable. If this be accepted, Fish's
' Supplication ' was written in 1528, was
brought secretly to London at the end of
that year, and was presented to Henry VIII
early in 1529. Henry VIII, who was feeling
his way towards an ecclesiastical revolution,
appreciated the advantage of winning popu-
lar support. Fish's pamphlet was admirably
fitted to impress men's minds, and just before
the assembling of parliament in November
London was flooded with copies of it, in a
way which suggests the connivance of some
one in authority. ' The Supplication of the
Beggars ' was exactly suited to express in a
humorous form the prevalent discontent. It
purported to be a petition from the class of
beggars, complaining that they were robbed
of their alms by the extortions of the begging
friars ; then the monks and the clergy gene-
rally were confounded with the friars, and
were denounced as impoverishing the nation
and living in idleness. Statistics were given
in an exaggerated form ; England was said to
contain fifty thousand parish churches (the
writer was counting every hamlet as a parish),
and on that basis clerical revenues were com-
puted, with the result that a third of the
national revenue was shown to be in the
hands of the church. The pamphlet was
fudged by Sir Thomas More to be of sufficient
importance to need an answer, l The Suppli-
cation of Poor Soules in Purgatory,' which is
fairly open to the criticism that it makes
the penitents in purgatory express themselves
in very unchastened language about events
on earth.

At the end of 1529 Fish returned to Eng-
land ; but, though Henrv VIII was ready to
use Fish's spirited attack upon the church,
he was not prepared to avow the fact, or to
stand between him and the enemies whom

he had raised up. It is not surprising that
he was suspected of heresy, that his book
was condemned by Archbishop Warham
(WiLKiNS, Concilia, iii. 737), and that he
was in great difficulties. Whether the pres-
sure of his difficulties overcame him, or he
underwent a change of opinion we cannot
tell ; but Sir Thomas More wrote : ' This good
zele had, ye wote well, Symon Fysh when
he made the Supplication of Beggars ; but
God gave him such grace afterwards that he
was sorry for that good zele, and repented
himself, and came into the church again, and
forswore and forsook all the whole hill of
those heresies out of which the fountain of
that same good zele sprang' ( Works, eA. 1557,
p. 881). Perhaps More overestimated the
result of his answer to Fish. At all events,
Fish's perplexities were ended by his death
of the plague early in 1531. Very soon after
his death his wife married James Bainham
[q. v.], who was burned as a heretic in April
1532.

Fish's ' Supplication ' was not only remark-
able for its vigorous style and for its imme-
diate influence, but was the model for a series
of pamphlets couched in the same form. It
was first printed in England in 1546, and
was embodied in Foxe's l Acts and Monu-
ments ' (iv. 660, &c., ed. 1837). It has also
been edited, with three of its successors in
the same style, in ' Four Supplications/ by
Furnivall and Cooper, for the Early English
Text Society, 1871. Besides this work Foxe
also ascribes to Fish a t Summe of Scripture
done out of Dutch/ of which a unique copy
exists in a volume of pamphlets in the British
Museum (C. 37, a), where it was first identi-
fied by Mr. Arber in his introduction to a
' Proper Dialogue in Rede me and be not
Wroth ' (English Reprints, 1871). There are
also assigned to Fish * The Boke of Merchants,
rightly necessary to all Folks, newly made
by the Lord Pantopole ' (London, 1547), and
' The Spiritual Nosegay' (1548).

[Foxe's Acts and Monuments, iv. 606, &c. ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 59 ; Tanner's
Bibliotheca, p. 280 ; Furnivall's Introduction to
the Supplication (Early English Text Sou.),
1871.] M. C.

FISH, WILLIAM (1775-1866), a musi-
cian of Norwich, was born in that city in
1775. He commenced his musical career as
violinist (GROVE) in the orchestra of the
theatre, and, after studying under Sharp, the
oboist, and Bond, the pianist and organist,
was fitted to take part in various capacities
in the important local concerts and cathedral
festivals. He was organist of St. Andrew's,
Norwich, opened a music warehouse, and be-

Fishacre

S3

Fisher

came well known in the neighbourhood as a
teacher. He died 15 March 1866, a later
date than that suggested by the musical dic-
tionaries. Fish's Opus I., a sonata in the
Mozartean manner, was followed by a num-
ber of less interesting pianoforte pieces, some
ballads (words and music by the composer),
among which ' The Morning Star ' may be
singled out, an oboe concerto, and some "fan-
tasias for the harp. His unpublished works
are said to have included a manuscript can-
tata to words by Mrs. Opie, and some pieces
(presumably for band) played at the Nor-
wich Theatre.

[Grove's Diet. i. 530 ; Diet, of Musicians, 1827,
i. 249 ; History of Norfolk, 1829, ii. 1283 ; Notes
from Eegister Office, Norwich ; Norfolk News,
17 March 1866 ; Fish's music in Brit. Mus.
Library.] L. M. M.

FISHACRE, FISSAKRE, FISHAKLE,
or FIZACRE, RICHARD DE (d. 1248),
Dominican divine, is said to have been a na-
tive of Devonshire (FULLEK, i. 442, iii. 20).
Trivet styles him 'natus Oxonia/ where, how-
ever, other manuscripts read Exonia (p. 230).
Bale makes him study ' the scurrilities of the
Sophists' at Oxford and Paris ; but the whole
story of the latter visit is probably nothing
more than the expansion of a very dubious sug-
gestion in Leland's i Commentaries ' (BALE,
p. 294 ; LELAND, ii. 275). Like Robert Bacon
[q. v.], Fishacre in his old age became a Domi-
nican ; but as the two friends continued to
read divinity lectures for several years after
entering the order in the schools of St. Ed-
ward, his entry can hardly be dated later
than 1240, and perhaps like Robert Bacon's
should be placed ten or more years earlier
(TRIVET, pp. 229-30). The two comrades
died in the same year, 1248 (MATT. PARIS,
v. 16). In their own days they were con-
sidered to be without superior, or even equal,
in theology or other branches of science ;
nor was their eloquence in popular preach-
ing less remarkable (ib.~) Leland calls Fish-
acre, Robert Bacon's ' comes individuus,' and
adds that the two were as fast linked together
in friendship as ever Theseus was to Piri-
thous. He even hints that the former died
of grief on hearing of his friend's decease
(LELAND, ii. 275; FULLER, ubi supra). Fish-
acre was buried among the Friars Preachers
at Oxford. He was the first of his order in
England who wrote on the ' Sentences' (One/
MS. No. 43, quoted in Coxe). Wood makes
him a friend and auditor of Edmund Rich
(Hist. II. ii. 740).

Fishacre's works are: 1. Commentaries on
Peter Lombard's ' Book of Sentences,' four
books (manuscripts at Oriel College, Nos. 31,
43, and Balliol, No. 57, Oxford, and, accord-

ing to Echard, at the Sorbonne in Paris, &c. )
2. .Treatises on the Psalter (to the seventieth
Psalm only according to Trivet). 3. 'Super
Parabolas Salamonis.' To these Bale adds
other dissertations : 'De Pcenitate,' 'Postillse
Morales,' ' Commentarii Biblia?/ < Qusestiones
Variae," Quodlibetaquoqueetaliaplura.' Pits
says he was the first Englishman to become a
doctor m divinity. The same writer states
thatThomasWalden,thegreatanti-Wycliffite
theologian of the early part of the fifteenth
century, often appeals to Fishacre's authority
while Bale adds that William Woodford (d.
1397), the Franciscan, and William Byntre
relied on him for the same purpose. Echard
assigns him another work, ' De Indulgentiis.'
[Matt. Paris, ed. Luard (Rolls Ser.), vol. v. ;
Trivet, ed. Hog (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Leland's Com-
mentaries, ed. 1709 ; Bale's Scriptores, ed. 1559,
p. 294; Pits's Commentaries, ed. 1619, p. 317;
Fuller's Worthies, ed. 1840, i. 422, iii. 419-20;
Anthony a Wood's Hist, and Antiquities of Ox-
ford, ed. Gutch, ii. 740; Echard's Scriptores
Ordinis Praedicatorum, i. 118-19; Coxe's Cat. of
Oxford MSS. ; Tanner's Scriptores.] T. A. A.

FISHER, CATHERINE MARIA (d.

1767), afterwards NORRIS, generally known as
KITTY FISHER, courtesan, seems to have been
of German origin, since her name is frequently
spelt Fischer, and once by Sir Joshua Reynolds
Fisscher. She became the second wife of
John Norris of Hempsted Manor, Benenden,
Kent, sometime M.P.for Rye. Her later life, in
which she devoted herself to building up her
husband's dilapidated fortunes, was in strik-
ing contrast with her previous career, which
was sufficiently notorious. Ensign (after-
wards Lieutenant-general) Anthony George
Martin (d. 1800) is said to have introduced
her into public life. In London she was
known as a daring horsewoman, and also cre-
dited with the possession of beauty and wit.
A satire in verse, ' Kitty's Stream, or the No-
blemen turned Fishermen. A comic Satire
addressed to the Gentlemen in the interest of

the celebrated Miss K y F r. By Rig-

dum Funnidos/ 1759, 4to, of which a copy,
with manuscript notes by the Rev. John Mit-
ford, is in the British Museum, says that her
parentage was ' low and mean,' that she was
a milliner, and had neither sense nor wit,
but only impudence. Other tracts concern-
ing her, mentioned in the ' Gentleman's Ma-
gazine/ 1760, are ' An odd Letter on a most
interesting subject to Miss K. F h r,' 6d.,
Williams ; < Miss K. F 's Miscellany/ Is.,
Ranger (inverse) : and ' Elegy to K. F h r.'
A further satire on her among the satirical
tracts in the king's library at the British
Museum is ( Horse and Away to St. James's
Park on a Trip for the Noontide Air. Who

Fisher

54

Fisher

rides fastest, Miss Kitty Fisher or her gay
gallant?' It is a single page, and claims
to have been written and printed at Straw-
berry Hill. Mme. d'Arblay states (Memoirs,
i. 66) that Bet Flint once took Kitty Fisher
to see Dr. Johnson, but he was not at home,
to her great regret. She died at Bath, and
at her own request was placed in the coffin
in her best dress. This gave rise to ' An Elegy
on Kitty Fisher lying in state at Bath ' (query
same as the elegy previously mentioned ?),
an undated broadside with music assigned to
Mr. Harrington. She was buried at Benenden.
The Benenden registers give the date of her
burial as 23 March 1767. It has been attempted
to associate her with folklore in the expres-
sions, ' My eye, Kitty Fisher,' and in a rhyme
beginning < Lucy Locket lost her pocket, Kitty
Fisher found it.' Her chief claim to recogni-
tion is that Sir Joshua Reynolds more than
once painted her portrait. Several paintings
of her by him seem to be in existence. One
was in 1865 in the possession of John Tolle-
mache, M.P., of Peckforton, Cheshire. Others
were in 1867 'lent to the National Portrait
Gallery by the Earl of Morley and by Lord
Crewe. The last is doubtless that concern-
ing which in Sir Joshua's diary, under the
date April 1774, is the entry, ' Mr. Crewe for
Kitty Fisher's portrait, 521. 10s.' This is
curious, however, in being seven years after
Mrs. Norris's death. Mitford says in his
manuscript notes before mentioned that a
portrait by Sir Joshua is ' at Field-marshal
Grosvenor's, Ararat House, Richmond,' and
one is gone to America. Two portraits, one
representing her as Cleopatra dissolving the
pearls, are engraved. In the l Public Adver-
tiser ' of 30 March 1759 is an appeal to the
public, signed C. Fisher, against ' the base-
ness of little scribblers and scurvy malevo-
lence.' After complaining that she has been
* abused in public papers, exposed in print-
shops,' &c., she cautions the public against
some threatened memoirs, which will have
no foundation in truth. The character of
Kitty Willis in Mrs. Cowley's 'The Belle's
Stratagem ' is taken from Kitty Fisher. Hone's
' Every-day Book' says in error that ' she be-
came Duchess of Bolton,' and Cunningham's
1 Handbook to London' states that she lived
in Carrington Street, Mayfair.

[Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. viii. 81, 155, 4th
ser. v. 319, 410 ; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved
Portraits ; Ann. Reg. ii. 168 ; Boswell's Johnson,
ed. Birkbeck Hill ; works cited.] J. K.

FISHER, DANIEL (1731-1807), dis-
senting minister, born at Cockermouth in
1731, was appointed in 1771 tutor in classics
and mathematics at Homerton College, where

he was afterwards divinity tutor. He was a
rigid Calvinist and staunch dissenter. He
died at Hackney in 1807 after a lingering
illness, in which he lost the use of all his
faculties. Two funeral sermons were preached
on the occasion, one of which, by the Rev.
Samuel Palmer, was published under the
title of 'The General Union of Believers/
London, 1807, 8vo.

[Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Evans's Cat. of Engraved
British Portraits, ii. 152.] J. M. R.

FISHER, DAVID, the elder (1788 P-
1858), actor, one of the managers of Fisher's
company, which had a monopoly of the Suf-
folk theatres, was the son of David Fisher
(d. 6 Aug. 1832), manager of the same circuit.
Fisher made his first appearance in London at
Drury Lane, as Macbeth, 3 Dec. 1817. This
was followed on the 5th by Richard III, and
on the 10th by Hamlet. The recovery from ill-
ness of Kean arrested his career. On 24 Sept.
1818, at Drury Lane, then under Stephen
Kemble, he played Jaffier in ' Venice Pre-
served.' Subsequently he appeared as Lord
Townly in the 'Provoked Husband,' and
Pyrrhus in ' Orestes.' He was the original
Titus in Howard Payne's l Brutus, or the
Fall of Tarquin,' 3 Dec. 1818, and Angelo
in Buck's < Italians, or the Fatal Accusation/
3 April 1819. He failed to establish any
strong position, and discovered at the close
of the second season that his presence was
necessary on the Suffolk circuit. On 7 Nov.
1823 he appeared at Bath in { Hamlet,' and
subsequently as Shylock, Leon, and Jaffier.
He was pronounced a sound actor, but with
no claim to genius, and failed to please. Re-
turning again to the eastern counties, he built
theatres at Bungay, Beccles, Halesworth,
Eye, Lowestoft, Dereham, North Walsham,
and other places. About 1838 he retired to
Woodbridge, where he died 20 Aug. 1858.
He was a musician and a scene-painter, and
in the former capacity was leader for some
time of the Norwich choral concerts.

[Grenest's Account of the English Stage ; Gent.
Mag. 1858, ii. 422 ; Theatrical Inquisitor, vol. xi.]

J. K.

FISHER, DAVID, the younger (1816?-
1887), actor, the son of David Fisher the elder
[q. v.], was born at East Dereham, Norfolk,
a town on a circuit established by his grand-
father, and managed by his father and his
uncle. An accident to his leg disqualified him
for the stage, and he appeared as principal
violinist at local concerts. A recovery, never
perfect, enabled him to join the company at
the Prince's Theatre, Glasgow. After a stay
of four years he appeared 2 Nov. 1853 at
the Princess's Theatre, under Charles Kean's

Fisher

55

Fisher

management, as Victor in the ' Lancers, or the
Gentleman's Son,' an adaptation of ' Le Fils
de Famille ' of Bayard. During six years he
played at this house in various novelties and
revivals, including a trifling production from
his own pen entitled { Music hath Charms '
(June 1858). In 1859 he joined the Adelphi
under B.Webster's management,where he was
the original Abbe Latour in the ' Dead Heart '
of Watts Phillips. In 1863 he gave, at the
Hanover Square Rooms and at St. James's
Hall, an entertainment called 'Facts and
Fancies/ and in the autumn of the same year
rejoined the Princess's, then under Yining's
management. In 1865 he played, at the
Haymarket, Orpheus in Blanche's 'Orpheus
in the Haymarket.' In 1866-8 he was at
Liverpool as stage-manager for Mr. H. J.
Byron, playing at the Amphitheatre and
Alexandra theatre. When the Globe Theatre,
London, opened, 28 Nov. 1868, he was the first
Major Treherne in Byron's ' Cyril's Success.'
He appeared in succession at Drury Lane, the
Olympic, the Globe, the Opera Comique, the
Criterion, the Mirror (Holborn) Theatre, now
destroyed, and the Princess's, playing in pieces
by H. J. Byron, Mr. Boucicault, and other
writers. His last appearance in London was
at the Lyceum in 1884, as Sir Toby Belch.
After that period he played in the country.
He died in St. Augustine's Road, Camden
Town, on 4 Oct. 1887, and was buried at
Highgate cemetery. The ' Era ' says that not
a single actor attended his funeral. Fisher
was below the middle height, a stiff-built
man, who tried to conceal his lameness by
a dancing-master elegance. Concerning his
Abbe, Latour, John Oxenford said in the
* Times ' that ' he came to the Adelphi a se-
cond-rate eccentric comedian, and showed
himself an able supporter of the serious
drama.' He left a son on the stage, who per-
petuated the name of David Fisher borne by
at least four generations of actors.

[Pascoe's Dramatic List. 1879; The Players,
1860 ; Cole's Life and Times of Charles Kean ;
Era newspaper, 8 and 15 Oct.; personal recol-
lections.] J. K.

FISHER, EDWARD (/. 1627-1655),
theological writer, was the eldest son of Sir
Edward Fisher, knight, of Mickleton,Glouces-
tershire. In 1627 he entered as a gentleman
commoner at Brasenose College, Oxford, and
graduated B.A. on 10 April 1630. He was
noted for his knowledge of ecclesiastical his-
tory and his skill in ancient languages. He
-was a royalist, and a strong upholder of the
festivals of the church against the puritans.
He based the obligation of the Lord's day
purely on ecclesiastical authority, declining

to consider it a sabbath. He succeeded to his
father's estate in 1654, but finding it much
encumbered he sold it in 1656 to Richard
Graves. Getting into debt he retired to Car-
marthen and taught a school, but his creditors
found him out, and he fled to Ireland. Here
he died, at what date is not known. His
body was brought to London for burial. He
was married, but his wife died before him.
The only publications which can be safely
identified as his are : 1. * The Scriptures Har-
mony ... by E. F., Esq.,' &c., 1643, 4to (a
tract somewhat on the lines of HughBrough-
ton's * Concent of Scripture/ 1588). 2. ' An
Appeale to thy Conscience,' &c., without
place, 'printed in the 19th yeare of our
gracious lord King Charles,' &c. (British
Museum copy dated 20 April 1643; it is
quite anonymous, but easily identified as
Fisher's). 3. The Feast of Feasts, or the
Celebration of the Sacred Nativity,' &c.,0xf.
1644, 4to (quite anonymous, but identified
as Fisher's by the Bodleian Catalogue, and
in his style). 4. l A Christian Caveat to the
old and new Sabbatarians, or a Vindication
of our Gospel Festivals . . . By a Lover of
Truth ; a Defender of Christian Liberty ; and
an hearty Desirer of Peace, internall, ex-
ternall, eternall to all men,' &c., 1649 (i.e.
1650), 4to ; 4th edit. 1652, 4to, < By Edward
Fisher, Esq.,' has appended 'An Answer to
Sixteen Queries touching the . . . observa-
tion of Christmass, propounded by Joseph
Hemming of Uttoxeter ' (reprinted ' Somers
Tracts,' 1748, vol. iv.) ; 5th edit. 1653, 4to ;
another edit. 1655, 4to, has appended l Ques-
tions preparatory to the more Christian Ad-
ministration of the Lord's Supper ... by
E. F., Esq.' The ' Caveat,' which reckons
Christmas day and Good Friday as of equal
authority with the Lord's day, was attacked
by John Collinges, D.D. [q. v. j, and by Giles
Collier [q. v.] Parts of the ' Caveat ' were
reprinted by the Seventh Day Baptists of
America, in l Tracts on the Sabbath/ New
York, 1853, 18mo.

In Tanner's edition of Wood's ' Athense/
1721, Fisher is identified with E. F., the
author of the ' Marrow of Modern Divinity '
[see BOSTON", THOMAS, the elder] ; and the
identification has been accepted by Bliss,
Hill Burton, and others. It is doubted by
Grub, and internal evidence completely dis-
proves it. The author of the ' Marrow ' has
been described as ' an illiterate barber,' but
nothing seems known of him except that
in his dedication to John Warner, the lord
mayor, he speaks of himself as a ' poore in-
habitant ' of London. The following publi-
cations, all cast into the form of dialogue,
and bearing the imprimatur of puritan li-

Fisher

Fisher

censers, may be safely ascribed to the same
hand: 1. 'The Marrow of Modem Divinity . .
by E. F.,' &c., 1645, 8vo ; 4th edit. 1646, 8vo,
has recommendatory letters by Burroughes,
Strong, Sprigge, and Prittie. 2. ' A Touch-
stone for a Communicant ... by E. F.,' c.,
1647, 12mo (Caryl's imprimatur). 3. 'The
Marrow of Modern Divinity: the Second
Part ... by E. F.,' &c., 1649, 8vo. The 19th
edit, of the ' Marrow' was published at Mont-
rose, 1803, 12mo. It was translated into
Welsh by John Edwards, a sequestered
clergyman ; his dedication is dated 20 July
1650 ; later editions are Trefecca, 1782, 12mo ;
Carmarthen, 1810, 12mo. 4. ' London's Gate
to the Lord's Table,' &c., 1647, 12mo ; the
title-page is anonymous, but the signature
1 E. F.' appears at the end of the dedication to
Judge Henry Rolle of the pleas, and Mar-
garet his wife. 5. 'Faith in Five Funda-
mentall Principles . . . by E. F., a Seeker of
the Truth,' &c., 1650, 12mo.

[Wood's Athena Oxon. 1691 i. 866, 1692 ii.
132 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 407 sq. ;
Burton's History of Scotland, 1853,ii. 31 7; Grub's
Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, 1861, iv. 54;
Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question, 1865,
i. 237, &c. ii. 418; Rees's History of Protestant
Nonconformity in Wales, 1883, p. 77 (compare
Walker's Sufferings, 1714, ii. 237); publications
of Fisher and E. F.] A. G.

FISHER, EDWARD(1730-1785?),mez-
zotint engraver, born in Ireland in 1730, was
at first a hatter, but took to engraving, went
to London, and became a member of the In-
corporated Society of Artists in 1766, where
he exhibited fourteen times between 1761
and 1776. His earliest dated print is 1758,
and his latest 1781. He resided in 1761 in
Leicester Square, and moved to Ludgate
Street in 1778. It is said that Reynolds
called him ' injudiciously exact ' for finishing
too highly the unimportant parts of the plate.
After his death, about 1785, most of his
coppers were dispersed among several print-
sellers, and in some cases tampered with.
He engraved over sixty plates of portraits,
including George, earl of Albemarle, after
Reynolds : Robert Brown, after Chamberlin ;
"William Pitt, earl of Chatham, after Bromp-
ton; Colley Gibber, after Vanloo; Chris-
tian VII of Denmark, after Dance ; David
Garrick, after Reynolds ; Simon, earl Har-
court, after Hunter ; Roger Long, after B.
Wilson ; Hugh, earl of Northumberland,
and Elizabeth, countess of Northumberland,
after Reynolds ; Paul Sandby, after F. Cotes ;
Laurence Sterne, after Reynolds ; and the
following fancy subjects : 'Lady in Flowered
Dress/ after Hoare* ; ' Hope Nursing Love,'
or, according to Bromley, Theophila Palmer,

afterwards Mrs. Gwatkin, after Reynolds;
and ' Heads from " Vicar of Wakefield," '
ten plates engraved from his own designs
and published in 1776.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; J. Chaloner
Smith's Descriptive Catalogue of British Mezzo-
tints, pt. ii. p. 485.] L. F.

FISHER, GEORGE (1794-1873), astro-
nomer, was born at Sunbury in Middlesex on
31 July 1794. One of a large family left to-
the care of a widowed mother, he received
little early education, and entered the office
of the Westminster Insurance Company at
the age of fourteen. Here his devotion to
uncongenial duties won the respect and re-
wards of his employers. His scientific aspi-
rations had, however, been fostered by Sir
Humphry Davy, Sir Joseph Banks, Sir Eve-
rard Home, and other eminent men, and he
entered St. Catharine's College, Cambridge,
in 1817, whence he graduated B.A. in 1821,,
M.A. in 1825. His university career was in-
terrupted by his appointment, on the recom-
mendation of the Royal Society, as astronomer
to the polar expedition fitted out in H.M. ships
Dorothea and Trent in 1818. The highest
latitude attained was 80 34', and both ves-
sels returned to England disabled before the
close of the year; but Fisher had made a series
of pendulum experiments at Spitsbergen, from
which he deduced the value -3 for the ellip-
ticity of the earth. The results of his obser-
vations on the ships' chronometers were em-
bodied in a paper read before the Royal Society
on 8 June 1820, entitled ' On the Errors in
Longitude as determined by Chronometers
at Sea, arising from the Action of the Iron
in the Ships upon the Chronometers ' {Phil.
Trans, ex. 196).

Fisher soon afterwards took orders, and
qualified himself by formally entering the
navy to act as chaplain as well as astronomer
to Parry's expedition for exploring the north-
west passage in 1821-3. A ' portable' obser-
vatory, embarked on board the Fury, was set
up first at Winter Island, later at Igloolik,
and Captain Parry testified to the ' unabated
zeal and perseverance ' with which Fishei
Dursued his scientific inquiries. He devotee
much care to the preparation of the results
for the press, and they formed part of a/Vo-
lume, published at government expense in
1825, as an appendix to Parry's ' Journal of a
Second Voyage for the Discovery of o/N"orth-
West Passage.' Astronomical, cbronome-
trical, and magnetic observations/were ac-
companied by details of experiments on the
velocity of sound, and on the liquefaction of
chlorine and other gases at very low tempe-
ratures, as well as by an important discussion

Fisher

57

Fisher

of nearly four thousand observations on as-
tronomical refraction in an arctic climate.

Fisher was elected a fellow of the Roya!
Society in 1825, and of the Astronomical So-
ciety in 1827, acted several times as vice-pre-
sident of the latter body, and was a member o:
the council from 1835 until 1863. Appointed
in 1828 chaplain to H.M. ships Spartiate
and Asia he carried on magnetic observations
in various parts of the Mediterranean, and on
24 Jan. 1833 laid a paper on the subject be-
fore the Royal Society, entitled ' Magnetical
Experiments made principally in the South
part of Europe and in Asia Minor during the
years 1827 to 1832 ' (ib. cxxiii. 237 ; Proc.
JR. Soc. iii. 163). His theory of ' The Nature
and Origin of the Aurora Borealis ' was com-
municated to the Royal Society on 19 June
1834 (ib. p. 295), and to the British Associa-
tion at Cambridge in 1845 (Report, pt. ii. p.
22). Founded on a close study of the phe-
nomenon in arctic regions, it included the
ideas, since confirmed, of its being the polar
equivalent of lightning, and of its origin in a
zone surrounding at some distance each pole.
Auroras were thus regarded as a means of
restoring electrical equilibrium between the
upper and lower strata of the atmosphere,
disturbed by the development of positive
electricity through rapid congelation.

Fisher accepted in 1834 the post of head-
master of Greenwich Hospital School, and
greatly improved the efficiency of the insti-
tution. He erected an astronomical obser-
vatory in connection with it, which he su-
perintended during thirteen years, observing
there the solar eclipse of 18 July lSQQ(Monthly
Notices, xxi. 19). At the request of Lord
Herbert in 1845, he wrote text-books of alge-
bra and geometry for use in the school, of
which he became principal in 1860. His re-
tirement followed in 1863, and after ten years
of well-earned repose he died without suffer-
ing on 14 May 1873.

Besides the papers already mentioned
Fisher presented to the Royal Society ac-
counts of magnetic experiments made in
the West Indies and North America by Mr.
James Napier (Proc. R. Soc. iii. 253), and
on the west coast of Africa by Commander
Edward Belcher (Phil. Trans, cxxii. 493),
and reduced those made on the coasts of
Brazil and North America from 1834 to 1837
by Sir Everard Home (ib. cxxviii. 343). He
contributed to the * Quarterly Journal of Sci-
ence ' essays ' On the Figure of the Earth, as
deduced from the Measurements of Arcs of
the Meridian, and Observations on Pendu-
lums ' (vii. 299, 1819) ; < On the Variation of
the Compass, observed in the late Voyage of
Discovery to the North Pole ' (ix. 81) ; and

' On Refractions observed in High Latitudes^
(xxi. 348, 1826).

[Monthly Notices, xxxiv. 140 ; Weld's Hist,
of Koyal Society, ii. 280; Royal Society's Cata-
logue of Scientific Papers.] A. M. C.

FISHER, JAMES (1697-1775), one of
the founders of the Scottish secession church,
was born on 23 Jan. 1697 at Barr in Ayr-
shire, where his father, Thomas, was minister,
studied at Glasgow University, and was or-
dained minister of Kinclaven, Perthshire, in
1725. In 1727 he married the daughter of
the Rev. Ebenezer Erskine [q. v.] of Port-
moak, Kinross-shire, with whom he was after-
wards associated as a founder of the secession
body. Fisher concurred with Erskine and
other likeminded ministers in their views both
as to patronage and doctrine, and in opposi-
tion to the majority of the general assembly,
by whom their representations were wholly
disregarded. In 1732 Erskine preached a
sermon at the opening of the synod of Perth,
in which he boldly denounced the policy
of the church as unfaithful to its Lord and
Master. For this he was rebuked by the
general assembly; but against the sentence
he protested, and was joined by three minis-
ters, of whom Fisher was one. The protest
was declared to be insulting, and the minis-
ters who signed it were thrust out of the
church, and ultimately formed the associate
presbytery. The people of Kinclaven adhered
almost without exception to their minister,
and the congregation increased by accessions
from neighbouring parishes. Fisher was
subsequently translated to Glasgow (8 Oct.
1741), but was deposed by the associate anti-
burgher synod 4 Aug. 1748. In 1749 the
associate burgher synod gave him the office
of professor of divinity. His name is asso-
ciated with a catechism designed to explain
the ' Shorter Catechism of the Westminster
Assembly.' What is known as Fisher's ' Cate-
chism' (2 parts, Glasgow, 1753, 1760) was in
reality the result of contributions by many
ministers of the body, which were made use
of by three of the leading men, Ebenezer and
Ralph Erskine and Fisher. Fisher survived
the other two ; and as the duty of giving a
final form to the work, as well as executing
lis own share, devolved on him, it is usually
spoken of as his. It is a work of great
care, learning, and ability ; it has passed
;hrough many editions ; it was long the manual
"or catechetical instruction in the secession
jhurch ; and it was a favourite with evan-
gelical men outside the secession like Dr.
^olquhoun of Leith and Robert Haldane
q. v.] Fisher was the author of various
ither works, chiefly bearing on matters of
ontroversy at the time, and illustrative of

Fisher

Fisher

Erskine's work. Though not so attractive
a preacher as the Erskines, nor so able an
apologist as Wilson, yet by the weight of his
character and his public position he exerted
a very powerful influence on the secession, and
contributed very materially to its progress
and stability. He died 28 Sept. 1775, in the
seventy-eighth year of his age.

[Scott's Fasti, pt. iv. 802 ; Memorials of the
Rev. James Fisher, by John Brown, D.D. (United
Presbyterian Fathers), 1849 ; M'Kerrow's Hist.
of the Secession ; Life and Diary of the Rev.
E. Erskine, A.M., by Donald Fraser; Walker's
Theology and Theologians of Scotland ; McCrie's
Story of the Scottish Church.] W. G. B.

FISHER, JASPER (fi. 1639), divine
and dramatist, born in 1591, was the son of
William Fisher of Carleton, Bedfordshire,
deputy-auditor for the county of York (de-
scended from a Warwickshire family), by
Alice Roane of Wellingborough ( Visitation
of Bedfordshire, Harl. Soc. 1884, xix. 107).
Fisher matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Ox-
ford, 13 Nov. 1607; he was admitted B.A.
28 Jan. 1610-11, M.A. 27 Jan. 1613-14,
B.D. and D.D. 1639 (CLAKK, Register, ii.
300). About 1631 (according to Wood)
he became rector of Wilsden, Bedfordshire,
and in 1633 published his one considerable
work, a play, entitled ' Fuimus Troes, the
True Trojans, being a story of the Britaines
valour at the Romanes first invasion. Pub-
lickly presented by the gentlemen students
of Magdalen College in Oxford,' London,
1633, 4to. The drama is written in blank
verse, interspersed with lyrics ; Druids, poets,
and a harper are introduced, and it ends with
a masque and chorus. Fisher held at Mag-
dalen College the post of divinity or philo-
sophy reader (WOOD). He also published
some sermons, one on Malachi ii. 7, 1636,
8vo, and ' The Priest's Duty and Dignity

all 18 Aug. 1635, by J. F., presbyter and
rector of Wilsden in Bedfordshire, and pub-
lished by command,' London, 1636, 12mo.
The exact date of Fisher's death is uncertain ;
it is only known that he was alive in 1639,
when he proceeded D.D. According to Oldys's
manuscript notes to Langbaine he became
blind, whether from old age or an accident
is not known. Wood calls him ' an ingenious
man, as those that knew him have divers
times informed me' (Athence, ii. 636, ed.
Bliss). He married Elizabeth, daughter of
the Rev. William Sams of Burstead, Essex.
Gideon Fisher, who went to Oxford in 1634
and succeeded to the estate at Carleton, was
the son, not of Jasper, but of Jasper's elder
brother Gideon (Visitation of Bedfordshire,
1634, Harl. Soc. 107).

[Brit. Mus. Cat. of Printed Books; Langbaine's
English Dramatic Poets, 1691, p. 533; Baker's
Biographia Dramatica, 1812.] E. T. B.

FISHER, JOHN (1459P-1535), bishop
of Rochester, eldest son of Robert Fisher,
mercer, and Agnes, his wife, was born at
Beverley in Yorkshire, and probably received
liis earliest education in the school attached
to the collegiate church in that city. Con-
siderable discrepancy exists in the statements
respecting the year of Fisher's birth (see
Life by Lewis, i. 1-2). His portrait by Hol-
bein bears the words, ' A Aetatis 74.' As
this could scarcely have been painted after
his imprisonment in the Tower, it would
seem that Fisher must have been at least
seventy-five at the time of his execution.
This, however, requires us to conclude that
he was over twenty-six at the time of his
admission to the B.A. degree, an unusual
age, especially in those days. When only
thirteen years old he lost his father; the lat-
ter would seem to have been a man of con-
siderable substance, and, judging from his
numerous bequests to different monastic and
other foundations, religious after the fashion
of his age. Fisher was subsequently entered
at Michaelhouse, Cambridge, under William
de Melton, fellow, and afterwards master of
the college. In 1487 he proceeded to his
degree of bachelor of arts ; was soon after
elected fellow of Michaelhouse, proceeded to
his degree of M.A. in 1491, filled the office
of senior proctor in the university in 1494,
and became master of his college in 1497.
The duties of the proctorial office necessi-
tated, at that time, occasional attendance at
court ; and Fisher on his appearance in this
capacity at Greenwich attracted the notice
of the king's mother, Margaret, countess of
Richmond, who in 1497 appointed him her
confessor.

In 1501 he was elected vice-chancellor
of the university. We learn from his own
statements, as well as from other sources,
that the whole academic community was at
that time in a singularly lifeless and im-
poverished state. To rescue it from this
condition, by infusing new life into its
studies and gaining for it the help of the
wealthy, was one of the chief services which
Fisher rendered to his age. In 1503 he was
appointed by the Countess of Richmond to
fill the newly founded chair of divinity,
which she had instituted for the purpose of
providing gratuitous theological instruction
in the university ; and it appears to have
been mainly by his advice that about the
same time the countess also founded the
Lady Margaret preachership, designed for
supplying evangelical instruction of the laity

Fisher

59

Fisher

in the surrounding county and elsewhere.
The preaching was to be in the vernacular,
which had at that period almost fallen into
disuse in the pulpit.

A succession of appointments now indi-
cated the growing and widespread sense of
his services. In 1504 he was elected to the
chancellorship of the university, an office to
which he was re-elected annually for ten
years, and eventually for life. A papal bull
(14 Oct. 1504) ratified his election to the
see of Rochester, but for this preferment he
was indebted solely to King Henry's favour
and sense of his ' grete and singular virtue '
(Funeral Sermon, ed. Hymers, p. 163). On
12 April 1505 Fisher was elected to the pre-
sidency of Queens' College, but held the office
only for three years. His appointment to
the post, it has been conjectured, was mainly
with the design of providing him with a
suitable residence during the time that he
was superintending the erection of Christ's
College, which was founded by the Lady
Margaret under his auspices in 1505. On
the death of Henry VII, Fisher preached the
funeral sermon at St. Paul's, and his dis-
course was subsequently printed at the re-
quest of the king's mother. Three months
later it devolved upon him to pay a like
tribute to the memory of his august bene-
factress, a discourse which forms a memor-
able record of her virtues and good works.
By a scheme drawn up during her lifetime
it was proposed to dissolve an ancient hos-
pital at Cambridge, that of the Brethren of
St. John, and to found a college in its place.
Fisher was shortly after nominated to attend
theLateran council in Rome (19 April 1512),
and a sum of 500Z. had been assigned for his
expenses during 160 days ; but at the last
moment it was decided that he should not
be sent. This happened fortunately for the
carrying out of the Lady Margaret's designs,
for Fisher, by remaining in England, was
enabled to defeat in some measure the efforts
that were made to set aside her bequest ; and
it was mainly through his strenuous exer-
tions that St. John's College was eventually
founded, its charter being given 9 April
1511. In connection with the college he
himself subsequently founded four fellow-
ships and two scholarships, besides lecture-
ships in Greek and Hebrew. In 1513, on
Wolsey's promotion to the see of Lincoln,
Fisher, in the belief that one who stood so high
in the royal favour would be better able to fur-
ther the interests of the university, proposed
to retire from the office of chancellor, advising
that Wolsey should be elected in his place.
The university acted upon his advice ; but
Wolsey having declined the proffered honour,

. - overburdened

with affairs of state, Fisher was once more
appointed. Notwithstanding the deference
which he showed to "Wolsey on this occasion,
there existed between him and the all-power-
ful minister a strongly antagonistic feeling,
of which the true solution is probably indi-
cated by Burnet when he says that Fisher
being ' a man of strict life ' ' hated him [Wol-
sey] for his vices ' (Hist, of the Reformation,
ed. Pocock, i. 52). At a council of the clergy
held at Westminster in 1517, Fisher gave
satisfactory proof that he was actuated by
no spirit of adulation ; and in a remarkable
speech, wherein he severely censured the
greed for gain and the love of display and
of court life which characterised many of the
higher ecclesiastics of the realm, he was gene-
rally supposed to have glanced at the cardinal
himself. In 1523 he opposed with no less
courage, by a speech in convocation, Wolsey's
great scheme for a subsidy in aid of the war
with Flanders (HALL, p. 72).

Fisher's genuine attachment to learning is
shown by the sympathy which he evinced
with the new spirit of biblical criticism which
had accompanied the Renaissance. It was
mainly through his influence that Erasmus
was induced to visit Cambridge, and the
latter expressly attributes it to his powerful
protection that the study of Greek was al-
lowed to go on in the university without ac-
tive molestation of the kind which it had to
encounter at Oxford (Epist. vi. 2). Notwith-
standing his advanced years, Fisher himself
aspired to become a Greek scholar, and ap-
pears to have made some attainments in the
language. On the other hand, his attach-
ment to the papal cause remained unshaken,
while his hostility to Luther and the Refor-
mation was beyond question. He preached
in the vernacular, before Wolsey and War-
ham, at Paul's. Cross, on the occasion of
the burning of the reformer's writings in
the churchyard (12 May 1521), a discourse
which was severely handled by William Tyn-
dale (LEWIS, Life, i. 181-3). He replied to
Luther's book against the papal bull in a
treatise entitled 'A Confutation of the Lu-
theran Assertion ' (1523), and was supposed,
although without foundation, to have been
the real writer of the royal treatise against
Luther, entitled ' Assertio septem Sacramen-
torum,' published in 1521. He again replied
to Luther in his ' Defence of the Christian
Priesthood' (1524), and again, for the third
time, in his ' Defence ' of Henry's treatise,
in reply to the reformer's attack (1525). He
also wrote against (Ecolampadius and Ve-
lenus.

With advancing years his conservative

Fisher

Fisher

instincts would appear, indeed, sometimes to
have prevailed over his better judgment. To
the notable scheme of church reform brought
forward in the House of Commons in 1529 he
offered strenuous resistance, and his language
was such that it was construed into a dis-
respectful reflection on that assembly, and
the speaker was directed to make it a matter
of formal complaint to the king. Fisher was
summoned into the royal presence, and was
fain to have recourse to a somewhat evasive
explanation, which seems scarcely in harmony
with his habitual moral courage and con-
scientiousness. The statutes which he drew
up about this time, to be the codes of Christ's
College and St. John's College, are also charac-
terised by a kind of timorous mistrust, and,
while embodying a wise innovation on the
existing scheme of study, exhibit a pusillani-
mous anxiety to guard against all subsequent
innovations whatever. In the revised sta-
tutes which he gave to St. John's College in
1524 and 1530 this tendency is especially
apparent : but it is to be observed that some
of the new provisions in the latter code were
taken from that given by Wolsey to Cardinal
College (afterwards Christ Church), Oxford.
In 1528 the high estimation in which his
services were held by St. John's College was
shown by the enactment of a statute for the
annual celebration of his exequies.

The unflinching firmness with which he
opposed the doctrine of the royal supremacy
did honour to his consistency. When con-
vocation was called upon to give its assent,
he asserted that the acceptance of such a
principle would cause the clergy of England
' to be hissed out of the society of God's holy
catholic church ' (BAILY, p. 110) ; and his
opposition so far prevailed that the form in
which the assent of convocation was ulti-
mately recorded was modified by the memor-
able saving clause, ' quantum per legem Dei
licet ' (11 Feb. 1531).

His opposition to the royal divorce was
not less honourable and consistent, and he
stood alone among the bishops of the realm
in his refusal to recognise the validity of the
measure. As Queen Catherine's confessor
he naturally became her chief confidant.
Brewer goes so far as to say that he was
' the only adviser on whose sincerity and
honesty she could rely.' From the evidence
of the State Papers it would seem, however,
that Wolsey, in his desire to further Henry's
wishes, did succeed for a time in alienating
Fisher from the queen, by skilfully instilling
into the bishop's mind a complete misappre-
hension as to the king's real design in in-
quiring into the validity of his marriage.
But he could not succeed in inducing Fisher

to regard the papal dispensation for Cathe-
rine's marriage as invalid, and in 1528 the
latter was appointed one of her counsellors.
On 28 June 1529 he appeared in the legate's
court and made his memorable declaration
that ' to avoid the damnation of his soul,'
and f to show himself not unfaithful to the
king,' he had come before their lordships * to
assert and demonstrate with cogent reasons
that this marriage of the king and queen
could not be dissolved by any power, divine
or human ' (BREWER, Reign of Henry VIII,
ii. 346). Henry betrayed how deeply he
was offended by drawing up a reply (in the
form of a speech) in which he attacked both
Fisher's character and motives with great
acrimony and violence. The copy sent to
Fisher is preserved in the Record Office, and
contains brief comments in his own hand-
writing on the royal assertions and misre-
presentations. In the following year, one
Richard Rouse having poisoned a vessel of
yeast which was placed in the bishop's kitchen
' in Lambith Marsh,' several members of the
episcopal household died in consequence.
By Sanders (De Schismate, p. 72) this event
was represented as an attempt on the bishop's
life by Anne Boleyn, dictated by resentment
at his opposition to the divorce.

The weaker side of Fisher's character
was shown in the credence and countenance
which he gave to the impostures of the Nun
of Kent [see BARTON, ELIZABETH] ; while
the manner in which the professedly inspired
maid denounced the projected marriage of
Henry and Anne Boleyn brought the bishop
himself under the suspicion of collusion..
This suspicion was deepened by the fact that
the nun, when interrogated before the Star-
chamber, named him as one of her confede-
rates. He was summoned to appear before
parliament to answer the charges preferred
against him. On 28 Jan. 1533-4 he wrote
to Cromwell describing himself as in a piti-
able state of health, and begging to be ex-
cused from appearing as commanded. In
another letter, written three days later, he
speaks as though wearied out by Cromwell's
importunity and frequent missives. Crom-
well in replying broadly denounces his ex-
cuses as ' mere craft and cunning/ and ad-
vises him to throw himself on the royal
mercy. Chapuys, the imperial ambassador,
writing 25 March to Charles V, says that
Fisher, whom he characterises as ' the para-
gon of Christian prelates both for learning'
and holiness,' has been condemned to ' confis-
cation of body and goods,' and attributes it
to the support which he had given to the
cause of Catherine. Fisher was sentenced,
along with Adyson, his chaplain, to be at-

Fisher

61

Fisher

tainted of misprision, to be imprisoned at the
king's will, and to forfeit all his goods (Let-
ters and Papers Henry VIII, vol. ii. No. 70).
He was, however, ultimately permitted to
compound for his offence by a payment of
3001.

On 13 April he was summoned to Lam-
beth to take the oath of compliance with the
Act of Succession. He expressed his willing-
ness, as did Sir Thomas More, to take that
portion of the oath which fixed the succession
in the offspring of the king and Anne Boleyn,
but, like More, he declined the oath in its
entirety. Their objection is sufficiently in-
telligible when we consider that while one
clause declared the offspring of Catherine il-
legitimate, another forbade ' faith, truth, and
obedience ' to any { foreign authority or po-
tentate.' The commissioners were evidently
unwilling to proceed to extremities, and
Cranmer advised that both Fisher and More
should be held to have yielded sufficiently
for the requirements of the case. Both,
however, were ultimately committed to the
Tower (Fisher on 16 April), and their fate
now began to be regarded as sealed. On the
27th an inventory of the bishop's goods at
Rochester was taken, which has recently
been printed in ' Letters and Papers' (u. s.
pp. 221-2). His library, which he had de-
stined for St. John's College, and, according
to Baily, the finest in Christendom, was
seized at the same time. In his confinement,
Fisher's advanced age and feeble health pro-
cured for him no relaxation of the rigorous
treatment ordinarily extended to political
offenders, and Lee, the bishop of Coventry
and Lichfield, who visited him, described
him as ( nigh gone,' and his body as unable
' to bear the clothes on the back.' He was
deprived of his books, and allowed only in-
sufficient food, for which he was dependent
on his brother Robert. It is to the credit of
the society of St. John's College that they
ventured under the circumstances to address
to him a letter of condolence.

With the passing of the Act of Supremacy
(November 1554) Fishers experiences as a
political offender entered upon a third phase.
Under the penalties attaching to two spe-
cial clauses both Fisher and More were
again attainted of misprision of treason,
and the see of Rochester was declared va-
cant from 2 Jan. 1534-5. The bishop was
thus deprived of all privileges attaching to
his ecclesiastical dignity. On 7 May 1535
he was visited by Mr. Secretary Cromwell
and others of the king's council. Cromwell
read aloud to him the act, and Fisher inti-
mated his inability to recognise the king as
"supreme head' of the church. A second

act, whereby it was made high treason to
deny the king's right to that title, was then
read to him : and Fisher's previous denial,
extracted from him when uninformed as to
the exact penalties attaching thereto, would
appear to have constituted the sole evidence
on which he was found guilty at his trial.
It is probable, however, that Henry would
still have hesitated to put Fisher to death
had it not been for the step taken by the
new Roman pontiff, Paul III, who on 20 May
convened a consistory and created Fisher
presbyter cardinal of St. Vitalis. Paul was
at that time aiming at bringing about a re-
formation of the Roman church, and with
this view was raising various ecclesiastics of
admitted merit and character to the cardi-
nalate. According to his own express state-
ment, volunteered after Fisher's execution,
he was ignorant of the extremely strained
relations existing between the latter and the
English monarch. His act, however, roused
Henry to almost ungovernable fury. A mes-
senger was forthwith despatched to Calais
to forbid the bearer of the cardinal's hat from
Rome from proceeding further, and Fisher's
death was now resolved upon. With the
design, apparently, of entrapping him into
admissions which might afford a further jus-
tification of such a measure, two clerks of the
council, Thomas Bedyl and Leighton, were
sent to the Tower for the purpose of putting
to Fisher thirty distinct questions in the
presence of Walsingham, the lieutenant, and
other witnesses. Fisher's replies, subscribed
with his own hand, are still extant. He had
already, in an informal manner, been apprised
of the honour designed for him by Paul, and
among other interrogatories he was now
asked simply to repeat what he had said when
he first received the intelligence. He re-
plied that he had said, in the presence of two
witnesses (whom he named), that *yf the
cardinal's hat were layed at his feete he
wolde not stoupe to take it up, he did set so
little by it ' (LEWIS, Life, ii. 412). Accord-
ing to the account preserved in Baily, how-
ever, Cromwell was the interrogator on this
occasion, and the question was put hypo-
thetical ly ; whereupon Fisher replied : ' If
any such thing should happen, assure your-
self I should improve that favour to the best
advantage that I could, in assisting the holy
catholic church of Christ, and in that re-
spect I would receive it upon my knees '
(p. 171). A third account is given by Sanders
(see LEWIS, Life, i. xv, ii. 178) ; but amid
such conflicting statements it seems reason-
able to attach the greatest weight to Fisher's
own account upon oath. It is certain that
his replies, if they did not further incul-

Fisher

Fisher

pate him, in no way served to soften Henry's
resentment, and he was forthwith brought
to trial on the charge that he did, ' 7 May
27 Hen. VIII, openly declare in English,
"The king our sovereign lord is not supreme
head in earth of the church of England " '
(Letters and Papers Henry VIII, vol. viii.
No. 886). The jury found one bill against
Fisher, and presented another, and were then
discharged. On 17 June he was brought to
the bar at Westminster, pronounced guilty,
and sentenced to die a traitor's death at Ty-
burn. But on the 21st Walsingham received
a writ in which the sentence was changed
to one of beheading (instead of the ordinary
hanging, disembowelling, and quartering),
and Tower Hill was assigned as the place
of execution, instead of Tyburn. The ac-
counts of Fisher's execution, which took place
22 June 1535, and of the incidents which
immediately preceded and succeeded that tra-
gical event, are conflicting, and it seems that
on certain points there was a confusion in
the traditions preserved of the details with
those which belonged to More's execution,
which took place just a fortnight later. (The
incidents recorded by Baily are partly taken
from the account by Maurice Channey ; see
authorities at end of art.) All the narra-
tives, however, agree in representing Fisher
as meeting death with a calmness, dignity,
and pious resignation which greatly im-
pressed the beholders. His head was ex-
posed on London Bridge ; his body left on
the scaffold until the evening, and then con-
veyed to the churchyard of Allhallows Bark-
ing, where it was interred without ceremony.
A fortnight later it was removed to the church
of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower, and
there laid by the side of the body of his friend
Sir Thomas More, who, but a short time be-
fore his own career was similarly terminated,
had left it on record as his deliberate con-
viction that there was ' in this realm no one
man in wisdom, learning, and long approved
vertue together, mete to be matched and
compared with him ' (MoEE, English Works,
p. 1437).

The intelligence of Fisher's fate was re-
ceived with feelings approaching to conster-
nation not only by the nation but by Europe
. at large. Paul III declared that he would
sooner have had his two grandsons slain, and
in a letter (26 July) to Francis I says that
he ' is compelled, at the unanimous sollici-
tation of the cardinals, to declare Henry
deprived of his kingdom and of the royal
dignity' (Letters and Papers Henry VIII,
vol. viii. No. 1117).

As a theologian Fisher was to some ex-
tent an eclectic; and, according to Volusenus

(De Tranquillitate Animi, ed. 1751, p. 280),
inclined, on the already agitated question of
election and free will, to something like a
Calvinistic theory. The same writer tells us
(ib. p. 250) that he also frequently expressed
his high admiration of the expositions of
some of the Lutheran divines, and only won-
dered how they could proceed from heretics.
Professor John E. B. Mayor observes : * If
bonus textuarius is indeed bonus theologus,
Bishop Fisher may rank high among divines.
He is at home in every part of scripture, no
less than among the fathers. If the matter
of his teaching is now for the most part trite,
the form is always individual and life-like.
Much of it is in the best sense catholic, and
might be illustrated by parallel passages from
Luther and our own reformers' (pref. to Eng-
lish Works, p. xxii).

The best portrait of Fisher is the drawing
by Hans Holbein in the possession of the
queen. Another, by the same artist, also of
considerable merit, is in the hall of the master's
lodge at St. John's College. A third (sup-
posed to have been taken shortly before his
execution) is in the college hall. There are
others at Queens', Christ's, and Trinity Col-
leges. In the combination room of St. John's
there are also three different engravings.

A collected edition of Fisher's Latin works,
one volume folio, was printed at Wiirzburg
in 1597 by Fleischmann. This contains :
1. ' The Assertio septem Sacramentorum ' of
Henry VIII against Luther, which finds a
place in the collection as being ' Eoffensis
tamen hortatu et studio edita.' 2. Fisher's
' Defence ' of the ' Assertio,' 1523. 3. His
treatise in reply to Luther, ' De Babylonica
Captivitate,' 1523. 4. His ' Confutatio As-
sertionis Lutheranae,' first printed at Ant-
werp, 1523. 5. * De Eucharistia contra Joan.
QEcolampadium libri quinque,' first printed
1527. 6. ' Sacri Sacerdotii Defensio contra
Lutherum.' 7. l Convulsio calumniarum
Vlrichi Veleni Minhoniensis, quibus Petrum
nunquam Romse fuisse cauillatus est,' 1525.

8. * Concio Londini habita vernacule, quando
Lutheri scripta publice igni tradebantur/
translated by Kichard Pace into Latin, 1521.

9. ' De unica Magdalena libri tres,' 1519.
Also the following, which the editor states
are printed for the first time : 10. ' Commen-
tarii in vii. Psalmos poenitentiales, interprete
Joanne Fen a monte acuto.' 11. Two ser-
mons : (a) ( De Passione Domini,' (b) ' De
Justitia Pharisaeorum/ 12. f Methodus per-
veniendi ad summam Christianas religionis
perfectionem/ 13. 'Epistola ad Herman-
num Lsetmatium Goudanum de Charitate
Christiana.' At the end (whether printed
before or not does not appear) are 14. ' De

Fisher

Fisher

Necessitate Orandi.' 15. 'Psalmi vel pre-
cationes.'

An edition of his English, works has been
undertaken for the Early English Text So-
ciety by Professor John E. B. Mayor, of
which the first volume (1876) only has as
yet appeared. This contains the originals
of 8, 10, 11 a, and 12; the two sermons of
the funerals of Henry VII and his mother ;
and ' A Spiritual Consolation,' addressed to
Fisher's sister, Elizabeth, during his confine-
ment in the Tower. Of these, the two
funeral discourses and the originals of 8
and 10 are reprinted from early editions by
Wynkyn de Worde. An ' Advertisement '
to this edition gives a valuable criticism
by the editor on Fisher's theology, English
style, vocabulary, &c. The second volume,
containing the ' Letters ' and the ' Life ' by
Hall, is announced, under the editorship of
the Rev. Ronald Bayne.

A volume in the Rolls Office (27 Hen. VIII,
No. 887) contains the following in Fisher's
hand: 1, prayers in English; 2, fragment
of a ' Commentary on the Salutation of the
Virgin Mary;' 3, theological commonplace
book, in Latin ; 4, draft treatises on di-
vinity ; 5 and 6, treatises on the rights
and dignity of the clergy ; 7, observations
on the history of the Septuagint Version
(this annotated and corrected only by Fisher).
He also wrote a * History of the Divorce,'
which, if printed, was rigidly suppressed ; the
manuscript, however, is preserved in the Uni-
versity Library, Cambridge.

[Fisher's Life, professedly written by Thomas
Baily, a royalist divine, was first published in
1665, and was really written by Richard Hall,
of Christ's College, Cambridge, who died in 1604
[see art. BAYLY, THOMAS] ; a manuscript in Uni-
versity Library, Cambridge, No. 1266, contains
Maurice Channey's account of the martyrdoms
of More and Fisher; a considerable amount of
original matter is also given in the appendices
to the Life by the Kev. John Lewis (a pos-
thumous publication), ed. T. Hudson Turner,
2 vols. 1855. The following may also be con-
sulted: The Funeral Sermon of Margaret, Coun
tess of Richmond, with Baker's Preface, ed.
Hymers, 1840 ; Baker's Hist, of St. John's Col-
lege, ed. Mayor, 2 vols. 1869 ; Cooper's Memoir
of Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby,
1874 ; Early Statutes of the College of St. John
the Evangelist, ed. Mayor, 1859; Mullinger's
Hist, of the University of Cambridge, vol. i. 1873 ;
a paper by Mr. Bruce in Archseologia, vol. xxv. ;
Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII,
vols. iv. to viii., with Brewer's and Gairdner's
Prefaces ; Brewer's Reign of Henry VIII, 2 vols.,
1 884 ; T. E. Bridgett's Life of Blessed John
Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Cardinal of the Holy
Roman Church, and Martyr under Henry VIII,
London and New York, 1888.] J. B. M.

FISHER, JOHN (1569-1641), Jesuit,
whose real name was PEECY, son of John
Percy, yeoman, and his wife, Cecilia Lawson,
was born at Holmside, co. Durham, on 27 Sept.
1569. At fourteen years of age he was re-
ceived into the family of a catholic lady, and
soon afterwards joined the Roman church.
He then proceeded to the English College at
Rheims, where he studied classics and rhetoric
for three years. On 22 Sept. 1589 he en-
tered the English College at Rome for his
higher studies. He was ordained priest on
13 March 1592-3, by papal dispensation,before
the full canonical age, in consequence of the
want of priests for the mission. After publicly
defending universal theology at the Roman
college, he was admitted into the Society of
Jesus by Father Aquaviva, and began his no-
viceship at Tournay on 14 May 1594. In the
second yearof hisnoviceshiphe was orderedto
England for the sake of his health, which had
been impaired by over-application to study.
On his way through Holland he was seized
at Flushing by some English soldiers on sus-
picion of being a priest, and cruelly treated.
Immediately after his arrival in London he
was arrested and committed to Bridewell,from
which prison, after about seven months' con-
finement, he succeeded in making his escape
through the roof, together with two other
priests and seven laymen. In 1596 he was
sent by Father Henry Garnet t to the north
of England, where he laboured till 1598, when
he was appointed companion to Father John
Gerard in Northamptonshire. In that locality
he exercised his priestly functions, and he oc-
casionally visited Oxford, where he became ac-
quainted with William Chillingworth [q. v.],
whom he persuaded to renounce the pro-
testant faith (WooD, Athence Oxon. ed. Bliss,
iii. 87). He was professed of the four vows
in 1603. For some time he and Gerard re-
sided first at Stoke Poges, and subsequently
at Harrowden, in the house of Mrs. Elizabeth
Vaux, widow of William, second son of Lord
Vaux of Harrowden. Fisher was afterwards
chaplain to Sir Everard Digby_ [q. v.] In
August 1605 he went on a pilgrimage to St.
Winifred's well with Sir Everard Digby's
wife, Mrs. Vaux, and others. He was arrested
in November 1610, with Father Nicholas
Hart, at Harrowden,was conveyed to London,
and committed to the Gatehouse prison, and
after upwards of a year's confinement was
released at the instance of the Spanish am-
bassador, and with Father Hart sent into
banishment. Both of them had been tried
and condemned to death, and had received
several notices to prepare for execution.

After landing in Belgium, Fisher dis-
charged the duties at Brussels of vice-prefect

Fisher

6 4

Fisher

of the English Jesuit mission, in the absence
of Father Anthony Hoskins. He was nex
professor of holy scripture at St. John's
Louvain. At length he returned to Eng-
land, but was at once seized and confined in
the new prison on the banks of the Thames
He appears, however, to have been allowec
considerable freedom of action, and it is saic
that during his three years' confinement there
he reconciled 150 protestants to the Roman
church. He was famous for his dialectic
skill, and held several controversial confer-
ences with eminent protestant theologians
When James I desired a series of disputations
to be held before the Countess of Bucking-
ham (who was leaning to Catholicism), Fisher
defended the catholic side against Francis
"White, afterwards bishop of Ely. The king
and his favourite (Buckingham, the countess's
son) attended the conferences, the third and
last of which was held on 24 May 1622, when
Laud, bishop of St. David's and afterward
archbishop of Canterbury, replaced White.
The countess was converted by the Jesuit,
whose arguments, however, failed to convince
her son and the king. James himself proposed
to Fisher nine points in writing upon the
most prominent topics of the controversy, in
a document headed ' Certain Leading Points
which hinder my Union with the Church of
Rome until she reforms herself, or is able to
satisfy me.' Fisher's replies to these ques-
tions were revised by Father John Floyd
[q. v.] The relation of the conference between
Laud and Fisher forms the second volume of
Laud's works (Oxford 1849). On 27 June
1623 another religious disputation was held
in the house of Sir Humphry Lynde, between
Dr. White, then dean of Carlisle, Dr. Daniel
Featley, and the Jesuits Fisher and John
Sweet.

When the king of France gave his daugh-
ter in marriage to Prince Charles (afterwards
Charles I) in 1625, the French ambassador
obtained a free pardon for twenty priests, in-
eluding Fisher, who apparently enjoyed some
ten years of liberty under the royal letters
of pardon. In December 1634, however, he
was arrested, brought before the privy coun-
cil at Whitehall, and ordered to depart from
the realm, after giving bail never to return.
As he refused to find sureties, he was impri-
soned in the Gatehouse till August 1635,
when he was released at the urgent interces-
sion of the queen. During the last two years
of life he suffered severely from cancer. He
died in London on 3 Dec. 1641.

His works are: 1. 'A Treatise of Faith;
wherein is briefly and plainly shown a Direct
Way by which every Man may resolve and
settle his Mind in all Doubts, Questions, and

Controversies concerning Matters of Faith,'
London, 1600, St. Omer, 1614, 8vo. 2. 'A
Reply made unto Mr. Anthony Wotton and
Mr. John White, Ministers, wherein it is
showed that they have not sufficiently an-
swered the Treatise of Faith, and wherein
also the Chief Points of the said Treatise are
more clearly declared and more strongly con-
firmed,' St. Omer, 1612, 4to. 3. ' A Challenge
to Protestants, requiring a Catalogue to be
made of some Professors of their Faith in all
Ages since Christ.' At the end of the pre-
ceding work. 4. An account of the confer-
ence in 1622, under the initials A. C. Laud
answered this in a reply to the * Exceptions
of A. C.,' which is printed with his own ac-
count of the conference. 5. ' An Answer to
a Pamphlet, intitvled : " The Fisher catched
in his owne Net. ... By A. C.,"' s.l. 1623, 4to.
The pamphlet by Daniel Featley, to which this
is areply, appeared in 1623, and contains' The
Occasion and Issue of the late Conference
had between Dr. White, Deane of Carleil, and
Dr. Featley, with Mr. Fisher and Mr. Sweet,
Jesuites.' 6. ' An Answere vnto the Nine
Points of Controuersy proposed by our late
Soveraygne (of Famous Memory) vnto M.
Fisher. . . . And the Rejoinder vnto the Re-
ply of D. Francis White, Minister. With
the Picture of the sayd Minister, or Censure
of his Writings prefixed ' [St. Omer], 1625-
1626, 8vo.

Among the protestant writers who entered
into controversy with Fisher were G. Walker,
G. Webb, and Henry Rogers.

[De Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Com-
pagnie de Jesus (1869), i. 1870 ; Dodd's Church
Hist. ii. 394; Foley's Eecords, i. 521, vi. 180,
212, 526, vii. 585, 1028, 1032,1098; Gardiner's
History of England, iv. 279, 281 ; Heylyn's Cyp-
prianus Anglicus, p. 95 ; Lawson's Life of Laud,
i. 217-19, ii. 533 ; Le Bas' Life of Laud, p. 55 ;
More's Hist. Missionis Anglic. Soc. Jesu, p. 378 ;
Morris's Condition of Catholics under James I ;
Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 91 ; Southwell's
Bibl. Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 487 ; Calendar of
State Papers ; Tanner's Societas Jesu Aposto-
orum Imitatrix, p. 707; Wood's Athense Oxon.
Bliss), iv. 971.] T. C.

FISHER, JOHN, D.D. (1748-1825),
3ishop of Salisbury, the eldest of the nine
sons of the Rev. John Fisher, successively
sdcar of Hampton, Middlesex, vicar of Peter-
borough, rector of Calbourne, Isle of Wight,
and prebendary of Preston in the cathedral
f Salisbury, was born at Hampton in 1748.
rlis father became chaplain to Bishop Thomas,
he preceptor of George III, on his appoint-
ment to the see of Peterborough in 1747, and
was by him presented to the incumbency of
St. John the Baptist in that city. The son

Fisher

Fisher

received his early education at the free school
at Peterborough, whence at the age of four-
teen he was removed to St. Paul's School, of
which Dr. Thicknesse was then head-master.
In 1766 he passed to Peterhouse, Cambridge,
on a Pauline exhibition. Dr. Edmund Law,
afterwards bishop of Carlisle, was then head
of the college, and Fisher became the inti-
mate friend of his two distinguished sons,
afterwards respectively Lord -chief-justice
Ellenborough and Bishop of Elphin. He
took his degree of B.A. in 1770, appearing
as tenth wrangler, and being also eminent
for his classical attainments. In 1773 he
became M.A., and in the same year was ap-
pointed to a Northamptonshire fellowship at
St. John's, of which college he was chosen
tutor, the duties of which office, we are told,
1 he fulfilled to the great advantage of his
pupils, being distinguished not only for his
various talents, but for the suavity of his
manners and the peculiarly felicitous manner
in which he conveyed instruction.' Fisher
then became private tutor to Prince Zarto-
rinski Poniatowski, and to the son of Arch-
bishop George of Dublin, and spent some
time with Sir J. Cradock, governor of the
Cape, but * deriving no great benefit from
these connections,' he undertook parochial
work, as curate of his native parish of Hamp-
ton. In 1780 he became B.D., and on the
recommendation of Bishop Hurd he was ap-
pointed preceptor to Prince Edward, after-
wards Duke of Kent, father of Queen Vic-
toria, and became royal chaplain and deputy
derk of the closet. This appointment he
eld five years, until in 1785 his royal pupil
vent to the university of Gottingen. On
-his Fisher visited Italy, where he became
mown to Mrs. Piozzi, who describes him in
me of her letters as ' a charming creature, gene-
ally known in society as " the King's Fisher " '
' WH ALLEY, Correspondence, ii. 367). The fol-
" owing year, 14 July, he was recalled from
Naples by his nomination by the king to a
ianonry at Windsor, where he took up his
residence, and in September of the next year
he married Dorothea, the only daughter of
J. F. Scrivener, esq., of Sibton Park, Suffolk,
by whom he had one son and two daughters.
The refined simplicity and courteousness of
his manners and the amenity of his temper
rendered Fisher a favourite with George III,
whose esteem he also gained by his unaffected
piety and his unswerving fidelity to him.
The king, we are told, treated him rather as
a friend than as a subject, and reposed in
him almost unlimited confidence. In 1789
he took the degree of D.D. From 1793 to
1797 he held the vicarage of Stowey, in the
gift of the chapter of Windsor. When the

VOL. XIX.

bishopric of Exeter became vacant by the
death of Bishop Courtenay, Fisher was chosen
by the king to be his successor, and was con-
secrated in Lambeth Chapel, 16 July 1803.
In 1805 George III appointed him to super-
intend the education of the Princess Char-
lotte of Wales. He fulfilled the duty, we
are told, 'with exemplary propriety and
credit.' The autobiography of Miss C. Knight
and other contemporary memoirs give some
glimpse of the difficulties of this post, which
he would have thrown up but for his respect
for his sovereign. His union of gentleness,
firmness, and patience carried him through.
His chief concern, we are told, was to train
the princess in the self-command naturally
foreign to her. At the outset of his charge
a correspondence sprang up between him and
Hannah More, who had published anony-
mously 'Hints towards Forming the Cha-
racter of a Princess.' An interview took
place, and Hannah More records that ' the
bishop appeared to have a very proper notion
of managing his royal pupil, and of casting
down all high imaginations ' (H. MOKE, Cor-
respondence, ed. Roberts, iii. 230). Fisher
was no favourite with Miss C. Knight, who
narrates that he used to come three or four
times a week to l do the important ; ' his great
point being to arm the princess against popery
and whiggism, * two evils which he seemed
to think equally great ; ' she adds, what is
contradicted by all other estimates of his
character, that ' his temper was hasty, and
his vanity easily alarmed.' His ' best ac-
complishment,' in this lady's opinion, was ' a
taste for drawing, and a love of the fine arts '
(Miss C. KNIGHT, Autobiography, i. 232 sq.)
Dr. Parr gives the following estimate of his
character :

Unsoiled by courts and unseduced by zeal,
Fisher endangers not the common weal.

In 1804 he accepted the office of vice-
president of the British and Foreign Bible
Society. In 1807, on the death of Bishop
Douglas, Fisher was translated from Exeter
to Salisbury, where he won general respect
and affection by his faithful and unobtrusive
performance of his episcopal duties. His
mode of life was dignified, but unostentatious.
He was very liberal in works of charity, de-
voting a large portion of his episcopal re-
venues to pious and beneficent uses, leaving
his bishopric no richer than he came to it,
his personal estate amounting at his death to
no more than 20,000/. In 1818 Fisher, under
a commission from Bishop North, visited
the Channel Islands for the purpose of hold-
ing confirmations and consecrating a church,
being the first time, since the islands were

Fisher

66

Fisher

placed under the jurisdiction of the see
Winchester, that they had enjoyed episcopal
visitation (Ann. Reg. Ix. 92, 104). He died
in Seymour Street, London, after long pro-
tracted sufferings borne with exemplary pa-
tience, 8 May 1825, aged 76, and was buried
at Windsor. He published nothing beyond
his primary charge as bishop of Exeter, and
two or three occasional sermons, which were
given to the world under pressure. In his
charge he declared himself against intolerant
treatment of Roman catholics, but expressed
his opinion that bare toleration was all that
peaceable and conscientious dissenters from
the established church had any claim to. In
the same charge he repudiated the alleged
Calvinism of the church of England, which
he said was flatly contradicted by the articles
of the church. Fisher was a generous patron
both of authors and of artists, whom he is
recorded to have treated with liberality and
unaffected kindness. A portrait of him hangs
in the dining-room of the palace at Salisbury.
Fisher's only published works are : 1. l Charge
at the Primary Visitation of the Diocese of
Exeter,' Exeter, 1805, 4to. 2. < Sermon at the
Meeting of the Charity Children in St. Paul's,
3 June 1806,' London, 1806, 4to. 3. Sermon

? reached before the House of Lords, 25 Feb.
807, on the occasion of a General Fast, on
Is. xl. 31,' London, 1807, 4to. 4. 'Sermon in
behalf of the S. P. G. on Is. Ix. 5,' London,
1809, 4to. 5. ' Sermon preached at the Con-
secration of St. James's Church, Guernsey, on
Col. i. 24,' Guernsey, 1818.

[Baker's St. John's College, ed. Mayor, p. 731 ;
Annual Eegister, 1825, also Ivi. 218, Ix. 92-104 ;
Imperial Mag. August 1825 ; Gent. Mag. 1825,
ii. 82; Sandford's Thomas Poole, pp. 65, 170,
241.] E. V.

FISHER, JOHN ABRAHAM (1744-
1806), violinist, son of Richard Fisher, was
born at Dunstable in 1744. He was brought
up in Lord Tyrawley's house, learning the
violin from Pinto, and his appearance at the
King's Theatre (1763), where he played a con-
certo, was ' by permission ' of his patron. The
following year Fisher was enrolled in the
Royal Society of Musicians. He matricu-
lated at Magdalen College, Oxford, 26 June
1777 (FOSTEK, Alumni Oxon. ii. 465). His
indefatigable industry obtained him the de-
grees of Bac. and Doc. Mus. on 5 July 1777,
his oratorio 'Providence ' being performed at
the Sheldonian Theatre two days previously.
The work was afterwards heard several times
in London ; but Fisher's name as a composer
is more closely connected with theatrical than
with sacred music. He became entitled to a
sixteenth share of Covent Garden Theatre by
his marriage about 1770 with Miss Powell,

daughter of a proprietor. He devoted his
musical talent and business energy to the
theatre. When his wife died Fisher sold his
share in the theatre, and made a professional
tour on the continent, visiting France, Ger-
many, and Russia, and reaching Vienna in
1784. The Tonkiinstler-Societat employed
three languages in a memorandum ' Mon-
sieur Fischer, ein Engellander und virtuoso
di Violino' which probably refers to the
stranger's performance at a concert of the
society. Fisher won favour also at court,
and became as widely known for his eccen-
tricities as for his ingenious performances.
It was not long before he drew odium upon
himself through his marriage with, and sub-
sequent ill-treatment of, Anna Storace, the
prima donna. The wedding had taken place
with a certain amount of eclat, but when the
virtuoso bullied and even struck his bride,
the scandal soon became public, and a separa-
tion followed. The emperor (Joseph) ordered
Fisher to quit his dominion. Leaving his
young wife he sought refuge in Ireland. The
cordiality with which his old friend Owen-
son welcomed him to Dublin, his personal
appearance, and introduction into the family
circle, have been amusingly described by Lady
Morgan, one of Owenson's daughters. Fisher
gave concerts at the Rotunda, and occupied
himself as a teacher. He died in May or June
1806. As an executant Fisher pleased by his
skill and fiery energy. In his youth he appears
to have revelled in his command of the instru-
ment, and in his maturer years he offended the
critics by a showiness that bordered on char-
latanism. Among Fisher's compositions, his
' Six Easy Solos for aViolin ' and i Six Duettos '
were useful to amateurs of the time ; while
his ' Vauxhall and Marybone Songs,' in three
books, were made popular by the singing of
Mrs. Weichsel, Vernon, and Bellamy. An-
other favourite book was a collection of airs
forming ( A comparative View of the English,
French, and Italian Schools,' which, how-
ever, contains no critical remarks. The songs
In vain I seek to calm to rest ' and ' See
with rosy beam ' deserve mention. The ' Six
Symphonies ' were played at Vauxhall and
the theatres ; the pantomime, with music,
Master of the Woods,' was produced at Sad-
ler's Wells ; the l Harlequin Jubilee ' at Co-
vent Garden, and, with the t Sylphs ' and
the ' Sirens,' gave evidence of the professor's
facility in manufacturing musicianly serio-
comic measures. The 'Norwood Gipsies/
1 Prometheus,' 'Macbeth,' and lastly *Zo-
beide/ point to a more serious vein, though
belonging equally to Fisher's theatrical period,
about 1770-80 ; but the well-written anthem,
Seek ye the Lord,' sung at Bedford Chapel

Fisher

6 7

Fisher

and Lincoln Cathedral, is of later date. Three
violin concertos were published at Berlin

1782.

[Grove's Diet. i. 530; Brown's Biog. Diet,
p. 247 ; A. B. C. Dario, p. 20 ; Pohl's Mozart and
Haydn in London, i. 42, &c. ; Royal Society of
Musicians, entry 2 Sept. 1764; Oxford Gradu-
ates, p. 231 ; Kelly's Reminiscences, i. 231 ; Mu-
sical World, 1840, p. 276; Hanslick's Geschichte
des Coucertwesens in Wien, p. 108 ; Mount-Edg-
cumbe's Reminiscences, 1834, p. 59; Clayton's
Queens of Song, i. 215 ; Lady Morgan's Memoirs,
1863, p. 80 ; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxvi. pt. i. p.
587; Gerber's Tonkiinstler-Lexikon, 1770,i.418;
Fisher's music in Brit. Mus. Library.] L. M. M.

FISHER, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1788-
1876), surgeon, son of Peter Fisher of Perth,
by Mary, daughter of James Kennay of York,
was born in London 30 Jan. 1788, and ap-
prenticed to John Andrews, a surgeon en-
joying a large practice. After studying at
St. George's and Westminster Hospitals, he
was admitted member of the Royal College
of Surgeons in 1809, became a fellow in 1836,
and was a member of the council in 1843.
The university of Erlangen, Bavaria, con-
ferred on him the degree of M.D. in 1841.
He was appointed surgeon to the Bow Street
patrol in 1821 by Lord Sidmouth, and pro-
moted to the post of surgeon-in-chief to the
metropolitan police force at the time of its
formation in 1829, which position he held un-
til his retirement on a pension in 1865. He
was knighted by the queen at Osborne on
2 Sept. 1858. He was a good practitioner,
honourable, hospitable, and steadfast in duty.
He died at 33 Park Lane, London, 22 March
1876, and was buried in Kensal Green ceme-
tery on 29 March, when six of his oldest
medical friends were the pallbearers. His
will was proved on 22 April, the personalty
being sworn under 50,000/. He married,
first, 18 April 1829, Louisa Catherine, eldest
daughter of William Haymes of Kibworth
Harcourt, Leicestershire, she died in London,
5 Oct. 1860; and secondly, 18 June 1862,
Lilias Stuart, second daughter of Colonel
Alexander Mackenzie of Grinnard, Ross-
shire.

[Proceedings of Royal Medical and Chirurgi-
cal Soc. (1880), viii. 173-4 ; Illustrated London
News, 1 April 1876, p. 335, and 27 May, p. 527 ;
Lancet, 1 April 1876, p. 515.] G. C. B.

FISHER, JONATHAN (d. 1812), land-
scape-painter, was a native of Dublin, and
originally a draper in that city. Having a
taste for art, he studied it by himself, and
eventually succeeded in obtaining the pa-
tronage of the nobility. He produced some
landscapes which were clever attempts to re-

produce nature, but were too mechanical and
cold in colour to be popular. They were,
however, very well suited for engraving, and
a set of views of Carlingford Harbour and
its neighbourhood were finely engraved by
Thomas Vivares, James Mason, and other
eminent landscape engravers of the day. In
1792 Fisher published a folio volume called
< A Picturesque Tour of Killarney, consist-
ing of 20 views engraved in aquatinta, with
a map, some general observations, &c.' He
also published other illustrations of scenery
in Ireland. Fisher did not find art profitable,
but was fortunate enough to obtain a situa-
tion in the Stamp Office, Dublin, which he
continued to hold up to his death in 1812.
There is a landscape by Fisher in the South
Kensington Museum, ' A View of Lyming-
ton River, with the Isle of Wight in the
distance.' A painting by him of ' The Schom-
berg Obelisk in the Boyne ' was in the Irish
Exhibition at London in 1888.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Catalogues of the
South Kensington Museum and the Irish Exhi-
bition, 1888 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. ; engravings
in Print Room, Brit. Mus.] L. C.

FISHER, JOSEPH (rf.1705), archdeacon
of Carlisle, was born at Whitbridge, Cum-
berland, and matriculated at Queen's College,
Oxford, in Michaelmas term 1674 : took his
B.A. degree 8 May 1679, his M.A. 6 July
1682, was fellow of that college, and on the
death of Christopher Harrison, 1695, was pre-
sented to the rectory of Brough or Burgh-
under-Stanmore, Westmoreland. Before that
time he had filled the office of lecturer or
curate, living in a merchant's house in Broad
Street, London, to be near his work. At this
place he wrote, 1695, the dedicatory epistle
to his former pupil Thomas Lambard, pre-
facing his printed sermon, preached 27 Jan.
1694 at Sevenoaks, Kent, on ' The Honour
of Marriage,' from Heb. xiii. 4. This is his
only literary production, although we are
told that he was well skilled in Hebrew and
the oriental languages. On the promotion of
William Nicolson [q. v.] to the see of Carlisle,
the archdeaconry was accepted by Fisher
9 July 1702, and his installation took place
14 July. To the archdeaconry was attached
the living of St. Cuthbert, Great Salkeld,
which he held in conjunction with Brough
till his death, which took place early in 1705.
He was succeeded in office by George Fleming
[q. v.], afterwards Sir George Fleming, bishop
of Carlisle, 28 March 1705. He was buried
at Brough.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 539;
Nicolson's and Burn's Hist, of Westmoreland
and Cumberland, i. 569 ; Le Neve's Fasti Eccles.

F2

Fisher

68

Fisher

Angl. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. 1824 ; Willis's Survey
of Cathedrals, i. 307 ; Jefferson's Antiquities of
Cumberland, i. 266.] E. C. S.

FISHER, MARY (/. 1652-1697),
quakeress, was born in a village near York
about 1623. She joined the Friends before
1652, in which year'she was admitted a quaker
minister. Shortly afterwards she was im-
prisoned in York Castle for having addressed
a congregation at Selby at the close of public
worship. This imprisonment lasted for sixteen
months, during which she wrote with four
fellow-prisoners a tract called 'False Pro-
phets and Teachers Described.' Immediately
after her release she proceeded on a mis-
sionary journey to the south and east of Eng-
land, in company with Elizabeth Williams,
a quaker minister. At the close of 1653 they
visited Cambridge, and, preaching in front of
Sidney Sussex College, were stoned by the
' scholars/ whom Mary Fisher irritated by
terming the college a cage of unclean birds.
The Friends were apprehended as disorderly
persons by the mayor of Cambridge, who
ordered them to be whipped at the mar-
ket cross 'until the blood ran down their
"bodies.' The sentence was executed with
much barbarity. This is the first instance of
quakers being publicly flogged. Shortly after-
wards Mary Fisher ' felt called to declare the
truth in the steeple-house at Pontefract,' and
for so doing was imprisoned for six months
in York Castle, at the completion of which
term she was imprisoned for another period
of three months, at the request of the mayor
of Pontefract, for being unrepentant and re-
fusing to give securities for good behaviour.
In 1655, while travelling in the ministry in
Buckinghamshire, she was also imprisoned
for several months for l giving Christian ex-
hortation ' to a congregation. Later in this
year she t felt moved ' to visit the West Indies
and New England. On her arrival, accom-
panied by Ann Austin, at Boston the autho-
rities refused to allow them to land, and
searched their "baggage for books and papers,
confiscating more than a hundred volumes,
which were destroyed. The quakeresses then
disembarked and were kept in close confine-
ment in the common gaol, the master of the
ship which brought them being compelled to
pay for their support and to give a bond that
he would remove them. During their impri-
sonment they were deprived of writing mate-
rials, and their beds and bibles were confis-
cated by the gaoler for his fees. They were
stripped naked to see if they had witch-marks
on their persons, and would have been starved
if some inhabitants had not bribed the gaoler
to be allowed to feed them. Mary Fisher
returned to England in 1657, visiting the

West Indies again at the end of that year.
In 1660 she deemed it her duty to attempt
to convert Mahomet IV, and for that purpose-
made a long and hazardous journey, largely
on foot, to Smyrna, where she was ordered
to return home by the English representative--
She retraced her steps to Venice, and at length-
succeeded in reaching Adrianople, where the-
sultan lay encamped with his army. The-
grand vizier, hearing that an Englishwoman
had arrived with a message from the ' Great
God to the sultan/ kindly offered to procure-
her an interview with the sultan, which he-
did. Mary spoke through an interpreter,
whom the sultan heard with much patience-
and gravity, and when she had concluded
acknowledged the truth of what she said and!
offered her an escort of soldiers to Constan-
tinople, which she declined. He then asked
her what she thought of Mahomet, ' a pitfall
she avoided by declaring that she knew hint
not.' She afterwards journeyed on foot to-
Constantinople, where she obtained passage-
in a ship to England. In 1662 she married
William Bayley of Poole, a quaker minister
and master mariner, who was drowned at sea
in 1675, and by whom she is believed to have-
had issue. During his lifetime she appears
to have chiefly exercised her ministry in Dor-
setshire and the adjacent counties. Her ' tes-
timony concerning her deceased husband r
appears at the end of Bayley's collected writ-
ings in 1676. In 1678 she married John
Cross, a quaker of London, in which town
she resided until when uncertain they emi-
grated to America. In 1697 she was living at
Charlestown, South Carolina, where she en-
tertained Richard Barrow, a quaker, after he
had been shipwrecked, and from a letter of
Barrow's it appears she was for a second time-
a widow. No later particulars of her life are*
known. Mary Fisher was a devoted, untiring,
and successful minister, and Croese describes;
her as having considerable intellectual fa-
culties, which were greatly adorned by the-
gravity of her deportment.

[Croese's Hist, of the Quakers, ii. 1 24 ; Besse's
Sufferings, &c. i. 85, ii. 85, &c. ; Manuscript
Sufferings of the Friends ; Manuscript Testimony
of the Yearly Meeting (London) ; Neal's Hist, of
New England, i. 292 ; Minutes of the Two Weeks'
Meeting (London) ; Bowden's Hist, of the Friends
in America, i. 35 ; Smith's Friends' Books, i. 22O,
612 ; Sewel's Hist, of the Society of Friends, ed.
1853, i. 440, ii. 225 ; Bishop's New England
Judged.] A. C. B.

FISHER, PAYNE (1616-1693), poet r
son of Payne Fisher, one of the captains in
the royal life guard while Charles I was in
Oxfordshire, and grandson of Sir William
Fisher, knight, was born at Warnford, Dor-

Fisher

6 9

Fisher

.setshire, in the house of his maternal grand-
father, Sir Thomas Neale. He matriculated
at Hart Hall, Oxford, in Michaelmas term,
1634 ; three years after he removed to Magda-
lene College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge
he first developed ( a rambling head ' and a
turn for verse-making (WooD, Athencs^liss,
iv. 377). He quitted the university very
speedily, about 1638, and entered the army in
the Netherlands. There he fought in the de-
fence of Boduc, but, returning to England
before long, enlisted as an ensign in the army
raised (1639) by Charles I against the Scots,
and during this campaign made acquaintance
with the cavalier poet, Lovelace. Subse-
quently Fisher took service in Ireland, where
he rose to the rank of captain, and, returning
about 1644, was made, by Lord Chichester's
influence, sergeant-major of a foot regiment
in the royalist army. By Rupert's command
3ie marched at the head of three hundred men
to relieve York, and was present at Marston
Moor, but, finding himself on the losing side,
Tie deserted the royalist cause after the battle,
.and retired to London, where he lived as best
he could by his pen.

Fisher's first poem, published in 1650, cele-
brating the parliamentary victory of Mars-
ton Moor, was entitled ' Marston Moor,
Eboracense carmen; cum quibusdam mis-
cellaneis opera studioque Pagani Piscatoris,
. .' London, 1650, 4to. He always wrote
under the above sobriquet, or that of Fitz-
paganus Fisher. By his turn for Latin
r/erse and his adulatory arts, or, as Wood
termed it, by his ability ' to shark money
from those who delighted to see their names
in print,' Fisher soon became the fashion-
able poet of his day. He was made poet-
laureate, or in his own words after the Re-
storation, * scribbler ' to Oliver Cromwell,
and his pen was busily employed in the ser-
vice of his new master. He wrote not only
Latin panegyrics and congratulatory odes on
the Protector, dedicating his works to Brad-
shaw and the most important of the parlia-
mentary magnates, but also composed a con-
stant succession of elegies and epitaphs on
the deaths of their generals. Thus the ' Ire-
nodia Gratulatoria, sive illus. amplissimique
Oliveri Cromwellii . . . Epinicion,' London,
1652, was dedicated to the president (Brad-
shaw) and the council of state, and concluded
with odes on the funerals of Ludlow and
Popham (London, 1652). To another, ' Veni
vidi, vici, the Triumphs of the most Excel-
lent and Illustrious Oliver Cromwell . . .
set forth in a panegyric, written in Latin,
and faithfully done into English verse by T.
Manly ' (London, 1652, 8vo), was added an
elegy upon the death of Ireton, lord deputy of

Ireland. The ' Inauguratio Oliveriana, with
other poems' (Lond. 1654, 4to), was followed
the next year by ' Oratio Anniversaria in die
Inaugurations . . . Olivari . . .' (London,
1655, fol.), and again other panegyrics on the
second anniversary of < his highness's ' inau-
guration (the ' Oratio . . .' and ' Paean Trium-
phalis,' both London, 1657). To the 'Paean'
was added an epitaph on Admiral Blake,
which, like most of Fisher's odes and elegies,
was also published separately as a ' broad-
sheet ' (see list in WOOD, ed. Bliss, Athence
Oxon. iv. 377, &c.) He celebrated the vic-
tory of Dunkirk in an ' Epinicion vel elo-
gium . . . Ludovici XIIII . . . pro nuperis
victoriis in Flandria, praecipue pro desidera-
tissima reductione Dunkirkae captaa . . . sub
confcederatis auspiciis Franco-Britannorum '
(London ? 1655 ?). The book has a portrait
of the French king in the beginning, and
French verses in praise of the author at the
end. Fisher afterwards presented Pepys with
a copy of this work * with his arms, and de-
dicated to me very handsome ' (PEPYS, Diary \
ed. 1849, i. 118, 121, 122). It was a usual
habit of the poet's to put different dedica-
tions to such of his works as might court
the favour of the rich and powerful. His
'vain, conceited humour' was so notorious
that when he once attempted to recite a
Latin elegy on Archbishop Ussher in Christ
Church Hall, Oxford (17 April 1656), the
undergraduates made such a tumult that he
never attempted another recitation at the
university. He printed ' what he had done '
in the ' Mercurius Politicus ' (1658), which
called forth some satire doggerel from Samuel
Woodford in ' Naps upon Parnassus ' (1658)
(see WOOD). It was not till 1681 that the
elegy on Ussher was separately issued, and
then an epitaph on the Earl of Ossory was
printed with it. With the return of the
Stuarts the time-server turned his coat, and
his verses were now as extravagant in praise
of the king as they had been of the Protec-
tor. His most despicable performance was a
pamphlet entitled * The Speeches of Oliver
Cromwell, Henry Ireton, and John Bradshaw,
intended to have been spoken at their exe-
cution at Tyburne 30 June 1660, but for
many weightie reasons omitted, published by
Marchiament Needham and Pagan Fisher,
servants, poets, and pamphleteers to his In-
fernal Highness,' 1660, 4to (Bodl.) Fisher's
character was too notorious for him to gain
favour by his palpable flatteries, and he lived
poor and out of favour after the Restoration.
He spent several years in the Fleet prison,
whence he published two works on the monu-
ments in the city churches, written before
or just after the great fire, and therefore of

Fisher

Fisher

some value. The first of these compilations
is ' A Catalogue of most of the Memorable
Tombs, &c., in the Demolisht or yet extant
Churches of London from St. Katherine's be-
yond the Tower to Temple Barre,' written
1666, published 1668, ' two years after the
great fire,' London, 4to. The second is ' The
Tombs, Monuments, and Sepulchral Inscrip-
tions lately visible in St. Paul's Cathedral . . .
by Major P. F., student in antiquity, grand-
child to the late Sir William Fisher and that
most memorable knight, Sir Thomas Neale, by
his wife, Elizabeth, sister to that so publick-
spirited patriot, the late Sir Thomas Freke '
of Shroton, Dorsetshire ; from the Fleet, with
dedication to Charles II, after the fire, Lon-
don, 1684, 4to. Several editions were pub-
lished of both these catalogues ; the latest
is that revised and edited by G. B. Morgan,
entitled 'Catalogue of the Tombs in the
Churches of the City of London,' 1885. Fisher
died in great poverty in a coffee-house in
the Old Bailey 2 April 1693, and was buried
6 April in a yard belonging to the church of
St. Sepulchre's.

Besides the works above enumerated, and
a quantity of other odes and epitaphs (see
list in WOOD and Brit. Mus. Cat.), Fisher
edited poems on several choice and various
subjects, occasionally imparted by an eminent
author [i. e. James Howell, q. v.] ; collected
and published by Sergeant-major P. F., Lon-
don, 1663; the second edition, giving the
author's name, is entitled * Mr. Howel's
Poems upon divers emergent occasions,' and
dedicated to Dr. Henry King, bishop of Chi-
chester, with a preface by Fisher about
Howell, whom he describes as having ' as-
serted the royal rights in divers learned
tracts,' London, 1664, 8vo. Fisher also pub-
lished : 1. ' Deus et Ilex, Rex et Episcopus,'
London, 1675, 4to. 2. l Elogia Sepulchralia,'
London, 1675, a collection of some of Fisher's
many elegies. 3. ' A Book of Heraldry,' Lon-
don, 1682, 8vo. 4. ' The Anniversary of his
Sacred Majesty's Inauguration, in Latin and
English ; from the Fleet, under the generous
jurisdiction of R. Manlove, warden thereof,'
London, 1685.

Winstanley sums up Fisher's character in
the following words : ' A notable undertaker
in Latin verse, and had well deserved of his
country, had not lucre of gain and private
ambition overswayed his pen to favour suc-
cessful rebellion.' Winstanley adds that
he had intended to ' commit to memory the
monuments in the churches in London and
Westminster, but death hindered him' (Lives
of the Poets, pp. 192, 193).

[Chalmers's Biog. Diet. p. 433 ; Cat. of Printed
Books in Brit. Mus.; Bodleian Cat.] E. T. B.

FISHER, SAMUEL (1605-1665),
quaker, son of John Fisher, a hatter in North-
ampton, was born in Northampton in 1605.
After attending a local school he matricu-
lated at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1623, and
graduated B.A. in 1627. Being puritanic-
ally inclined he removed to New Inn Hall,
whence he proceeded M.A. in 1630. Creese-
(Gen. Hist, of Quakers, p. 63, ed. 1696) says
he was chaplain to a nobleman for a short
time, and became a confirmed puritan. In
1632 he was presented to the lectureship of
Lydd, Kent, a position variously estimated
as being worth from two to five hundred
pounds a year. Wood (Athence Oxon. iii. 700,
ed. 1813) says he was presented to the vicar-
age of Lydd, but the register shows this to
be incorrect. He rapidly obtained the cha-
racter of a powerful preacher, and was a
leader among the puritans of the district. In
his ' Baby-Baptism ' (p. 12) Fisher states that
he was made a priest (? presbyter) by certain*
presby terian divines after episcopacy was laid
aside. While at Lydd Fisher took a warm
part in favour of some anabaptists, attend-
ing their meetings and offering them the use
of his pulpit, in which he was stopped by the
churchwardens. About 1643 he returned
his license to the bishop and joined the bap-
tists, with whom he had for some time con-
sorted, supporting himself by farming. He
was rebaptised, and after taking an active*
part in the baptist community became minis-
ter to a congregation at Ashford, Kent, some
time previous to 1649, in which year he was
engaged in a controversy on infant baptism
with several ministers in the presence of over
two thousand people. He also disputed with
Dr. Channel at Petworth, Sussex, in 1651, and
was engaged in at least eight other disputes
within three years, and is said to have been
considered a ' great honour to the baptist
cause' (CROSBY, Hist, of the Baptists, i. 363).
He wrote several tractates in defence of his
principles, and 'Baby-Baptism meer Babism/
In 1654 William Coton and John Stubbs,
while on a visit to Lydd, stayed at Fisher's
house, and convinced him of the truth of
quakerism. Shortly afterwards he joined
the Friends, among whom he subsequently
became a minister, probably before his meet-
ing with George Fox at Romney in 1655.
On 17 Sept. 1656 Fisher attended the meet-
ing of parliament, and when the Protector
stated that to his knowledge no man in Eng-
land had suffered imprisonment unjustly at-
tempted a reply. He was prevented com-
pleting his speech, which he afterwards pub-
lished. He subsequently attempted to ad-
dress the members of parliament at a fast-day
service in St. Margaret's Church, Westmin-

Fisher

Fisher

ster. He appears to have laboured chiefly in
Kent, in which county Besse (Sufferings, i.
289) says he was ' much abused ' in 1658, and
in 1659 he was pulled out of a meeting at
Westminster by his hair and severely beaten.
In May of this year he went to Dunkirk with
Edward Burrough [q. v.], when the authori-
ties ordered them to leave the town. They
declined, and were then directed to be mode-
rate. After unsuccessfully endeavouring to
promulgate their doctrines to the monks and
nuns for a few days they returned to Eng-
land. During the following year Fisher and
Stubbs made a journey to Rome, travelling
over the Alps on foot, where they ' testified
against popish superstition ' to several of the
cardinals, and distributed copies of quaker
literature, nor were they molested or even
warned. ~Wood(Athence Oxon. iii. 700) states
that when Fisher returned he had a l very
genteel equipage,' which, as his means were
known to be very small, caused him to be
suspected of being a Jesuit and in receipt of
a pension from the pope, and Fisher seems
to have undergone some amount of persecu-
tion from this cause. Wood also states that
this journey took place in 1658, and that it
extended to Constantinople, whither Fisher
went, hoping to convert the sultan. In 1660
Fisher held a dispute with Thomas Danson
at Sandwich, in which he defended the doc-
trines of the Friends (see Rusticus ad Aca-
demicos}, and later in this year he was im-
prisoned in Newgate. The rest of his life
was chiefly spent in or near London, where
he was a successful preacher. In 1661 he was
imprisoned and treated with much severity
in the Gatehouse at Westminster. In 1662 he
was arrested and sent to the Bridewell for
being present at an illegal meeting. He was
again sent to Newgate for refusing to take
the oaths, and was detained for upwards of
a year, during which time he occupied him-
self in writing ' The Bishop busied beside the
Business.' During part of this imprisonment
he was confined with other prisoners in a room
so small that they were unable to lie down at
the same time. I Shortly after his discharge he
was again arrested at Charlwood, Surrey, and
committed to the White Lion Prison, South-
wark, where he was confined for about two
years. During the great plague he was tem-
porarily released, and retired to the house of
Ann Travers, a quakeress at Dalston, near
London, where he died of the plague on
31 Aug. 1665. His place of burial is uncer-
tain. Fisher's works show him to have been a
man of considerable erudition and some lite-
rary skill, but they are disfigured by violence
and coarseness. They were, however, quaker
text-books for more than a century. He was

skilful in argument, had no little logical
acumen, and great controversial powers.
Sewel asserts that he was ' dextrous and
well skilled in the ancient poets and Hebrew/
His private life appears to have been above
reproach, and the ' testimonies ' of the Friends
unite in giving him a high personal charac-
ter. William Penn, who was intimately ac-
quainted with him, praises his sweetness and
evenness of temper, his self-denial and hu-
mility, and Besse declares that he excelled
in < natural parts and acquired abilities,' and
that he ' incessantly laboured by word and
writing.' His more important works are:
1. ' Baby-Baptism meerBabism, or an Answer
to Nobody in Five Words, to Everybody who
finds himself concerned in it. (1) Anti-
Diabolism, or a True Account of a Dispute at
Ashford proved a True Counterfeit ; (2) An-
ti-Babism, or the Babish Disputings of the
Priests for Baby-Baptism Disproved; (3) An-
ti-Rantism, or Christ'ndome Unchrist'nd;
(4) Anti-Ranterism, or Christ'ndome New
Christ'nd; (5) Anti-Sacerdotism the deep
dotage of the D.D. Divines Discovered, or
the Antichristian C.C. Clergy cleared to be
that themselves which they have ever charged
Christ's Clergy to be,' &c., 1653. 2. < Chris-
tianismus Redivivus, Christ'ndom both un-
christ'ned and new-christ'ned,' &c., 1655.
3. < The Scorned Quaker's True and Honest
Account, both why and what he should have
spoken (as to the sum and substance thereof)
by commission from God, but that he had
not permission from Men,' &c., 1656. 4. 'The
Burden of the Word of the Lord, as it was
declared in part, and as it lay upon me from
the Lord on the 19th day of the 4th mo.
1656, to declare it more fully,' &c., 1656.
5. ' Rusticus ad Academicos in Exercita-
tionibus Expostulatoriis, Apologeticis Qua-
tuor. The Rusticks Alarm to the Rabbies,
or the Country correcting the University and
Clergy/ &c., 1660. 6. ' An Additional Ap-
pendix to the book entitled " Rusticus ad
Academicos," ' 1660. 7. i Lux Christi emer-
gens, oriens, eft'ulgens, ac seipsam expandens
per universum,' &c., 1660. 8. l One Antidote
more against that provoking Sin of Swearing,'
&C., 1661. 9. ' 'AiroKpVTTTa aTro/mXvTrra, Ve-
lata Qusedam Revelata,' &c., 1661. 10. ' 'ETTI-
O-KOTTOS d-rroa-KOTTos ; the Bishop Busied beside
the Businesse,' &c., 1662. The foregoing
works with many less important were re-
printed in 1679 under the title of ' The Tes-
timony of Truth Exalted,' &c., folio.

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. iii. 700 ; Fasti, i. 430,
ed. 1813; Croese's General Hist, of the Quakers,
p. 63, ed. 1696 ; Sewel's Hist, of the Quakers,
vols. i. ii. and iii. 1833 ; (rough's Hist, of the
Quakers, i. 253 ; Besse's Sufferings, i. 289, 366 ;

Fisher

Fisher

"Wood's Hist, of the General Baptists ; Crosby's
Hist, of the Baptists, i. 359 ; Britton and Bray-
ley's Description of the County of Northampton ;
Tuke's Biographical Notices of ... Friends, ii.
221, ed. 1815; W. and T. Evans's Friends' Li-
brary, vol. ii. ; Hasted's Kent, ii. 517; Fox's
Autobiography, p. 139, ed. 1765; Smith's Cata-
logue of Friends' Book ; Swarthmore MSS.]

A. C. B.

FISHER, SAMUEL (ft. 1692), puritan,
son of Thomas Fisher of Stratford-on-Avon,
was born in 1617, and educated at the uni-
versity of Oxford, matriculating at Queen's
College in 1634, and graduating at Magdalen
College B.A. 15 Dec. 1636, M.A. 18 June
1640. He took holy orders, and officiated at
St. Bride's, London, at Withington, Shrop-
shire, and at Shrewsbury, where he was
curate to Thomas Blake [q. v.] He afterwards
held the rectory of Thornton-in-the-Moors,
Cheshire, from which he was ejected at the
Restoration. He spent the rest of his life
at Birmingham, where he died, ' leaving
the character of an ancient divine, an able
preacher, and a godly life.' He published :
1. 'An Antidote against the Fear of Death;
being meditations in a time and place of great
mortality ' (the time, Wood informs us, being
July and August 1650, the place Shrews-
bury). 2. ' A Love Token for Mourners,
teaching spiritual dumbness and submission
under God's smarting rod,' in two funeral
sermons, London, 1655. 3. A Fast sermon,
preached 30 Jan. 1692-3.

[Wood's AthenseOxon. (Bliss), iv. 587; Orme-
rod's Cheshire, ed. Helsby, ii. 21 ; Calamy's
Abridgment, i. 124.] J. M. E.

FISHER, otherwise HAWKINS, THOMAS
(d. 1577), M.P. for Warwick, was of ob-
scure origin and usually known by the name
of Fisher, because his father was ' by pro-
fession one that sold fish by retail at the
mercate crosse in Warwick.' The quick-
ness of his parts recommended him to the
notice of John Dudley, duke of Northumber-
land, then Viscount Lisle, who received him
into his service, and on 4 May, 34 Hen. VIII,
constituted him high steward and bailiff of
his manor of Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicester-
shire. For his exercise of that office during
life Fisher had an annuity of 61. 13s. 6d.
granted to him, which was 'confirmed in the
reign of Mary. He contrived to accumulate
avast estate in monastery and church lands,
of which a lengthv list is given by Dugdale
(Warwickshire, edit. 1656, p. 365). In
38 Hen. VIII he obtained the site of St.
Sepulchre's Priory, Warwick, with the lands
adjacent, and proceeded to pull the monas-
tery to the ground, raising in the place of
it ' a very fair house as is yet to be seen,

which being finished about the 8 year of
Queen Eliz. reign, he made his principal
seat.' He gave it a new name ' somewhat
alluding to his own, viz. Hawkyns-nest, or
Hawks-nest, by reason of its situation,
having a pleasant grove of loftie elmes al-
most environing it ' (ib. ) However, its old
designation of the ' Priory' was soon revived
and finally prevailed. In 1 Edward VI,
Bishop's Itchington, Warwickshire, being
alienated to him from the see of Coventry
and Lichfield, he made an ' absolute depopu-
lation ' of that part called Nether Itchington,
and even demolished the church for the pur-
pose of building a large manor-house on its
site. He also changed the name of the
village to Fisher's Itchington, in an attempt
to perpetuate his own memory. Fisher, who
was now the chief citizen of Warwick, next
appears as secretary to the Duke of Somer-
set, protector of England. There is a tra-
dition that he was colonel of a regiment in
the English army under the command of
Somerset, when the Scots were defeated at
the battle of Pinkie, near Musselburgh,
10 Sept. 1547, * where he, taking the colours
of some eminent person in which a griftbn
was depicted, had a grant by the said duke
that he should thenceforth, in memory of
that notable exploit, bear the same in his
armes within a border verrey, which the
duke added thereto in relation to one of
the quarterings of his own coat [viz. Beau-
champ of Hatch] as an honourable lodge for
that service.' Towards the end of June
1548 he was commissioned by Somerset to
repair with all diligence into the north to
the Earl of Shrewsbury and Lord Grey, with
instructions for the defence of Haddington,
and for the other necessary movements of
the king's army and his officers in Scotland.
He was also to repair to Sir John Luttrell
at Broughty, and to commune with him and
Lord Gray of Scotland, to devise with them
some means of communicating with the Earl
of Argyll, and to treat with the earl accord-
ing to certain articles proposed (Cal. State
Papers, Scottish Ser. 1509-89, i. 89, 92). In
March 1549 he was appointed along with
Sir John Luttrell to confer with Argyll and
other Scotch nobles for the return of the
queen from France and ' accomplishment of
the godly purpose of marriage ' (ib. p. 97).
Under the strain of such duties his health
gave way, and in a melancholy letter to
Secretary Cecil, dated from the ' Camp at
Enderwick,' 17 Sept. 1549, he declares that
he ' would give three parts of his living to
be away ; and wishes to be spared like ser-
vice in future ' (ib. p. 98). In 6 Edward VI
he had a grant of the bailiwick of Banbury,

Fisher

73

Fisher

Oxfordshire, being made collector of the
king's revenue within that borough and hun-
dred, as also governor of the castle, with a
fee of 66s. 7d. a year for exercising the office
of steward and keeping the king's court
within that manor. It was generally be-
lieved that the Duke of Northumberland,
anticipating want of money to pay the forces
which would be required in the event of his
daughter-in-law Lady Jane Grey being pro-
claimed queen, ' privately conveyed a vast

tomb, which bore the recumbent effigies of

T^! ? nd his first wif e Winifred, daughter
of William Holt, probably perished in the
great fire of 1694; it has been engraved
by Hollar (DUGDALE, p. 350). His son and
heir , EDWAED FISHEE, was thirty years old
at the time of his father's death. His in-
heritance, Dugdale informs us, was then
worth. 3,000/. a year, but he soon squan-
dered it, and hastened his ruin by making a
fraudulent conveyance to deceive Serjeant

represented Warwick in the second parlia-
ment of Mary, 1554, and in the first (1554),
second (1555), and third (1557-8) of Philip
and Mary (Lists of Members of Parliament,
Official Return, pt. i. pp. 387, 391, 395, 3" "
In 1571, when Robert Dudley, earl of
Leicester, celebrated the order of St. Michael
in the collegiate church of Warwick, the

A* d en ^ by h m . in , Bisho ? s Itchin ^ ton p L ^ iWrf iSSSfiTSSS

After, the attainder and execution of the commenced a prosecution against him ?n the
duke in 1553, Fisher was questioned about j Star-chamber, and had not Leicester inter-
the money by orders from the queen, but he posed, his fine would have been very severe
sturdily refused to deliver it up, and even He ultimately consented that an act of pa?!
suffered his fingers to be pulled out of joint j liament should be made to confirm /
rack rather than discover it. Fisher tate to Puckering, but being encumbered

with debts he was committed prisoner to
the Fleet, where he spent the rest of his
life. He married Katherine, daughter of
Sir Richard Longe, by whom he had issue,
Thomas, John, Dorothy, and Katherine.

Fisher is sometimes mistaken for the John
Fisher who compiled the < Black Book of

,.-,.. , ' Warwick.' The latter was in all probability

baihft and burgesses of the borough were John Fisher, bailiff of Warwick, in 1565 '
invited to attend the earl from the Priory,
where he was Fisher's guest for six or seven
days, and thence went in grand procession
to the church. Immediately on the conclu-
sion of the ceremony, at which he had been
present, William Parr, marquis of North-
ampton, brother of Queen Catherine Parr,

J* 1 J T i _ _ j_ ji -r rm n -n

[Dugdale's Warwickshire (1656), pp. 364-5,
and passim; Colvile's Worthies of Warwick-
shire, pp. 287-91 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1547-80, Addenda, 1547-65 ; Visitation of War-
wickshire, 1619, Harl. Soc. 20.] Gr. G.

FISHER, THOMAS (1781 ?-1836),anti-

died suddenly at the Priory. The following quary, born at Rochester in or about 1781,

was the younger of the two sons of Thomas

-. .. Fisher, printer, bookseller, and alderman of

Kenil worth, on Saturday night, 17 Aug., that city. His father, who died on 29 Aug.
having dined with Fisher's son, Edward, at 1786, was author of the < Kentish Traveller's
his house at Itchington on the Monday pre-
viously. After supping with Mrs. Fisher
and her company, her majesty withdrew for
the kind purpose of visiting 'the good man
of the house . . . who at that time was
grevously vexid with the gowt/ but with
most gracious words she so ' comfortid him

T) n 77" ff \

To rl aniTT

Ol, VI f

n iinnfiil littln

ESs2?S

r^l \

1*1 1 * 1 T7

pllU J\

ivn Q08 flQ'i

v-ol Ivii i^r

p. 606X In

86 Fisher entered the India House as an
extra clerk, but in April 1816 was appointed

that forgetting, or rather counterfeyting, his searcher of records, a post for which his

TinVTIO 1~ * T^crilTrorl ^ in TVr\t*i Tioo-f-o +Via-n rrr\/-\r\ lr-r\r\T/I c\A rff\ o -r\ A 1 i-t-/^-trT-rr r -f-fr* i -*-* r\ -*\-t-n -*vr/\ll

payne,' he resolved ' in more haste than good knowledge and literary attainments well
spede to be on horseback the next tyme of fitted him. From this situation he retired

on a pension in June 1834, after having
spent in different offices under the company

her going abrode.' Though his resolution
was put to the proof as soon as the following

Monday, he actually accomplished it, at- altogether forty-six years. He died unmar-
tending the queen on her return to Kenil-
worth and riding in company with the Lord-
treasurer Burghley, to whom, it would seem,
he talked with more freedom than discretion
(NICHOLS, Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, i.
310, 318-19). Fisher died 12 Jan. 1576-7,
and was buried at the upper end of the north
aisle in St. Mary's Church, "Warwick. His

ried on 20 July 1836, in his sixty-fifth year,
at his lodgings in Church Street, Stoke New-
ington, and was buried on the 26th in Bun-
tiill Fields. From the time of his coming to
London he had resided at Gloucester Terrace,
Hoxton, in the parish of Shoreditch.

Before he left Rochester Fisher's talents <
as a draughtsman attracted the attention of ; and w

originator and publisher of " The history ai
antiquities of Rochester and its environs
1772 (new eds., 1817 and 1833) ; the prii

Fisher

74

Fisher

Isaac Taylor, the engraver. He was besides
eminent as an antiquary. Some plates in
the ' Custumale Roffense,' published by John
Thorpe in 1788, are from drawings by Fisher ;
while it appears from the same work (pp. 155,
234, 262) that he had helped Samuel JJenne,
one of the promoters of the undertaking, in
examining the architecture and monuments
of Rochester Cathedral. His first literary
effort, a description of the Crown inn at Ro-
chester and its curious cellars, was printed
with a view and plan in the ' Gentleman's
Magazine ' for 1789, under the pseudonym of
' Antiquitatis Conservator' (vol. lix. pt. ii.
p. 1185). He had previously contributed
drawings for one or two plates. In 1795
Denne communicated to the Society of An-
tiquaries a letter on the subject of water-
marks in paper, enclosing drawings by Fisher
of sixty-four specimens, together with copies
of several autographs and some curious docu-
ments discovered by him in a room over the
town hall at Rochester. The letter, accom-
panied by the drawings, is printed in ' Ar-
chseologia,' xii. 114-31. By Fisher's care the
records were afterwards placed in proper cus-
tody. His next publications were ' An En-
Saving of a fragment of Jasper found near
illah, bearing part of an inscription in the
cuneiform character,' s. sh. 4to, London, 1802,
and ' An Inscription [in cuneiform characters]
of the size of the original, copied from a stone
lately found among the ruins of ancient
Babylon,' s. sh. fol., London, 1803. In 1806
and 1807 Fisher was the means of preserving
two beautiful specimens of Roman mosaic
discovered in the city of London ; the one
before the East India House in Leadenhall
Street, and the other, which was presented
to the British Museum, in digging founda-
tions for the enlargement of the Bank of
England. These he caused to be engraved
from drawings made by himself, and he pub-
lished a description of them in the ' Gentle-
man's Magazine,' vol. Ixxvii. pt. i. p. 415.

In the summer of 1804 Fisher discovered
some legendary paintings on the roof and
walls of the chapel belonging to the ancient
Guild of Holy Cross in Stratford-on-Avon. A
work founded upon this and muniments lent
to him by the corporation appeared in 1807 as
' A Series of antient Allegorical, Historical,
and Legendary Paintings . . . discovered . . .
on the walls of the Chapel of the Trinity at
Stratford-upon-Avon . . . also Views and Sec-
tions illustrative of the Architecture of the
Chapel/parts i-iv. (Appendix, No. l,pp. 1-4),
fol. (London), 1807. His account of the
guild, with copious extracts from the ledger-
book, appeared in the ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine,' new ser. iii. 162, 375.

Between 1812 and 1816 Fisher published
ninety-five plates from his drawings of monu-
mental and other remains in Bedfordshire,
under the title of ' Collections Historical,
Genealogical, and Topographical for Bedford- 1
shire,' 4to, London, 1812-16. A second part,
consisting of 114 folio plates, appeared only
a few weeks before his death in 1836. He
gave up his intention of adding letterpress
descriptions on account of the tax of eleven
copies imposed by the Copyright Act. He
published numerous remonstrances in peti-
tions to parliament, in pamphlets, and in es-
says in periodicals. See his essay in the
'Gentleman's Magazine 'for 181 3, vol. Ixxxiii.
pt. ii. pp. 513-28, and his petition in 1814,
printed in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' vol.
Ixxxvii. pt. i. p. 490. In 1838 John Gough
Nichols added descriptions to a new edition.

Meanwhile Fisher had printed at the litho-
graphic press of D. J. Redman thirty-seven
drawings of ' Monumental Remains and An-
tiquities in the county of Bedford,' of which
fifty copies were issued in 1828. Fisher was
one of the first to welcome lithography in
this country. As early as 1808 he published
an account of it, under the title of ' Polyan-
tography,' with a portrait of Philip H. Andre,
its first introducer into England, in the
' Gentleman's Magazine,' vol. Ixxviii. pt. i.
p. 193. In 1807 he published in four litho-
graphic plates: 1. 'A Collection of all the
Characters . . . which appear in the Inscrip-
tion on a Stone found among the Ruins of
ancient Babylon . . . now deposited in the
East Indian Company's Library at Leaden-
hall Street.' 2. 'A Pedestal, and Fragment
of a Statue of Hercules . . . dug out of the
Foundations of the Wall of the City of Lon-
don.' 3. ' Ichnography, with Architectural
Illustrations of the old Church of St. Peter
le Poor in Broad Street, London.' 4. ( Sir
W. Pickering, from his Tomb in St. Helen's
Church, London.' Shortly afterwards he is-
sued several plates of monumental brasses to
illustrate Hasted's l Kent' and Lysons's ' En-
virons of London.' In order to encourage a
deserving artist, Hilkiah Burgess, Fisher had
ten plates etched of ' Sepulchral Monuments
in Oxford.' These were issued in 1836.

Fisher was in 1821 elected F.S.A. of Perth,
and on 5 May 1836 F.S.A. of London, an
honour from which he had been hitherto
debarred, as being both artist and dissenter.
Many of the more valuable biographies of
distinguished Anglo-Indians in the ' Gentle-
man's Magazine' were contributed by Fisher.
That of Charles Grant, father of Lord Glenelg-
{Gent. Mag. vol. xciii. pt. ii. p. 561), was
afterwards enlarged and printed for private
circulation, 8vo, London, 1833. He was like-

Fisher

75

Fisher

wise a contributor to the ' European Maga-
zine/ the ' Asiatic Journal,' and to several
religious periodicals. He was one of the
projectors of the ' Congregational Magazine,'
and from 1818 to 1823 conducted the sta-
tistical department of that serial. "When
elected a guardian of Shoreditch, in which
parish he resided, he assisted John Ware,
the vestry clerk, in the compilation of a vo-
lume entitled ' An Account of the several
Charities and Estates held in trust for the
use of the Poor of the Parish of St. Leonard,
Shoreditch, Middlesex, and of Benefactors
to the same,' 8vo, London, 1836. He was
also zealous in the cause of anti-slavery.
In 1825 he published * The Negro's Memo-
rial, or Abolitionist's Catechism. By an
Abolitionist,' 8vo, London. He was a mem-
ber, too, of various bible and missionary
societies. A few of his letters to Thomas
Orlebar Marsh, vicar of Steventon, Bedford-
shire, are in the British Museum, Addit. MS.
23205. His collections of topographical draw-
ings and prints, portraits and miscellaneous
prints, books, and manuscripts, were sold by
Evans on 30 May 1837 and two following

[Gent. Mag. new ser. vi. 220, 434-8 ; Notes
and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 228, 339 ; Cat. of Library
of London Institution, iii. 350.] Of. Or.

FISHER, WILLIAM (1780-1852), rear-
admiral, second son of John Fisher of Yar-
mouth, Norfolk, was born on 18 Nov. 1780,
and entered the navy in 1795. After serv-
ing in the North Sea, at the Cape of Good
Hope, and in the Mediterranean, and as
acting lieutenant of the Foudroyant on the
coast of Egypt, he was confirmed in the
rank on 3 Sept. 1801. In 1805 he was lieu-
tenant of the Superb during the chase of Ville-
neuve to the West Indies ; and in 1806 was
promoted to be commander. In 1808 he
commanded the Racehorse of 18 guns in the
Channel, and in the same ship, in 1809-10,
was employed in surveying in the Mozam-
bique. In March 1811 he was promoted to
post-rank, and in 1816-17 commanded in suc-
cession the Bann and Cherub, each of 20 guns,
on the coast of Guinea, in both of which
he captured several slavers and pirates, some
of them after a desperate resistance. From
March 1836 to May 1841 he commanded the
Asia in the Mediterranean, and in 1840, during
the operations on the coast of Syria [see STOP-
TOED, SIR ROBERT], was employed as senior
officer of the detached squadron off Alexan-
dria, with the task of keeping open the mail
communication through Egypt. For this
service he received the Turkish gold medal
and diamond decoration. He had no further

service afloat, but became, in due course, a
rear-admiral in 1847. During his retirement
he wrote two novels : < The Petrel, or Love
on the Ocean ' (1850), which passed through
three editions, and < Ralph Rutherford, a
Nautical Romance ' (1851). He died in Lon-
don, on 30 Sept. 1852. A man who had
been so long in the navy during a very stir-
ring period, who had surveyed the Mozam-
bique, and captured slavers and pirates, had
necessarily plenty of adventures at command,
which scarcely needed the complications of
improbable love stories to make them inte-
resting ; but the author had neither the con-
structive skill nor the literary talent necessary
for writing a good novel, and his language
throughout is exaggerated and stilted to the
point of absurdity.

Fisher married, in 1810, Elizabeth, sister
of Sir James Rivett Carnac, bart., governor
of Bombay, by whom he had two children, a
daughter and a son.

[O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Gent. Mag. 1852,
new ser. xxxviii. 634.] J. K. L.

FISHER, WILLIAM WEBSTER, M.D,

(1798 P-1874), Downing professor of medi-
cine at Cambridge, a native of Westmore-
land, was born in or about 1798. He studied
in the first instance at Montpellier, where
he took the degree of M.D. in 1825 (D.M. I.
'De 1'inflammation considered sous le rap-
port de ses indications,' 4to, Montpellier,
1825). Two years later he was entered at
Trinity College, Cambridge, of which his
brother, the Rev. John Hutton Fisher, was
then fellow and assistant-tutor. Subse-
quently he removed to Downing College,
where he graduated as M.B. in 1834. Shortly
afterwards he succeeded to a fellowship, but
the Downing professorship of medicine fall-
ing vacant in 1841, Fisher was elected and
resigned his fellowship. He, however, held
some of the college offices. In 1841 he pro-
ceeded M.D. His lectures were well at-
tended. He acted for many years as one
of the university examiners of students in
medicine, and was an ex officio member of
the university board of medical studies. In-
addition to fulfilling the duties of his pro-
fessorship, Fisher had a large practice as a
physician at Cambridge. He was formerly
one of the physicians to Addenbrooke's Hos--
pital, and on his resignation was appointed
consulting physician to that institution. Al-
though for some time he had relinquished
the practice of his profession, he regularly
delivered courses of lectures until 1868, since
which time they were read by a deputy,
P. W. Latham, M.D., late fellow of Down-
ing. Fisher was a fellow of the Cambridge

Fisk

7 6

Fisken

Philosophical Society, and a contributor to
its l Transactions.' He was highly esteemed
in the university for his professional attain-
jnents and his conversational powers. He
died at his lodge in Downing College, 4 Oct.
1874, in his seventy-sixth year.

[Brit. Med. Journ. 10 Oct. 1874, p. 481 ; Med.
Times and Gaz. 10 Oct. 1874, p. 434, 17 Oct.
1874, p. 461 ; Lancet, 10 Oct. 1874, p. 533.]

Gr. G.

FISK, WILLIAM (1796-1872), painter,
foorn in 1796 at Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex, was
the son of a yeoman farmer at Can Hall in
that county, of a family which boasted of some
antiquity, dating back to the days of Henry IV.
Drawing very early became Fisk's favourite
occupation, but his inclination to art was
discouraged by his father, who sent him to
school at Colchester, and at nineteen years
of age placed him in a mercantile house in
London. In this uncongenial profession Fisk
remained for ten years, though he never ne-
glected his artistic powers, and in 1818 sent
to the Royal Academy a portrait of Mr. G.
Fisk, and in 1819 a portrait of a l Child and
Favourite Dog.' He married about 1826,
and after the birth of his eldest son he de-
voted himself seriously to art as a profession.
In 1829 he sent to the Royal Academy a
portrait of William Redmore Bigg, R. A., and
continued to exhibit portraits there for a few
years. At the British Institution he ex-
hibited in 1830 ' The Widow,' and in 1832
'Puck.' About 1834 he took to painting
large historical compositions, by which he is
best known. These compositions, though a
failure from an artistic point of view, pos-
sessed value from the care Fisk took to ob-
tain contemporary portraits and authorities
for costume, which he faithfully reproduced
on his canvas. Some of them were engraved,
and the popularity of the engravings led to
his painting more. They comprised ' Lady
Jane Grey, when in confinement in the Tower,
visited by Feckenham ' (British Institution,
1834) ; ' The Coronation of Robert Bruce '
(Royal Academy, 1836) ; ' La Journee des
Dupes ' (Royal Academy, 1837) ; ' Leonardo
da Vinci expiring in the arms of Francis I '
(Royal Academy, 1838) ; * The Chancellor
Wriothesley approaching to apprehend Ka-
therine Parr on a charge of heresy,' and
4 Mary, widow of Louis XII of France, re-
ceiving Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk,
ambassador from Henry VIII ' (British In-
stitution, 1838) ; ' The Queen Mother, Marie
de Medici, demanding the dismissal of Car-
dinal Richelieu ' (British Institution, 1839) ;
* The Conspiracy of the Pazzi, or the attempt
to assassinate Lorenzo de Medici' (Royal
Academy, 1839) ; the last-named picture was

in 1840 awarded the gold medal of the Man-
chester Institution for the best historical
picture exhibited in their gallery. About
1840 Fisk commenced a series of pictures con-
nected with the reign of Charles I, namely,
* Cromwell's Family interceding for the life
of Charles I ' (Royal Academy, 1840) ; < The
Trial of the Earl of Strafford ' (never exhi-
bited, engraved by James Scott in 1841, and
now in the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool) ;
' The Trial of Charles I in Westminster Hall '
(Royal Academy, 1842) ; l Charles I passing
through the banqueting-house, Whitehall, to
the Scaffold ' (Royal Academy, 1843) ; ' The
last interview of Charles I with his Children '
(British Institution, 1844). After these his
productions were of a less ambitious nature,
and he eventually retired from active life to
some property at Danbury in Essex, where
he died on 8 Nov. 1872. He was also a fre-
quent contributor to the Suffolk Street exhi-
bition.

[Art Journal, 1873, p. 6; Redgrave's Diet, of
Artists; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880;
Catalogues of the Royal Academy and British
Institution.] L. C.

FISK, WILLIAM HENRY (1827-1884),
painter and drawing-master, son of William
Fisk [q. v.], was a pupil of his father, and
also a student of the Royal Academy. He
was a skilled draughtsman, and as such was
appointed anatomical draughtsman to the
Royal College of Surgeons. In painting he
was a landscape-painter, and exhibited for
the first time in 1846. In 1850 he exhibited
at the Royal Academy, subsequently being
an occasional exhibitor at the other London
exhibitions and also in Paris. He was teacher
of drawing and painting to University Col-
lege School, London, and in that capacity
was very successful and of high repute. A
series of drawings of trees which he produced
for the queen were much esteemed. He was
a clear and logical lecturer on the practical
aspect of art, and succeeded in attracting
large audiences in London and the provinces.
He also occasionally contributed articles on
painting to the public press. He died on
13 Nov. 1884, in his fifty-eighth year.

[Athenaeum, 22 Nov. 1884 ; Graves's Diet, of
Artists, 1760-1880; Catalogues of the Royal
Academy, &c.] L. C.

FISKEN, WILLIAM (d. 1883), presby-
terian minister, the son of a farmer, was born
on Gelleyburn farm, near Crieff, Perthshire.
After attending school at the neighbouring
village of Muthill, he was sent to St. An-
drews College to study for the ministry under
Professor Duncan. Subsequently he removed
to the university of Glasgow, and thence to

Fisken

77

Fitch

the Divinity Hall of the Secession church.
"While there he taught a school at Alyth, near
his birthplace. Upon receiving license in
the presbytery of Dundee, he commenced his
career as a preacher in the Secession church.
He visited various places throughout the
country, including the Orkney Islands, where
he would have received a call had he cared
to accept it. He was next sent to the pres-
bytery at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and preached
as a probationer at the adjoining village of
Stamfordham, where in 1847 he received a call,
and was duly ordained. He there laboured
zealously until his death. In the double ca-
pacity of governor and secretary he did much
towards promoting the success of the scheme
of the endowed schools at Stamfordham.
Fisken and his brothers Thomas (a school-
master at Stockton-upon-Tees) and David
studied mechanics. Thomas and he invented
the steam plough. A suit took place between
the Fiskens and the Messrs. Fowler, the well-
known implement makers at Leeds, and the
finding of the jury was that the former were
the original discoverers. The appliance which
perfected the plan of the brothers occurred to
them both independently and almost simul-
taneously. William Chartres of Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, the solicitor employed by the
Fiskens, used to tell how the two brothers
wrote to him on the same day about the final
discovery, but that he receivedWilliam'sletter
first. Fisken also invented a potato-sowing
machine, a safety steam boiler, a propeller,
an apparatus for heating churches, which
worked excellently, and the 'steam tackle'
which, patented in July 1855, helped to render
the steam plough of practical use. This
system of haulage, which obtained second
prize at the royal show at Wolverhampton,
has undergone great modifications since its
early appearance in Scotland in 1852, its ex-
hibition at Carlisle in 1855, and at the show
of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng-
land in 1863 (Journal of Royal Agricultural
Society, xx. 193, xxiv. 368). Fisken worked
on the fly-rope system. An endless rope set
into motion direct by the fly-wheel of the
engine drove windlasses of an extremely in-
genious type, by which the plough or other
implement was put in motion. A great deal
of excellent work was done on this system,
especially with tackle made by Messrs. Bar-
ford & Perkins of Peterborough, but for
some reason the system never quite took with
farmers, and very few sets of Fisken's tackle
are now in use (Engineer, 11 Jan. 1884,
p. 37). Fisken was the author of a pamphlet
on ' The Cheapest System of Steam Cultiva-
tion and Steam Cartage,' and of another ' On
the Comparative Methods of Steam Tackle/

which gained the prize of the Bath and West?
of England Society. A man of liberal views,
?reat generosity of character, and wide read-
ing, he made friends wherever he went. He
died at his manse, Stamfordham, on 28 Dec.
1883, aged upwards of seventy.

[Times, 4 and 8 Jan. 1884; Newcastle Courant,
4 Jan. 1884.] G. G.

FITCH, RALPH (Jl. 1583-1606), tra-
veller in India, was among the first English-
men known to have made the overland route
down the Euphrates Valley towards India.
He left London on 12 Feb. 1583 with other
merchants of the Levant Company, among"
whom were J. Newberry, J. Eldred, W.
Leedes, jeweller, and J. Story, a painter.
He writes : f I did ship myself in a ship of
London, called the Tiger, wherein we went
for Tripolis in Syria, and from thence we
took the way for Aleppo ' (HAKLTJTT, ii. 250).
Fitch and his companions arrived at Tripolis
on 1 May, thence they made their way to-
Aleppo in seven days with the caravan. Set-
ting out again on 31 May for a three days'
journey on camels to Bir (Biredjik) on the
Euphrates, there they bought a large boat,
and agreed with a master and crew to de-
scend the river, noticing on their way the
primitive boat-building near the bituminous
fountains at Hit (cf. CHESNEY, ii. 636). On
29 June Fitch and his company reached
Felujah, where they landed. After a week's
delay, for want of camels, they crossed the
great plain during the night, on account of
the heat, to Babylon (i.e. Bagdad) on the-
Tigris. On 22 July they departed hence in
flat-bottomed boats down this river to Bus-
sorah at the head of the Persian Gulf, where
they left Eldred for trade.

On 4 Sept. Fitch and his three companions
arrived at Ormuz, where within a week
they were all imprisoned by the Portuguese
governor at the instance of the Venetians,
who dreaded them as their rivals in trade. On
11 Oct. the Englishmen were shipped for Goa
in the East Indies unto the viceroy, where,
upon their arrival at the end of November, as;
Fitch puts it, 'for our better entertainment,
we were presently put into a fair strong prison,
where we continued until 22 Dec. ' (HAKLUTT-,
vol. ii. pt.i. 250). Story having turned monk,
Fitch, Newberry, and Leedes were soon after-
wards set at liberty by two sureties procured
for them by two Jesuit fathers, one of whom
was Thomas Stevens, sometime of New Col-
lege, Oxford, who was the first Englishman
known to have reached India by the Cape of
Good Hope, four years before, i.e. 1579 (cf.
HAKLUYT, vol. ii. pt. i. 249). After < employing^
the remains of their money in precious stones,

Fitch

Fitch

on Whitsunday, 5 April 1584, Fitch, and his
two companions, Newberry and Leedes, es-
caped across the river from Goa, and made
the best of their way across the Deccan to Bi-
japur and Golconda, near Haiderabad, thence
northwards to the court of Akbar, the Great
Mogore (i.e. Mogul, Persian corruption for
Mongol), whom they found either at Agra or
his newly built town of Fatepore (Fatehpur
.Sikri), twelve miles south from it. They
stayed here until 28 Sept. 1585, when New-
berry proceeded north to Lahore, with a view
to returning through Persia to Aleppo or
Constantinople ; as Newberry was never
heard of afterwards it is supposed he was
murdered in the Punjab. Story remained at
Goa, where he soon threw off the monk's habit
and married a native woman, and Leedes,
the jeweller, accepted service under the Em-
peror Akbar. From Agra Fitch took boat
with a fleet of 180 others down the Jumna
to Prage (Allahabad), thence he proceeded
down the Ganges, calling at Benares and
Patna, to ' Tanda in Gouren/ formerly one
of the old capitals of Bengal, the very site of
which is now unknown. From this point
Fitch journeyed northward twenty days to
Couch (Kuch Behar), afterwards returning
south to Hiigli, the Porto Piqueno of the
Portuguese, one league from Satigam. His
next journey was eastward to the country
of Tippara, and thence south to Chatigam,
the Porto Grande of the Portuguese, now
known as Chittagong. Here he embarked
for a short voyage up one of the many mouths
of the Ganges to Bacola (Barisol) and Se-
rampore, thence to Sinnergan, identified by
Cunningham (xv. 127) as Sunargaon, an
ancient city formerly the centre of a cloth-
making district, the best to be found in India
at this period. On 28 Nov. 1586 he re-em-
barked at Serampore in a small Portuguese
vessel for Burma. As far as can be learned
from this obscure part of his narrative, Fitch,
after sailing southwards to Negrais Point,
ascended the western arm of the Irawadi to
Cosmin (Kau-smin, the old Taking name
for Bassein), thence by the inland naviga-
tion of the Delta, across to Cirion (Syriam,
now known as Than-lyeng, near Rangoon),
calling at Macao (Men-Kay of Williams's
map), and so on to Pegu. Fitch's sketches
of Burmese life and manners as seen in and
near Pegu deserve perusal upon their own
merits, apart from the fact of their having
been drawn by the first Englishman to enter
Burma. With a keen eye to the prospects
of trade, he also proved himself to be a per-
sistent questioner upon state affairs. In de-
scribing the king of Pegu's dress and splen-
dour of his court retinue, he adds : l He [the

king] hath also houses full of gold and silver,
and bringen in often, but spendeth very little'
(HAKLTTYT, ii. 260). From Pegu Fitch went
a twenty-five days' journey north-east to
Tamahey (Zimme) in the Shan States of
Siam ; this must have been towards the end
of 1587, for on 10 Jan. 1588 he sailed from
Pegu for Malacca, where he arrived 8 Feb.,
soon after its relief by P. de Lima Pereira for
the Portuguese (cf. LINSCHOTEN, p. 153).
On 29 March Fitch set out on his homeward
journey from Malacca to Martaban, and on
to Pegu, where he remained a second time.
On 17 Sept. he went once more to Cosmin
(Bassein), and there took shipping for Ben-
gal, where he arrived in November. On
3 Feb. 1589 he shipped for Cochin on the
Malabar coast, where he was detained for
want of a passage nearly eight months. On
2 Nov. he sailed for Goa, where he remained
for three days, probably in disguise. Hence
he went up the coast to Chaul, where after
another delay of twenty-three days in making
provision for the shipping of his goods, he
left India for Ormus, where he stayed for
fifty days for a passage to Bussorah. On his
return journey Fitch ascended the Tigris as
far as Mosul, journeying hence to Mirdui
and Urfah, he went to Bir, and so passed
the Euphrates. He concludes the account
of his travels thus : ' From Bir I went to
Aleppo, where I stayed certain months for
company, and then I went to Tripolis, where,
finding English shipping, I came with a pro-
sperous voyage to London, where, by God's
assistance, I safely arrived the 29th April
1591, having been eight years out of my
native country ' (HAKLUYT, vol. ii. pt. i. 265).
How far Fitch's travels and experience in
the East may have contributed to the esta-
blishment of the East India Company, and
won their first charter from Elizabeth, 31 Dec.
1601, will be best gleaned from one or two
entries in their court minutes, which con-
tain the latest traces that can be found of
him. Under date 2 Oct. 1600 we read:
' Orderidthat Captein Lancaster (and others),
together with Mr. Eldred and Mr. flitch,
shall in the meetinge to-morrow morning
conferre of the merchaundize fitt to be pro-
vided for the (first) voyage' (STEVENS, p. 26).
Again, 29 Jan. 1600-1: l Order is given to . . .
Mr. Hacklett, the histriographer of the viages
of the East Indies, beinge here before the
Comitties, and having read vnto them out
of his notes and bookes . . . was required to
sette downe in wryting a note of the prin-
cipal places in the East Indies where trade
was to be had, to th' end the same may be
used for the better instruction of o r factors in
the said voyage ' (id. p. 123). Again court

Fitch

79

Fittler

minutes, 31 Dec. 1606 : ' Letters to be ob-
tained from K. James to the king of Cam-
baya, gouernors of Aden, etc. . . . their titles
to be inquired of Ralph Fitch' (SAINSBURY,
State Papers, No. 36). This is the latest
mention of Fitch known to us.

In 1606 was produced Shakespeare's 'Mac-
beth ; ' there we read (act i. 3) l Her husband's
to Aleppo gone, master of the Tiger.' This
line, when compared with the opening passage
of Fitch's narrative, is too striking to be re-
garded as a mere coincidence, and is also one
of the clearest pieces of evidence known to
us of Shakespeare's use of the text of Hak-
luyt.

[Chesney's Survey of the Euphrates and Tigris,
1850 ; Cunningham's India; Archaeological Sur-
vey Keports, vol. xv., Calcutta, 1882; Hak-
luyt's Navigations, 1599, vol. ii. ; Linschoten's
Voyages, London, 1598; Stevens and Bird-
wood's Court Kecords of the East India Com-
pany, 1599-1603, London, 1886 ; Sainsbury's
State Papers, East Indies, &c., 1513-1616,
London, 1862.] C. H. C.

FITCH, THOMAS (A 1517). [SeeFicn.]

FITCH, WILLIAM (1563-1611). [See
CANFIELD, BENEDICT.]

FITCH, WILLIAM STEVENSON
(1793-1859), antiquary, born in 1793, was
for more than twenty-one years postmaster
of Ipswich, but devoted his leisure to study-
ing the antiquities of Suffolk. He made full
coTlections for a history of that county. Most
of them appear to have been dispersed by
auction after his death, though the West
Suffolk Archaeological Association, of which
he was a founder, purchased the drawings
and engravings, arranged in more than thirty
quarto volumes, and they were deposited in
the museum of the society at Bury St. Ed-
munds. Fitch published : 1. ' A Catalogue
of Suffolk Memorial Registers, Royal Grants/
&c. (in his possession), Great Yarmouth, 1843,
8vo. 2. ' Ipswich and its Early Mints ' (Ips-
wich), 1848, 4to. He contributed notices of
coins and antiquities found in Suffolk to the
1 Journal of the British Archaeological Asso-
ciation ' (vols. i. ii. iii. xxi.), and contributed
to the < Proceedings of the East Suffolk Ar-
chaeological Society.' Fitch died 17 July
1859, leaving a widow, a daughter, and two
sons.

[C. K. Smith's Collect. Antiqua, vi. 323-4;
C. K. Smith's Ketrospections, i. 245-8; Gent.
Mag. 1859, 3rd ser. vii. 202 ; Index to Journ.
Brit. Arch. Assoc. vols. i-xxx.] W. W.

FITCHETT, JOHN (1776-1838), poet,
the son of a wine merchant at Liverpool, was
born on 21 Sept. 1776, and having lost his
parents before he attained the age of ten, was

removed to Warrington by his testamentary
guardian, Mr. Kerfoot, and placed at the War-
rington grammar school under the Rev. Ed-
ward Owen. In 1793 he was articled to his
guardian, and in due time, having been ad-
mitted an attorney, was taken into partner-
ship with him, subsequently attaining a high
place in his profession. His first published
work, < Bewsey, a Poem' (Warrington, 1796,
4to), written at the age of eighteen, had con-
siderable success. He afterwards wrote many
fugitive pieces, which were collected and
printed at Warrington in 1836, under the
title of ' Minor Poems, composed at various
Times ' (8vo, pp. ii, 416). The great work of his
life was one which occupied his leisure hours
for forty years, and in the composition of
which he bestowed unwearied industry and
acute research. It was printed at Warrington
for private circulation at intervals between
1808 and 1834, in five quarto volumes. It
was cast in the form of a romantic epic poem,
the subject being the life and times of King
Alfred, including, in addition to a biography
of Alfred, an epitome of the antiquities, to-
pography, religion, and civil and religious
condition of the country. He rewrote part
of the work, but did not live to finish it. He
left money for printing a new edition, and the
work of supervising it was undertaken by his
pupil, clerk, and friend, Robert Roscoe [q. v.]
(son of William Roscoe of Liverpool), who
completed the task by adding 2,585 lines, the
entire work containing more than 131,000
lines, and forming probably the longest poem
in any language. This prodigious monument
of misapplied learning and mental energy
was published by Pickering in 1841-2, in six
volumes, 8vo, with the title of l Bang Alfred,
a Poem.'

Fitchett died unmarried at Warrington on
20 Oct. 1838, and was buried at Winwick
Church. His large and choice library was
left to his nephew, John Fitchett Marsh, and
was sold, with that gentleman's augmenta-
tions, at Sotheby's rooms in May 1882.

[Marsh's Lit. Hist, of "Warrington in War-
rington Mechanics' Inst. Lectures (1859), p. 85;
Palatine Note-book, ii. 168, 175; Kendrick's
Profiles of Warrington Worthies; Notes and
Queries, 1st ser. x. 215,334; Manchester City
News Notes and Queries, iii. 89, 98 ; Lane, and
Cheshire Hist, and G-eneal. Notes, iii. 35, 55.]

C. W. S.

FITTLER, JAMES (1758-1835), en-
graver, was born in London in 1758, and
became a student at the Royal Academy in
1778. Besides book illustrations, he distin-
guished himself by numerous works after
English and foreign masters, chiefly portraits.
He engraved also landscapes, marine subjects,

Fitton

Fitton

and topographical views, and was appointed
marine engraver to George III. He was
elected an associate of the Royal Academy in
1800; died at Turnham Green 2 Dec. 1835, and
was buried in Chiswick churchyard. Fittler
exhibited at the Royal Academy between
1776 and 1824. In 1788 he resided at No. 62
Upper Charlotte Street, Rathbone Place.
Among his most important works are : two
views of Windsor Castle, after George Ro-
bertson ; a view of Christ Church Great
Gate, Oxford, after William Delamotte ;
* The Cutting of the Corvette la Chevrette
from the Bay of Camaret, on the night of
21 July 1801,' ' Lord Howe's Victory,' and
< The Battle of the Nile,' after P. J. de Lou-
therbourg; several naval fights, after Captain
Mark Oates, Thomas Luny, and D. Serres ;
a classical landscape, with a temple on the
left, after Claude Lorraine ; the celebrated
portrait known by the name of ' Titian's
Schoolmaster,' after Moroni ; portrait of Lord
Grenville, after T. Phillips ; portrait of Dr.
Hodson, after T. Phillips; Pope Innocent X,
after Velasquez : he also executed the plates
for Forster's t British Gallery,' many of those
for Bell's { British Theatre,' and all the illus-
trations in Dibdin's ' ^Edes Althorpianae,'
published in 1822, after which time he under-
took no important work. His prints, books,
and copper-plates were sold at Sotheby's
14 July 1825, and two following days.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists.] L. F.

FITTON, SIR ALEXANDER (d. 1698),
lord chancellor of Ireland, was the younger
son of William Fitton of Awrice, co. Lime-
rick, by Eva, daughter of Sir Edward Trevor,
knt., of Brynkinallt, Denbighshire (Harl.
MS. 2153, f. 36). This William Fitton was
next male kinsman to Sir Edward Fitton,
bart., the possessor of Gawsworth, Cheshire,
who resolved in 1641 to restore the old entail
of his estates, and settled them by indenture,
which he was said to have confirmed by deed-
poll, on the above William Fitton, with re-
mainder to his two sons. Sir Edward died
in August 1643, shortly after the taking of
Bristol, and ' his heart, his brain, and soft
entrails ' were buried in a fragile urn in the
church of St. Peter in that city (Gloucester-
shire Notes and Queries, iii. 353). On the
death of Felicia, lady Fitton, in January
1654-5, William Fitton became possessed of
Gawsworth. His son Alexander was ad-
mitted a law student of the Inner Temple in
1655, and was called to the bar on 12 May
1662. He married, about 1655, Anne, elder
daughter of Thomas Jolliife (or Jollie) of
Cofton, Worcestershire, with whom he pro-
bably received a fortune, for shortly after

the mortgages on the family estates were-
paid off; and his elder brother, Edward, hav-
ing died without issue, he became, on his
father's death, the possessor of the whole.
His wife died 7 Oct. 1687, and was buried
in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, under the-
monument of her husband's ancestor, Sir Ed-
ward Fitton [q.v.] Their issue was Anne>
an only child.

In 1661 Charles, lord Gerard of Brandon,
laid claim to Fitton's estates in right of his
mother, who was sister to Sir Edward, and
a will was produced, nineteen years after Sir
Edward's death, giving the estates to Lord
Gerard. A litigation took place, in the course
of which it was alleged by Lord Gerard's
solicitor that the deed-poll executed by Sir Ed-
ward Fitton, upon which Fitton relied, was,
forged by one Abraham Granger. An issue
was then directed by the court of chancery to
try the genuineness of the document, and the
jury finally found against it. Then Granger
withdrew a previous confession, and stated
that the deed was duly signed (ORMEKOD,
Cheshire, iii. 259). The House of Lords on
hearing of this ordered that Fitton should be
fined 5QQL and committed to the king's bench
prison until he should produce Granger, and
find sureties for good behaviour during life.
Having lost his money in the fruitless prose-
cution of his case, Fitton remained in gaol
until taken out by James II to be made
chancellor of Ireland, when he was knighted.

On 12 Feb. 1686-7 he received the ap-
pointment of lord chancellor of Ireland, and
on 1 April 1689 was raised to the peerage-
as Baron Fitton of Gawsworth, but this title,,
granted by James after his abdication, was-
not allowed. Little is known of Fitton's.
qualifications for his office beyond his long^
experience of litigation. The absence of any
complaints from the bar or bench is so far in
his favour. Archbishop King has asserted
that Fitton ' could not understand the merit
of a cause of any difficulty, and therefore
never failed to give sentence according to his
inclination, having no other rule to lead him r
(State of the Protestants of Ireland under
King James, 1691, p. 59). A recent biographer
says : ' I have looked carefully through those
[decrees] made while Lord [Fitton of] Gaws-
worth held the seals, but could observe no-
thing to mark ignorance of his duty, or in-
capacity to perform it. He confirms reports,
dismisses bills, decrees in favour of awards,
grants injunctions, with the confidence of
an experienced equity judge' (O'FLASTAGAH ,
Lives of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland,
1870, i. 487).

After the flight of James II from Ireland,
Fitton, Chief Baron Rice, and Plowden as-

Fitton

81

Fitton

sumed the office of lords justices of Ireland.
In 1690 Sir Charles Porter was appointed
lord chancellor in succession to Fitton, who
was attainted ; fled to France ; and died at
St. Germains in November 1698 (LTJTTRELL,
Relation, iv. 586). The husbands of the two
coheiresses of the Fitton estates, Lord Mohun
and the Duke of Hamilton, killed each other
(1712) in the famous duel arising from a
dispute as to the partition, * and Gawsworth
itself passed into an unlineal hand by a series
of alienations complicated beyond example '
{Cheshire, iii. 295).

[Authorities cited above ; Burke's Extinct Baro-
netcies (1844), p. 199 ; Earwaker's East Cheshire,
ii. 555, 560-3, 591 ; Nash's Worcestershire, i.
250 ; Smyth's Law Officers of Ireland, p. 36.1

B. H. B.

FITTON, SIR EDWARD, the elder (1527-
1579), lord president of Connaught and vice-
treasurer of Ireland, was the eldest son of Sir
Edward Fitton of Gawsworth, Cheshire, and
Mary, daughter and coheiress of Guicciard
Harbottle, esq., of Northumberland (ORME-
KOD, Cheshire, iii. 292). He was knighted by
Sir Henry Sidney in 1566 (Cal. Carew MSS.
ii. 149), and on the establishment of provincial
governments in Connaught and Munster he
was in 1569 appointed first lord president of
Connaught and Thomond (patent, 1 June
1569 ; Liber Hibernia, ii. 189). Arrived in
Ireland on Ascension day he was established
in his office by Sir H. Sidney in July. On
15 April 1570 he wrote to Cecil : ' We began
our government in this province at Michael-
mas, from thence till Christmas we passed
smoothly . . . but after Christmas, taking a
journey into Thomond, all fell upside down '
(State Papers, Eliz. xxx. 43). Ere long he
found himself so closely besieged in Gal way
by the Earl of Thomond and the sons of the
Earl of Clanricarde that Sidney was obliged
to send a detachment to extricate him from
his position. With their assistance and that
of the Earl of Clanricarde, ' and such others
as made profess ion of their loyalty,' he made
a dash at Shrule Castle, a place of strategical
importance, which he captured. An attack
on his camp by the Burkes was successfully
averted ; but during the conflict he was un-
horsed and severely wounded in the face.
His conduct was approved by the deputy,
who wrote that ' he in all his doings, both
formerly since these troubles began, and other-
wise in following the same, hath shewed
great worthiness, as well in device as in at-
tempt, and of good counsel according to the
success and state of things ' (ib. xxx. 56).
The short period of calm that followed served
only as the prelude to a fresh storm. O'Conor
~)on, whom he held in Athlone Castle as se-

VOL. XIX.

cunty for the good conduct of his sept, having-
escaped one night he next morning marched
against his castle of Ballintober, which he
speedily captured. But the Burkes were up
in arms and were vigorously supported by a
large body of Scots. Notwithstanding all
his exertions he gradually lost ground during
1571-2, and believing that the Earl of Clan-
ricarde was secretly instigating his rebellious
sons he arrested him and clapped him in
Dublin Castle. His conduct in the matter
led to a quarrel with Sir William Fitzwil-
liam [q. v.], who had succeeded Sidney as
deputy. Fitzwilliam complained that Fit-
ton had imprisoned Clanricarde, and refused
to reveal the nature of his offence, either to
the council or to himself as in duty bound,
which, he declared, ' implieth an accusation
of me.' When called upon to explain, Fitton
could only say that the proofs of the earl's
guilt, though satisfactory to himself, were not
likely to weigh much with the council. After
six months' imprisonment Clanricarde was
allowed to return home, when he endeavoured
to signalise his loyalty by hanging his own
son, his brother's son,hiscousin-german's son,
and one of the captains of his own galloglasses,
besides fifty of his followers that bore armour
and weapons ; but he never forgave Fitton
the injury he had done him. Meanwhile the
lord president, cooped up within Athlone,
prayed earnestly that fresh reinforcements
might be sent him, or that he might be re-
lieved of his government. In midsummer
1572 the rebels burnt Athlone to the ground,
and his position becoming one of extreme
peril he was shortly afterwards recalled, and
the office of president allowed to sink for the
nonce into abeyance.

In October he retired to England, and
seems to have spent his time chiefly at Gaws-
worth. In December, however, he was ap-
pointed vice-treasurer and treasurer at wars
(queen to Fitzwilliam, Ham. Cal. i. 491).
On 25 March 1573 he returned to Dublin in
charge of Gerald, fifteenth earl of Desmond,
and on 1 April entered upon his duties as
treasurer. Shortly afterwards a fresh quarrel
broke out between him and Fitzwilliam. It
arose out of a brawl between his servant Ro-
den and one Burnell, a friend of Captain
Harrington, the lord deputy's nephew. It
appears that Roden, having broken Burnell's
head with a dagger, was himself a day or two
after run through the body by Harrington's
servant, Meade. Meade was acquitted by the
coroner's jury, but found guilty of manslaugh-
ter by the queen's bench. Thereupon the
deputy stepped in with a general pardon,
which coming into the possession of Fitton
he refused to surrender it, and was forthwith

Fitton

Fitton

committed to gaol for contempt. Next day,
regretting his hasty action, the deputy sum-
moned him to take his place at the council
board ; but he, declining to be thus thrust
out of gaol privily, complained to the queen,
who, evidently without due consideration of
the merits of the case, sharply reprimanded
the deputy, praised Fitton for his loyalty, and
then bade them become friends again. No
doubt Fitzwilliam lost his temper, but the
treasurer's conduct was exasperating to the
last degree (BAGWELL, Ireland, ii. 256). On
18 June he was commissioned, along with the
Earl of Clanricarde, the archbishop of Tuam,
and others, to hold assizes in Connaught. On
his return he accompanied the deputy to Kil-
kenny ; but when it was proposed that he
should proceed into Munster and endeavour
to prevent the disturbances likely to arise
there owing to the escape of the Earl of
Desmond, he flatly refused to play the part
of ' a harrow without pynnes/ protesting to
Burghley that ' if I must neuely be throwen
upon all desperate reckes (I meane not for life
but for honesty and credit) I may say my
hap is hard ' (State Papers, Eliz. xlvi. 46).

In May 1575 he escorted the Earl of Kil-
dare and his two sons, suspected of treason,
into England, but returned in September with
Sir H. Sidney, Fitzwilliam's successor, whom
he attended on his northern journey. In
April 1578 he was the cause of another
' scene ' at the council board owing to his re-
fusal, apparently on good grounds, to affirm
with the rest of the council that there had
been an increase in the revenue. The only
governor with whom he seems to have cor-
dially co-operated was Sir "William Drury.
With him he was indefatigable in his prepa-
rations to meet the threatened invasion of
James Fitzmaurice. He died on 3 July 1579
'from the disease of the country,' caught
during an expedition into Longford. ' I
know/ wrote Drury, ' he was, in many men's
opinions, over careful of his posterity, and was
not without enemies that sought to interpret
that to his discredit ; but I wish in his suc-
cessor that temperance, judgment, and ability
to speak in her majesty's causes that was
found in him. And for my own part, if I
should (as of right I ought) measure my liking
of him by his good affection to me, truly my
particular loss is also very great ' (ib. Ixvii. 25).

He was buried on 21 Sept. in St. Patrick's
Cathedral beside the ' wyef of his youth, Anne,
the second daughter of S r Peter Warburton,
of Areley in the county of Chester, knight,
who were borne both in one yere, viz. he y e
last of Marche 1527, and she the first of
Maye in the same yeare, and were maried on
Sonday next after Hillaries daye 1539, being

y e 19 daye of Januarie, in the 12 yere of their
age, and lyved together in true and lawfull
matrymonie iuste 34 yeres, for y e same Son-
day of the yeare wherein they 'were maried
y e same Sondaie 34 yeres following was she
buried, though she faithfully depted this lyef
9 daies before, viz. on Saturdaie y e 9 daie of
Januarie 1573, in w ch tyme God gave theim
15 children, viz. 9 sonnes and 6 daughters '
(from a brass in St. Patrick's, of which there
is a rubbing in Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32485,

Q.1).

SIR EDWARD FITTON the younger (1548 ?-
1606), son and heir of the above, being disap-
pointed in his expectation of succeeding his
father as vice-treasurer, retired to England
shortly after having been knighted by Sir
William Pelham (Ham. Cal. ii. 175 ; cf. Do-
mestic Cal. Add. p. 25). His interest in Ireland
revived when it was proposed to colonise Mun-
ster with Englishmen, and he was one of the
first to solicit a slice of the forfeited estates
of the Earl of Desmond. On 3 Sept. 1587
he passed his patent for 11,515 acres in the
counties of Limerick, Tipperary, and Water-
ford ; but the speculation proved to be not
so profitable as he had anticipated, and on
19 Dec. 1588 he wrote to Burghley that he
was 1,500J. out of pocket through it, and
begged that his rent might be remitted on
account of his father's twenty years' service
and his own (Ham. Cal. iv. 87). He was
most energetic in his proposals for the extir-
pation of the Irish, but seems to have taken
little care to fulfil the conditions of the grant,
and was soon remarked as an absentee. He
married Alice, daughter and sole heiress of
Sir John Holcroft of Holcroft, Lancashire,
who survived him till 5 Feb. 1626, and who,
after his death in 1606, erected a tablet to
his memory in Gawsworth Church, the latter
portion of which appears to have been vio-
lently defaced (ORMEROD, Cheshire, iii. 295).
His daughter Mary is noticed below.

[Authorities as in the text ; J. P. Earwaker's
East Cheshire.] E. D.

FITTON, MARY (fl. 1600), maid of
honour to Queen Elizabeth, and alleged to be
' the dark lady ' mentioned in Shakespeare's
sonnets, was the fourth child and second
daughter of Sir Edward Fitton the younger
[see above], by his wife, Alice, daughter of
Sir John Holcroft. She was baptised at
Gawsworth Church, Cheshire, 24 June 1578.
In 1595 Mary was one of the maids of
honour to the queen. In 1600 Queen Eliza-
beth attended the festivities which celebrated
the marriage of Anne Russell, another of her
maids of honour, and Lord Herbert, son of
the Earl of Worcester. Mary Fitton took p

Fitton

Fitton

prominent part in the masque performed then
by ladies of the court, and she led the dances
(Sidney Papers, ii. 201, 203). Her vivacity
made her popular with the young men at court,
and she became the mistress of William Her-
bert (1580-1630) [q. v.], the young earl of
Pembroke. l During the time that the Earl
of Pembroke favoured her she would put off
her head-tire, and tuck up her clothes, and
take a large white cloak and march as though
she had been a man to meet the said earl out
of the court ' (State Papers, Dom. Add. vol.
xxxiv.) Early in 1601 she was ' proved with
child ' ( Cal. Carew MSS. 1601-3, p. 20) . Pem-
broke admitted his responsibility, and both
were threatened with imprisonment. The earl
' utterly renounced all marriage/ and was sent
to the Fleet in March, but his mistress, who
was delivered of a son, seems to have escaped
punishment. The child died soon after birth.
According to Sir Peter Leicester (1614-1678)
Mary Fitton also bore two illegitimate daugh-
ters to Sir Kichard Leveson, knight (SHAKE-
SPEARE, Sonnets, ed. Tyler, xxii. ; Academy
for 15 Dec. 1888, p. 388). There seems no
doubt that she married Captain William
Polwhele in 1607. But there is some likeli-
hood of his having been her second husband,
for as early as 1599 her father corresponded
with Sir Eobert Cecil about her marriage
portion. In Sir Peter Leycester's manuscripts
the name of Captain Lougher appears beside
that of Captain Polwhele as one of her hus-
bands. Recent examination of Leycester's
manuscripts (in the possession of Lord de
Tabley) seems to show that Mary Fitton
married Polwhele before Lougher. Hence
it would seem either that the marriage con-
jecturally assigned to 1599 did not take place,
and that, when mistress of Pembroke and
Leveson, Mary Fitton was unmarried ; or that
her first husband's name is lost, and that
Lougher was a third husband. On the ela-
borate tomb erected by her mother over her
father's grave in 1606 in Gaws worth Church,
kneeling figures of herself, her brothers, her
sister, and her mother still remain.

An attempt has been made to identify Mary
Fitton with the ' mistress ' with eyes of ' raven
black ' to whom Shakespeare appears to make
suit in his sonnets (cxxvii-clvii.) There
seems little doubt that the earlier sonnets
celebrate Shakespeare's friendship with Wil-
liam Herbert, earl of Pembroke, while it has
been assumed that the later sonnets describe
how Shakespeare supplanted his friend in
the affections of a dark-complexioned beauty
of the court. This beauty, it is now suggested,
was Mary Fitton. But there is very little
beyond the fact that Mary Fitton was at one
time Herbert's mistress to confirm the iden-

tification, and it is possible that the later son-
nets deal with a fictitious situation. The
natural objection raised to the circumstance
that a lady moving in high society should have
entered into a liaison with a man of the low
social position of an actor and playwright has
been met by the discovery of the fact that Wil-
liam Kemp, the actor, dedicated to Mistress
Anne Fitton, whom he calls maid of honour to
the queen, his ' Nine Daies Wonder,' 1600, in
terms approaching familiarity. Mistress An ne
Fitton was Mary Fitton's elder sister, and
there is no good reason for supposing (as has
been suggested) that Kemp intended Mary
when he wrote Anne. Anne Fitton, bap-
tised 6 Oct. 1574, married about 1595 Sir
John Newdegate of Erbury, Warwickshire.
Kemp's employment of her maiden name
alone in his dedication is in accordance with
a common contemporary practice of address-
ing married women. The whole theory of Mary
Fitton's identification with Shakespeare's
' dark lady ' is ingenious, but the present
state of the evidence does not admit of its
definite acceptance.

[Shakespeare's Sonnets the first quarto, 1609
a facsimile in photo-lithography, edited by
Thomas Tyler, London, 1886, contains almost all
that can be said in favour of the theory of Mary
Fitton's identification with the 'dark lady ' of the
sonnets. Mr. Tyler has supplemented this infor-
mation by a letter in the Academy, 15 Dec. 1888,
which is to be incorporated in a volume on Shake-
speare's sonnets. See also J. P. Earwaker's East
Cheshire, ii. 566; Ormerod's Cheshire ; Nichols's
Progresses of Queen Elizabeth ; Gerald Massey's
Secret Drama of Shakespeare's sonnets (1888),
adverse to the Fitton theory.] S. L. L.

FITTON", MICHAEL (1766-1852), lieu-
tenant in the navy, was born in 1766 at
Gawsworth in Cheshire, the ancient seat of
his family. He entered the navy in June 1780,
on board the Vestal, with Captain George
Keppel. On 10 Sept. the Vestal gave chase to
and captured the Mercury packet, having on
board Mr. Laurens, late president of congress,
on his way to Holland as ambassador of the
revolted colonies. During the chase young
Fitton, being on the foretop-gallant yard,
hailed the deck to say that there was a man
overboard from the enemy. The Vestal sent
a boat to pick him up, when the object was
found to be a bag of papers, which, being in-
sufficiently weighted, was recovered. On
examination these papers were found to com-
promise the Dutch government, and led to a
declaration of war against Holland a few
months afterwards. Fitton continued with
Captain Keppel during the war in different
ships, and as midshipman of the Fortitude
was present at the relief of Gibraltar in 1782.

Fitton

8 4

Fitton

In 1793 he was again with Captain Keppel
in the Defiance of 74 guns, as master's mate.
In 1796 he was appointed purser of the
Stork in the West Indies, and in 1799 was
acting lieutenant of the Abergavenny of 54
guns, from which he was almost immediately
detached in command of one of her tenders.
One of his first services was, in the Ferret
schooner, to cruise in the Mona Passage, in
company with the Sparrow cutter, com-
manded by Mr. Whylie. The two accident-
ally separated for a few days. On rejoining,
Fitton invited Whylie by signal to come to
breakfast, and while waiting caught a large
shark that was under the stern. In its stomach
was found a packet of papers relating to an
American brig Nancy. When Whylie came
on board, he mentioned that he had detained
an American brig called the Nancy. Fitton
then said that he had her papers. l Papers ? '
answered Whylie ; ' why, I sealed up her
papers and sent them in with her.' < Just
so, replied Fitton; 'those were her false
papers ; here are her real ones.' And so it
proved. The papers were lodged in the ad-
miralty court at Port Royal, and by them
the brig was condemned. The shark's jaws
were set up on shore, with the inscription,
' Lieut. Fitton recommends these jaws for a
collar for neutrals to swear through.' The
papers are still preserved in the museum of
the Royal United Service Institution.

Fitton's whole service during the three
years in which he commanded the Aberga-
venny's tenders was marked by daring and
good fortune (JAMES, Nav. Hist. 1860, ii.
398, iii. 38). Several privateers of superior
force he captured or beat off. One, which he
drove ashore, he boarded by swimming, him-
self and the greater part of his men plunging
into the sea with their swords in their mouths
(O'BYENE ; a friend of the present writer has
often heard Fitton tell the story). When the
war was renewed in 1803, Fitton was again
sent out to the West Indian flagship, and ap-
pointed to command her tender, the Gipsy
schooner. At the attack on Curacao in 1804,
being the only officer in the squadron who
was acquainted with the island, he piloted the
ships in, and had virtually the direction of
the landing. On the failure of the expedition
the Gipsy was sent to the admiral with des-
patches, and Fitton, in accordance with the
senior officer's recommendation, was at last
promoted to be lieutenant, thus receiving, as
' the bearer of despatches announcing a de-
feat, what years of active employment and
of hard and responsible service, what more
than one successful case of acknowledged
skill and gallantry as a commanding officer
had failed to procure him ' (JAMES, iii. 296).

His promotion, however, made no difference
in his employment. In the Gipsy and after-
wards in the Pitt, a similar schooner, he con-
tinued to wage a dashing and successful war
on the enemy's privateers, and on 26 Oct.
1806, after a weary chase of sixty-seven
hours, drove on shore and captured the Su-
perbe, a French ship of superior force, which
had long been the scourge of English trade,
and on board of which a list of captures
made showed a value of 147,000/. The cap-
tain of the .Superbe afterwards equipped a
brig which he named La Revanche de la
Superbe, and sent an invitation to Fitton to
meet him at a place named ; but before the
message arrived Fitton had been superseded
by a friend of the admiral, Sir Alexander
Cochrane, l not to be promoted to the rank
of commander, but to be turned adrift as an
unemployed lieutenant ' (ib. iv. 184). All
that he seems to have got for capturing or
destroying near forty of the enemy's ships,
many of them privateers, was the thanks of
the admiralty, a sword valued at 50/. from
the Patriotic Society, and his share of the
prize-money, which, from his being in com-
mand of a tender, was only counted to him
as one of the officers of the flagship. He
was left unemployed till 1811, when he was
appointed to the command of a brig for ser-
vice in the North Sea and Baltic, and which
was paid out of commission in 1815. In 1831
he was appointed a lieutenant of the ordinary
at Plymouth, and in 1835 was admitted into
Greenwich Hospital, where he continued till
his death, which took place at Peckham on
31 Dec. 1852.

It is now impossible to say what was the
cause of Fitton's being so grievously ne-
glected. The record of his services is bril-
liant beyond that of any officer of his stand-
ing ; and the story of his career is in marked
and painful contrast with that of Sir Thomas
Cochrane, whose rapid promotion by the ad-
miral who superseded Fitton has been already
related.

[O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Gent. Mag. 1853,
new ser. xl. 312; United Service Journal, 1835,
pt. i. p. 276 ; Allen's Battles of the British Navy
(see index). Allen was an intimate friend of
Fitton in the days of his retirement at Green-
wich, and his notices of Fitton's achievements
may be considered as practically related by
Fitton himself.] J. K. L.

FITTON, WILLIAM HENRY, M.D.

(1780-1861), geologist, born in Dublin in
January 1780, was a descendant of an an-
cient family, originally of Gawsworth in
Cheshire, but long settled in Ireland. Fitton
went to school in Dublin with Moore (the
poet) and Robert Emmett. He carried off

Fitton

Fitzailwin

the senior classical scholarship at Trinity
College, Dublin, in 1798, and took his B.A.
degree there in 1799. He was destined for the
church, but his bent towards natural science
induced him to adopt the medical profession.

Before 1807 he had determined barometri-
cally the heights of the principal mountains
of Ireland, had made excursions to Wales
and to Cornwall to study their minerals and
rocks, and had been arrested on suspicion as
a rebel while engaged in collecting fossils
in the neighbourhood of Dublin. In 1808
Fitton went to the university of Edinburgh,
where he attended the lectures of Professor
Jameson, through whose influence many able
men were led to the study of geology. In
1809 Fitton removed to London, where he
continued to study medicine and chemistry,
and in 1812 he established himself in North-
ampton, assured of a good reception there as
a physician by the introduction of Lord and
Lady Spencer, and with the anticipation also
of succeeding to the practice of Dr. Kerr, the
father of Lady Davy.

At Northampton Fitton's mother and
three sisters kept house for him, till in 1820
he married Miss James, a lady of ample
fortune, by whom he had five sons and three
daughters. In 1816 Fitton was made M.D.
of Cambridge University, but after his mar-
riage he gave up the active practice of his
profession, removed to London, and devoted
himself entirely to scientific researches,
mainly geological. After acting for several
years as secretary of the Geological Society,
Fitton was made president in 1828. He esta-
blished the ' Proceedings ' of the society.

Fitton was a man of very independent
spirit. He strongly supported Herschel in
opposition to the Duke of Sussex for the chair
of the Eoyal Society. His house was a
hospitable meeting-place for scientific per-
sons, and while president of the Geological
Society he held a regular conversazione on
Sundays. Fitton was elected a fellow of the
Eoyal Society in 1815; he also belonged to
the Linnean, Astronomical, and Geographical
Societies. He was awarded the Wollaston
medal by the Geological Society in 1 852. He
died at his house in London on 13 May 1861.

Fitton's scientific work began in 1811 with
his paper, < Notice respecting the Geological
structure of the vicinity of Dublin (' Trans.
Geological Society,' 1811). Between 1817
and 1841 he contributed a series of papers
to the ' Edinburgh Review ' upon contempo-
raneous geological topics, such as ' William
Smith's Geological Map of England,' ' Lyell's
Geology,' the ' Silurian System,' &c. But
Fitton's best work was done between 1824
and 1836, when he laid down the proper suc-

cession of the strata between the oolite and
the chalk ; dividing the ' greensand ' into an
upper and a lower division, separated by a
bed of clay, the gault. This work forms a
distinct landmark in the history of geology.
His principal papers descriptive of the green-
sand are contained in the ' Proceedings ' and
in the ' Transactions' of the Geological So-
ciety for 1834-5, and in the Journal' of the
same society, 1845-6. It was Fitton's de-
light to instruct others in practical geology,
and many travellers, including Sir John
Franklin, Sir George Back, and Sir John
Richardson, received valuable assistance from
him.

Fitton's last paper (he published twenty-
one altogether) was { On the Structure of
North-West Australia ' in the * Proceedings
of the Geographical Society ' for 1857.

[Quart. Journ. Geological Society, president's
address, 1862, p. xxx ; Royal Society's Cata-
logue of Scientific Papers.] W. J. H.

FITZAILWIN, HENRY (d. 1212),
first mayor of London, is of doubtful origin.
Dr. Stubbs holds that he ' may have been an
hereditary baron of London' (Const. Hist.
i. 631). Mr. Loftie confidently asserts that
he was a grandson of Leofstan, portreeve
of London before the Conquest (London, pp.
22, 36, 129). The present writer has shown
(Antiquary, xv. 107-8) that this is a fallacy,
partly based on the confusion of three or four
Leofstans, who are similarly confused by
Mr. Freeman (Norman Conquest, v. 469). It
is just possible that the clue may be found
in an entry in the 'Pipe Roll' of 1165 (Sot.
Pip. 11 Hen. II, p. 18), where a Henry Fitz-
ailwin Fitzleofstan, with Alan his brother,
pay for succeeding apparently to lands in
Essex or Hertfordshire, since we learn that
our Henry Fitzailwin held lands at Watton
and Stone in Hertfordshire by tenure of ser-
jeanty (Testa de Nevill, p. 270 d), which de-
scended to his heirs (ib. pp. 276 b, 266 b). In
that case his grandfather was a Leofstan, but
as yet unidentified. It has been urged by the
writer (Academy, 12 Nov. 1887) that Henry's
career should be divided into two periods : the
first, in which he is styled Henry Fitzailwin
(i.e. JEthelwine), and the second, in which he
figures as mayor of London. He appears as
a witness under the former style in a docu-
ment printed by Palgrave (Rot. Cur. Hey.
cvii), in a duchy of Lancaster charter (Box
A. No. 163), and in two of the St. Paul's
muniments (9th Rep. i. 25, 26). A grant of
his also is printed by Palgrave (Rot. Cur.
Reg. cv). As mayor he occurs far more fre-
quently, namely five times, in the St. Paul's
muniments (9th Rep. i. 8, 10, 20, 22, 27),

Fitzailwin

86

Fitzalan

twice in the ' Rot. Cur. Reg.' (pp. 171, 432),
viz. in 1198 and 1199, and once in an Essex
charter of 1197 (Harl Cart. 83 A, 18). His
last dated appearance in the first capacity is
30 Nov. 1191, and he first appears as mayor
in April 1193 (HovEDE^, iii. 212). He pro-
bably therefore became mayor between these
dates. This is fatal to the well-known as-
sertion in the ' Cronica Maiorum et Vice-
comitumLondonise' (Liber de Ant. Leg.} that
' Henricus filius Eylwini de London-stane '
was made mayor in '1188' or 1189, and is
even at variance with Mr. Coote's hypothesis
that the mayoralty originated in the grant of
a communa 10 Oct. 1191 (vide infra). Dr.
Stubbs, however, leans to this date as the com-
mencement of Henry's mayoralty (Sel. Chart.
p. 300; Const. Hist. i. 630). Though he con-
tinued mayor, as far as can be ascertained,
uninterruptedly till his death, the only re-
corded event of his mayoralty is his famous
' assize ' (Liber de Ant. Leg. p. 206 ; Liber
Aldus, p. 319). And even this is only tra-
ditionally associated with his name. In 1203
he is found holding two knight's fees of the
honour of ' Peverel of London ' (Rot. Cane.
3 John). He derived his description as ' de
London-stane' from his house, which stood
on the north side of St. Swithin's Church
in Candlewick (now Cannon) Street, over
against London Stone. He also held pro-
perty at Hoo in Kent, Warlingham and
Burnham in Surrey, and Edmonton in Middle-
sex. He is found presiding over a meet-
ing of the citizens, 24 July 1212, consequent
on the great fire of the previous week (Liber
Custumarum, p. 88). The earliest notice of
his death is a writ of 5 Oct. 1212, ordering
his lands to be taken into the king's hands
(Rot. Pat. 14 John). It is often erroneously
placed in 1213. His wife, Margaret, sur-
vived him (Rot. Glaus. 14 John), as did his
three younger sons, Alan, Thomas, and Ri-
chard (ib. 15 John), but his eldest son, Peter,
who had married Isabel, daughter and heir
of Bartholomew de Cheyne, had died before
him, leaving two daughters, of whom the
survivor was in 1212 Henry Fitzail win's heir.

[Patent Rolls (Record Commission) ; Close
Rolls (ib.); Testa de Nevill (ib.); Palgrave's
Rotuli Curise Regis (ib.) ; Rot. Cane, (ib.) ; Pipe
Roll Society's works; Duchy Charters (Public
Record Office) ; Boger Hoveden (Rolls Series) ;
Riley's Munimenta Gildhalle Londoniensis (ib.) ;
Reports on Historical MSS. ; Stapleton's Liber
de Antiquis Legibus (Camd. Soc.) ; Stubbs's Se-
lect Charters and Constitutional Hist. ; Freeman's
Norman Conquest; Antiquary, 1887; Academy,
1887 ; Coote's A Lost Charter (London and
Middlesex Arch. Trans, vol. A'.); Loftie's London
(Historic Towns).] J. H. R.

FITZALAN, BERTRAM (d. 1424), Car-
melite, said to have been a member of the great
family of the Fitzalans, entered the Carmelite
fraternity at Lincoln, and studied at Oxford,
presumably in the house of his order, where
William Quaplod, also a Carmelite, who be-
came bishop of Derry (not of Kildare, as Bale
has it) in 1419, was his friend and patron.
Fitzalan, after proceeding to the degree of,
master, seems to have returned to Lincoln,
and to have there founded a library, in which
Bale saw the following works of his : l Super
quarto Sententiarum liber i.,' ' Qusestiones
Theologiae,' and ' Ad plebem Conciones.' Pits
also assigns to him a volume of ' Excerpta
qusedam ex aliis auctoribus,' which he men-
tions as existing in the library of Balliol Col-
lege, Oxford. The book has, however, either
been lost, or else Pits was misled by a codex
there (clxv. B) of miscellaneous contents,
some of which are by Cardinal Peter Bertrand.
Fitzalan died on 17 May 1424.

[Leland, Comm, de Scriptt. Brit.dxxviii. p. 436
(ed. A. Hall, 1709); Bale, Scriptt. Brit. Cat.
vii. 64, p. 558 ; Pits, De Angl. Scriptt. p. 610 et
seq. ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 282.] R. L. P.

FITZALAN, BRIAN, LOKD OP BEDALE
(d. 1306), was descended from a younger
branch of the Counts of Brittany and Earls
of Richmond. His father, Brian Fitzalan, an
itinerant justice (Foss, Judges, ii. 326), and
sheriff of Northumberland between 1227 and
1235 and of Yorkshire between 1236 and 1239
( Thirty-first Report of Deputy-Keeper of Re-
cords, pp. 321, 364), was grandson of Brian, a
younger son of Alan of Brittany, and brother,
therefore, of Count Conan, the father of Con-
stance, wife of Geoffrey of Anjou (DFGDALE,
Baronage, i. 53 ; cf. Harl. MS. 1052, f. 9).
He was summoned to the Welsh war of
1282, and in 1287 to the armed council at
Gloucester. In 1290 he was appointed by
Edward warden of the castles of Forfar,
Dundee, Roxburgh, and Jedburgh. They re-
mained in his custody till 1292 (STEVENSON,
Doc. illustrative of Scott, Hist. i. 207-8, 350).
In 1292 he was made by Edward one of the
guardians of Scotland during the vacancy of
the throne (Fcedera, i. 761 ; cf. RISHASTGEK,
p. 250, Rolls Ser.) He took a leading share
in the judicial proceedings which resulted in
John Baliol being declared by Edward king
of Scotland, and after witnessing the new
king's homage to Edward surrendered his
rolls and official documents to the new king
(Focdera, i. 782, 785). In 1294 he was sum-
moned to repress the Welsh revolt. In 1295
he received a summons to the famous parlia-
ment of that year. Henceforth he was regu-
larly summoned, but always as * Brian Fitz-

Fitzalan

Fitzalan

g

N

alan,' though in 1301 he subscribed the letter
of the magnates sent from the Lincoln par-
liament to the pope as ' Lord of Bedale.' In
1296 and the succeeding years he was almost
constantly occupied in Scotland. On 10 July
1296 he was present at Brechin when John
Baliol submitted to Edward (STEVENSON, ii.
61). Though summoned on 7 July 1297 to
serve in person beyond sea, he was on 12 July
appointed captain of all garrisons and fort-
resses in Northumberland. On 14 Aug. 1297
he was appointed guardian of Scotland in
succession to Earl Warenne (_Fcedera,i. 874).
An interesting letter is preserved, in which
he remonstrates with the king for appointing
one of so small ability and power as himself to
sogreat apost. He was only worth 1,000/., and
feared that the salary of his office, inadequate
for so great a noble ashispredecessor,would be
still more insufficient for himself (STEVENSON,
ii. 222-4). But on 24 Sept. he was ordered to
go at once to Scotland and act with Warenne
fr. ii. 232). On 28 Sept. the musters from
ottinghamshire and Derbyshire were or-
dered to assemble under his command, and in
October he was made captain of the marches
adjoining Northumberland. In 1298 Earl
Warenne was again the royal representative
(HEMINGBURGH, ii. 155). In 1299, 1300, and
lastly in 1303, Fitzalan was again summoned
against the Scots. His last parliamentary
summonses were for 1305 to Westminster,
and for May 1306, for the occasion of making
Edward, the king's son, a knight. He died,
however, before June 1306 (see note in ParL
Writs, i. 598 ; cf. Calendarium Genealogicum,
p. 619). He was buried in Bedale Church,
* where he hath a noble monument, with his
effigies in armour cross-leg'd thereon ' (DuG-
DALE). He left by his wife Matilda two
daughters, Matilda, aged 8, and Catharine,
aged 6, who were his coheiresses ( Cal. Geneal.
p. 619). His possessions were partly in
Yorkshire and partly in Lincolnshire.

[Parl. Writs, i. 598-9 ; Kymer's Fcedera, vol.
i. ; Stevenson's Documents illustr. of Hist, of
Scotland; Calendarium Genealogicum; Dugdale's
Baronage, i. 53.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, EDMUND, EARL OF
ARUNDEL (1285-1326), son of Richard I
Eitzalan, earl of Arundel [q. v.], and his
Italian wife Alisona, was born on 1 May
1285 (Cal. Genealogicum, ii. 622). In 1302
he succeeded to his father's titles and estates.
On Whitsunday (22 May) 1306 he was
knighted by Edward I, on the occasion of the
knighting of Edward the king's son and many
others, and was at the same time married to
Alice, sister and ultimately heiress of John,
earl Warenne (Ann. Worcester in Ann. Mon.

iv. 558 ; LANGTOFT, ii. 368). He then served
in the campaign against the Scots, and was
still in the north when Edward I died. At
Edward H's coronation he was a bearer of
the royal robes (Fcedera, ii. 36). On 2 Dec.
1307 he was beaten at the Wallingford tour-
nament by Gaveston,and straightway became
a mortal enemy of the favourite (MALMES-
BURY, in STUBBS'S Chron. Ed. I and Ed. II,
Rolls Series, ii. 156). In 1309 he joined
Lancaster in refusing to attend a council
at York on 18 Oct. (HEMINGBURGH, ii.
275), and in 1310 was appointed one of the
lords ordainers (Rot. ParL i. 443 b). In
1312 he was one of the five earls who formed
a league against Gaveston (MALMESBTJRY, p.
175), and he warmly approved of the capture
of the favourite at Scarborough. Even after
Gaveston's murder Arundel adhered to the
confederate barons and was with Lancaster
one of the last to be reconciled to the king.
In 1314 he was one of the earls who refused
to accompany Edward to the relief of Stir-
ling, and thus caused the disaster of Ban-
nockburn (ib. p. 201). In 1316 he was ap-
pointed captain-general of the country north
of the Trent, and in 1318, after being one
of the mediators of a fresh pacification, was
made a member of the permanent council
then established to watch the king. In
1319 he served against the Scots.

The Despensers now ruled Edward, and
the marriage of Arundel's eldest son to the
daughter of the younger Hugh was either
the cause or the result of an entire change
in his political attitude. He consented in-
deed to their banishment in 1321, but after-
wards pleaded the coercion of the magnates.
When Edward's subsequent attempt to re-
store them began, Arundel still seemed to
waver in his allegiance. Finally in October

1321 he joined Edward at the siege of Leeds
Castle, and henceforth supported consistently
the royal cause ($.p.263, 'propteraffinitatem
Hugonis Despenser,' a phrase suggesting that
the marriage had already been arranged). In

1322 he persuaded the Mortimers to surrender
to the king at Shrewsbury (Ann. Paul in
STUBBS'S Chron. Ed. I and Ed. II, i. 301), acted
as one of the judges of Thomas of Lancaster
at Pontefract (ib. p. 302), and received large
grants from the forfeited estates of Badlesmere
and the Mortimers. The great office of jus-
tice of Wales was transferred from Mortimer
to him (Abbrev.Eot. Orig. i. %SS),*ndm
that capacity he received the writs directing
the attendance of Welsh members to the
parliament at York (Rot. Parl. i. 456). His
importance in Wales had been ^also largely
increased by his acquisitions of Kerry, Chirk,
and Cydewain. In 1325 he also became

Fitzalan

88

Fitzalan

warden of the Welsh marches (Par I. Writs,
II. iii. 854), and in 1326 he still was justice
of Wales (jRwfcro, ii. 641). In 1326 he and
his brother-in-law Earl Warenne were the
only earls who adhered to the king after the
invasion of Mortimer and Isabella. He was
appointed in May chief captain of the army
to be raised in Wales and the west ; but he
does not seem to have been able to make
effectual head against the enemy even in his
own district. He was captured in Shrop-
shire by John Charlton, first lord Charlton
of Powys [q. v.], and led to the queen at
Hereford, where on 17 Nov. he was executed
without more than the form of a trial, to
gratify the rancorous hostility of Mortimer
to a rival border chieftain (Ann. Paul. p. 321,
says beheaded, but KNIGHTON, c. 2546, says
' distractus et suspensus '). His estates were
forfeited, and the London mob plundered
his treasures.

By his wife Alice, sister of John, earl
Warenne, Arundel had a fairly numerous
family. His eldest son, Richard' II Fitzalan
[q. v.], ultimately succeeded to his title and
estates. He had one other son, Edmund,
who seems to have embraced the ecclesiasti-
cal profession, and to have afterwards aban-
doned it. Of his daughters, Aleyne married
Roger L'Estrange, and was still alive in 1375
(NICOLAS, Testamenta Vetusta, p. 94), and
Alice became the wife of John Bohun, earl
of Hereford. A third daughter, Jane, is said
to have been married to Lord Lisle (compare
the genealogies in EYTON, Shropshire, vii.
229, and in YEATMAN. House of Arundel,
p. 324).

[Rymer's Fcedera, vol. i. ; Eolls of Parliament,
vol. ii. ; Parl. Writs, vol. ii. ; Stubbs's Chronicles
of Edward I and Edward II (Rolls Series) ;
Knighton in Twysden, Decem Scriptores ; Wal-
ter of Hemingburgh (Engl.Hist. Soc.) ; Dugdale's
Baronage, i. 316-17; Doyle's Official Baronage,
i. 70 ; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel, 212-24 ; Vin-
cent's Discoverie of Errours in Brooke's Cata-
logue of Nobility, p. 26.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, HENRY, twelfth EARL OF
ARTTNDEL (1511 P-1580), born about 1511,
was the only son of William Fitzalan, eleventh
earl of Arundel, K.G., by his second wife,
Lady Anne Percy, daughter of Henry Percy,
fourth earl of Northumberland. He was
named after Henry VIII, who personally
stood godfather at his baptism (Life, King's
MS. xvii. A. ix. f. 5). Upon entering his
fifteenth year his father proposed to place
him in the household of Cardinal Wolsey,
but he preferred the service of the king, who
received him with affection (ib. if. 3-7). He
was in the train of Henry at the Calais in-
terview of September 1532 (GAIRDNEE, Let-

ters and Papers of Reign of Henry VIII,
vol. v. App. No. 33). In February 1533 he
was summoned to parliament by the title of
Lord Maltravers (ib. vol. vi. No. 123). In
July 1534 he was one of the peers summoned
to attend the trial of William, lord Dacre of
Gillesland (ib. vol. vii. No. 962). In May
1536 he was present at the trial of Anno-
Boleyn and Lord Rochford (ib. vol. x. No.
876). In 1540 he succeeded Arthur Planta-
genet, viscount Lisle, in the office of deputy
of Calais. During a successful administra-
tion of three years he devoted himself to the-
improvement of military discipline and to
the strengthening of the town. At his own
expense the fortifications were extended or
repaired, and large bodies of serviceable re-
cruits were raised. The death of his father
in January 1543-4 recalled him home. On
24 April of that year he was elected K.G.
(Harl. MS. 4840, f. 729 ; BELTZ, Memorials,
p. clxxv), and during the two following
months appears to have lived at Arundel
Place. On war being declared with France
Arundel and the Duke of Suifolk embarked
in July 1544 with a numerous body of troops
for the French coast ; Henry himself followed
in a few days, and on 26 July the whole force
of the English, amounting to thirty thousand
men, encamped before the walls of Boulogne.
Arundel on being created ' marshal of the
field' began elaborate preparations for in-
vesting the town. The besieged made a most
determined resistance. In the night, how-
ever, of 11 Sept. a mine was successfully
sprung. He immediately ordered a sharp
cannonade, and at the head of a chosen body
of troops marched to the intrenchments, and
when the artillery had effected a breach by
firing over his head, successfully stormed the
town. On his return to England Arundel
was rewarded with the office of lord cham-
berlain, which he continued to fill during
the remainder of Henry's reign. ' The boke
of Henrie, Earle of Arundel, Lorde Chamber-
leyn to Kyng Henrie th' Eighte,' containing
thirty-two folio leaves and consisting of in-
structions to the king's servants in the duties
j of their several places, is preserved in Harl.
i MS. 4107, and printed from another copy in
j Jeffery's edition of the ' Antiquarian Reper-
tory,' 4to, 1807, ii. 184-209. In his will the
king bequeathed him 200/. At Henry's fune-
ral Arundel was present as one of the twelve
assistant mourners, and at the offering brought
up, together with the Earl of Oxford, ' the
king's broidered coat of armes ' (STRTPE, Me-
morials, 8vo ed. vol. ii. App. pp. 4, 15).

On the accession of Edward VI, in 1547,
Arundel was retained in the post of lord
chamberlain and chosen to act as high con-

Fitzalan

8 9

Fitzalan

?xable at the coronation. He had also been
"named, in the will of Henry VIII, as a mem-
ber of the council of twelve, intended to as-
sist the executors in cases of difficulty; but
his influence was destroyed when Somerset
became protector. Somerset soon disgusted
the other members of the cabinet, and Arun-
del was among the first to urge his dismissal
in favour of the Earl of Warwick. At
length, in 1549, Somerset was sent to the
Tower, while Arundel, Warwick, and four
other lords were appointed to take charge of
the king. Warwick quickly grew jealous
of Arundel's influence. When the bill for
the infliction of penalties on Somerset was
brought before parliament in 1550 Arun-
del was still in office ; but a series of ridicu-
lous charges had been collected against him
from the last twelve years of his life, and
when the late protector obtained his release
the earl had been dismissed from his employ-
ments. It was asserted that he had abused
his privileges as lord chamberlain to enrich
himself and his friends, that he had removed
the locks and bolts from the royal stores
at Westminster, had distributed ' the king's
stuff' among his acquaintance, and had been
guilty of various other acts of embezzle-
ment. The proof of these charges was
never exhibited, and Edward himself in his
* Diary ' terms the offences only ' crimes of
suspicion against him ; ' but the ' suspicion '
was sufficient for the purposes of Warwick.
Arundel was removed from the council, was
ordered to confine himself to his house, and
was mulcted in the sum of 12,000/., to be
paid in equal annual instalments of 1,000/.
each. His confinement, however, was of
short duration, and the injustice of the ac-
cusations having been ascertained, 8,000/. of
the fine was remitted. Arundel had been sent
into Sussex to allay the insurrection of 1549.
By his influence tranquillity was perfectly re-
stored throughout Sussex ( CaL State Papers,
Dom. 1547-80, p. 19). When renewed symp-
toms of uneasiness appeared shortly after his
release, the council made a second request
for his assistance in repressing the disturb-
ance. Arundel returned a severely dignified
refusal. His late punishment, he said, for
oifences which he had never committed had
injured him both in his fortune arid his health,
and he did not understand why his services,
which had formerly been so ill requited, were
again demanded. The council, after attempt-
ing to frighten him into submission, were
glad to despatch the Duke of Somerset in his
stead.

His opposition to Warwick and the ruling
party at court subjected him to much perse-
cution. Finding the necessity of offering a

united resistance to the aggressions of War-
wick, he formed a friendship with his old
enemy the Duke of Somerset. On 16 Oct.
1551 Somerset was a second time committed
to the Tower on charges of felony and treason.
In the original depositions no mention was
made of Arundel as an accomplice, but in a
few days the evidence of one of the accused,
named Crane, began to implicate him ; by
degrees Crane's recollections became more
vivid, and on 8 Nov. Arundel was arrested
and conveyed to the Tower ('King Ed-
ward's Diary ' in Cotton MS. Titus, B. ii.)
It was said that he had listened to overtures
from Somerset, and that he was privy to
the intended massacre of Northumberland,
Northampton, and Pembroke, at the house
of Lord Paget. These accusations rest en-
tirely on the doubtful testimony of Crane
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p. 36).
During more than twelve months that Arun-
del was confined to the Tower, Northumber-
land, although he plotted unceasingly against
the life of his prisoner, never ventured to
bring him to his trial ; Arundel's subsequent
confession was exacted as the condition of
his pardon, and on a subsequent occasion he
publicly asserted his innocence in the pre-
sence, and with the assent, of Pembroke him-
self. On 3 Dec. 1552 he was called before
the privy council, required to sign a sub-
mission and confession, and fined in the sum
of six thousand marks, to be paid in equal
portions of one thousand marks annually ;
he was bound in a recognisance of ten thou-
sand marks to be punctual in his payment of
the fine, and was at length dismissed with
an admonition (STEYPE, Memorials, ii. 383,
from the Council Book). The declining
health of the king suggested to Northumber-
land the expediency of conciliating the no-
bility. Arundel was first restored to his place
at the council board, and four days before
Edward's death was discharged entirely of
his fine. In June 1553 he strongly protested
against Edward's ' device ' for the succession,
by which the king's sisters were declared
illegitimate. He ultimately signed the letters
patent, but not the bond appended, with a

| deliberate intention of deserting Northum-
berland whenever a chance should present
itself. On the death of the king, 6 July 1553,
Arundel entered with apparent ardour into
the designs of the duke. But on the very
same evening, while the council were still dis-

1 cussing the measures necessary to be adopted
before they proclaimed the Lady Jane, he
contrived to forward a letter to Mary, in
which he informed her of her brother's death;
assured her that Northumberland's motive in
conceding it was ' to entrap her before she

Fitzalan

Fitzalan

knew of it ; ' and concluded by urging her to
retire to a position of safety. Mary followed
his advice ; while Arundel continued during
more than ten days to concur in Northumber-
land's schemes with a view to his betrayal.
He attended the meetings of the council, he
signed the letter to Mary denouncing her as
illegitimate, and asserted the title of her
rival ; he accompanied Northumberland and
others when they informed Jane of her ac-
cession to the crown, and attended her on
the progress from Sion House to the Tower
preparatory to her coronation. Arundel and
the other secret partisans of Mary persuaded
Northumberland to take the command in
person of the force raised to attack Mary,
and assured him of their sympathy when
-he started. His speeches strongly betrayed
his distrust of Arundel (Sxow, Annales, ed.
Howes, 1615, pp. 610, 611 ; HOLINSHED,
Chronicles, ed. Hooker, 1587, iii. 1086).

Arundel lost no time in endeavouring to
sound the dispositions of the councillors. They
were still under the eyes of the Tower gar-
rison. Their first meeting to form their plans
was within the Tower walls, and Arundel
said ' he liked not the air.' On 19 July 1553
they managed to pass the gates under pre-
tence, says Bishop Godwin, of conference with
the French ambassador, Lavall (Annals of
Queen Mary, pp. 107, 108), and made their
way to Pembroke's house at Baynard's
Castle, above London Bridge, when they sent
for the mayor, the aldermen, and other city
magnates. Arundel opened the proceedings
in a vehement speech. He denounced the
ambition and violence of Northumberland,
asserted the right of the two daughters of
Henry VIII to the throne, and concluded
by calling on the assembly to unite with him
in vindicating the claim of the Lady Mary.
Pembroke pledged himself to die in the cause,
amid general applause. The same evening
Mary was proclaimed queen at the cross at
Cheapside, and at St. Paul's. Pembroke took
possession of the Tower, and Arundel, with
Lord Paget, galloped off with the great seal
and a letter from the council, which he de-
livered to Mary at Framlingham Castle in
Suffolk (tjie draft of this letter is printed in
Sir Henry Ellis's 2nd series of ' Original
Letters,' ii. 243, from Lansdowne MS. 3).
He then hastened to Cambridge to secure
Northumberland. Their meeting is described
by Stow (p. 612) and by Holinshed (iii.
1088). In Harl. MS. 787, f. 61, is a copy of
the piteous letter which Northumberland
addressed to Arundel the night before his
execution (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p.
213).

In reward of his exertions Mary bestowed

on Arundel the office of lord steward of the
household ; to this were added a seat at the
council board, a license for two hundred
retainers beyond his ordinary attendants
(STRYPE, Memorials, iii. 480), and a variety
of local privileges connected with his posses-
sions in Sussex. He was also appointed to
act as lord high constable at the coronation,
and was deputed to confer on any number
of persons not exceeding sixty the dignity
of knighthood (HARDY, Syllabus of Rymer's
Fcedera, ii. 792). Though favoured by the
queen he deemed it politic to make some
show of resenting her derogatory treatment
of Elizabeth. In September 1553 he was
a commissioner for Bishop Bonner's restitu-
tion (STRYPE, Memorials, iii. 23). On 1 Jan.
1553-4 he was nominated a commissioner
to treat of the queen's marriage, and on 17
Feb. 1554 he was lord high steward on the
trial of the Duke of Suffolk. He bore, too,
a part in checking the progress of Wyatt's
shortlived rebellion. On Philip's landing at
Southampton, 20 July 1554, Arundel re-
ceived him and immediately presented him
with the George and Garter (SPEED, Historic
of Great Britaine, ed. 1632, p. 1121). Along
with William, marquis of Winchester and
others, he received from Philip and Mary,
6 Feb. 1555, a grant of a charter of incor-
poration by the name of Merchant Adven-
turers of England for the discovery of un-
known lands (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ad-
denda, 1547-65, p. 437 ; the grant is printed
in HAKLIJYT, i. 298-304). In May 1555 he
was selected with Cardinal Pole, Gardiner,
and Lord Paget to urge the mediatorial offices
of the queen at the congress of Marque, and
to effect, if possible, a renewal of amity be-
tween the imperial and French crowns. He
accompanied Philip to Brussels in the fol-
lowing September. In the same year (1555)
he was elected high steward of the university
of Oxford. When the troubles with France
commenced, the queen appointed Arundel,
26 July 1557, lieutenant-general and captain
of the forces for defence of the kingdom
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p. 93).
The following year he was deputed with
Thirlby, bishop of Ely, and Dr. Nicholas
Wotton to the conferences held by England,
France, and Spain, in the abbey of Cercamp,
and was actually engaged in arranging the
preliminaries of a general peace, when the
death of Mary, in November 1558, caused
him to abruptly return home in December
(cf. MS. Life, f. 53; also the letter addressed
by Arundel and Wotton to their colleague,
the Bishop of Ely, which is printed, from
the original preserved at Norfolk House,
in Tierney's 'Hist, of Arundel/ pp. 335-7.

Fitzalan

Fitzalan

It is dated ' Ffrom Arras, the xvth of No-
vembre, 1558,' and relates to a proposed
meeting at that town. Other letters and
despatches will be found in Cal. State Papers.
For. 1558).

By Elizabeth, Arundel was retained in all
the employments which he had held in the
preceding reign, although he was trusted by
no one (FROUDE, ch. xxxvi.), chiefly because
she could not afford to alienate so powerful a
subject. A commission, dated 21 Nov. 1558,
empowers Arundel, William, lord Howard
of Effingham, Thirlby, and Wotton to treat
with Scotland ; it was made out on 27 Sept.
in the last year of Mary, and the alterations
are in the handwriting of .Sir William Cecil
(Cal. State Papers, , Scottish Ser. i. 107). Dis-
gusted by the ' sinister worldnge of some
meane persons of her counsaile,' Arundel had
surrendered the staff of lord steward shortly
before the death of Mary (MS. Life, ff. 49-
51). Elizabeth on her accession replaced it
in his hands ; she called him to a seat in the
council, and added to his other honours the
appointments of high constable for the day
before, and high steward for the day of her
coronation, on which occasion he received a
commission to create thirty knights (HARDY,
Syllabus of Rymer's Fcedera, ii. 798, 799). In
January 1559 he was elected chancellor of
the university of Oxford, but resigned the
office, probably from religious motives, in
little more than four months (WooD, Fasti
Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 86, 87). In August 1559
Elizabeth visited him at Nonsuch in Cheam,
Surrey, where for five days she was sump-
tuously entertained with banquets, masques,
and music (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80,
p. 136). At her departure she accepted i a
cupboard of plate ' (NICHOLS, Progresses of
Queen Elizabeth, i. 74), as she had before re-
ceived the perquisites obtained by the earl at
her coronation. The queen paid several sub-
sequent visits to Nonsuch (LYSONS, Environs,
i. 154-5). In August 1560 he was one of the
commissioners appointed to arrange a com-
mercial treaty with the Hanse Towns. Dur-
ing the same year Arundel, in the queen's
presence, sharply rebuked Edward, lord Clin-
ton, who advocated the prosecution of the
war with Scotland for the arrest of English
subjects found attending mass at the Span-
ish or French chapels, and Elizabeth herself
could scarcely prevent them from coming to
blows. 'Those,' Arundel exclaimed, 'who
had advised the war with Scotland were
traitors to their country ' (FROTJDE, ch.
xxxviii.) Being a widower Arundel was
named among those who might aspire to the
queen's hand, a fact which led to a violent
quarrel with Leicester in 1561 (ib. ch. xl.)

Upon the queen's dangerous illness in Oc-
tober 1562 a meeting was held at the house
of Arundel in November to reconsider the
succession. The Duke of Norfolk, Arun-
del's son-in-law, was present. The object
was to further the claims of Lady Catherine
Grey, to whose son Norfolk's infant daughter
was to be betrothed. The discussion ended
at two in the morning without result.
When the queen heard of it she sent for
Arundel to reproach him, and Arundel, it
is said, replied that if she intended to govern
England with her caprices and fancies the
nobility would be forced to interfere (ib. ch.
xl.) In 1564 he resigned the staff of lord
steward 'with sundry speeches of offence'
(STRYPE, Annals, i. 413), and Elizabeth, to
resent the affront, restrained him to his
house.

Though released within a month from his
confinement, Arundel felt deeply the humilia-
tion of his suit. Early in 1566 a smart at-
tack of gout afforded him a pretext for visit-
ing the baths at Padua. He returned in
March 1567. On his arrival at Canterbury
he was met by a body of more than six hun-
dred gentlemen from Kent, Sussex, and Sur-
rey ; at Blackheath the cavalcade was joined
by the recorder, the aldermen, and many of
the chief merchants of London, and as it drew
near to the metropolis the lord chancellor,
the earls of Pembroke, Huntingdon, Sussex,
Warwick, and Leicester, with others, to the
number of two thousand horsemen, came out
to meet him. He passed in procession through
the city, and having paid his respects to the
queen at Westminster went by water to his
house in the Strand.

It has often been asserted, but quite erro-
neously, that on this occasion Arundel ap-
peared in the first coach, and presented to
Elizabeth the first pair of silk stockings ever
seen in England. The subject has been fully
discussed by J. G. Nichols in the ' Gentle-
man's Magazine ' for 1833 (vol. ciii. pt. ii. p.
212, n. 12). That he sent the queen some
valuable presents appears from her letter
to him, dated at Westminster, 16 March
1567 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p.
289).

Arundel was now partially restored to fa-
vour, so that when the conferences relative
to the accusations brought by the Earl of
Murray against the Queen of Scots were re-
moved in November 1568 from Yorkto West-
minster, he was joined in the commission (ib.
Scottish Ser. ii. 864). His hopes of gaining
Elizabeth in marriage had long been buried.
As the leader of the old nobility and the ca-
tholic party he now resolved that the Queen
of Scots should marry Norfolk ; Cecil and

Fitzalan

Fitzalan

Bacon were to be overthrown, Elizabeth de-
posed, and the catholic religion restored. He
became intimate with Leslie, bishop of Ross,
and with Don Gueran, the Spanish ambassa-
dor. In 1569 he undertook to carry Leslie's
letter to Elizabeth, wherein it was falsely as-
serted that the king of Spain had directed
the Duke of Alva and Don Gueran * to treat
and conclude with the Queen of Scots for her
marriage in three several ways,' and thus
alarm the queen by the prospect of a possible
league between France and Spain and the
papacy. He followed up the blow by lay-
ing in writing before her his own objections
to extreme measures against Mary Stuart
(FROTJDE, ch. li.) When at length the dis-
covery of the proposed marriage determined
Elizabeth to commit the Duke of Norfolk to
the Tower, Arundel was also placed under
arrest, and restrained to his house in the
Strand in September 1569 (Cal. State Papers,
Scottish Ser. ii. 880). The northern insur-
rection which broke out a few weeks later
added to the length and rigour of his confine-
ment. From Arundel House he was removed
to Eton College, and thence to Nonsuch (ib.
Dom. Addenda, 1566-79, pp. 269, 279, 284,
286), where a close imprisonment brought on
a return of the gout, and by withdrawing
him from his concerns contributed to involve
Mm in many pecuniary difficulties, which,
however, his son-in-law, Lord Lumley, did
much to alleviate. Though his name appeared
conspicuously in the depositions of the pri-
soners examined after the northern rebellion,
lie had been too prudent to commit himself
to open treason. * He was able to represent
his share of the conspiracy as part of an honest
policy conceived in Elizabeth's interests, and
Elizabeth dared not openly break with the
still powerful party among the nobles to
which Arundel belonged.' Leicester, desiring
to injure Cecil, had little difficulty in inducing
the queen to recall Arundel to the council
board during the following year. "With
Arundel was recalled also Lord Lumley, and
both of them renewed their treasonable com-
munications with Don Gueran and La Mothe
F6nelon. He violently opposed himself to
Elizabeth's matrimonial treaty with the Duke
of Alencon. He strongly remonstrated
against the Earl of Lennox being sent with
Sir William Drury's army to Scotland as the
representative of James. At length the dis-
covery of the Ridolfi conspiracy, to which he
was privy, in September 1571, afforded in-
dubitable evidence that he had been for years
conspiring for a religious revolution and
Elizabeth's overthrow (FROTJDR, ch. Ivi.)
He was again placed under a guard at his
own house, and did not regain his liberty

until December 1572 (Cal. State Papers,
Dom. Addenda, 1566-79, p. 454).

Arundel passed the remainder of his day
in seclusion. He died 24 Feb. 1579-80 at
Arundel House in the Strand, and on
22 March was buried, in accordance with his
desire, in the collegiate chapel at Arundel,
where his monument, with a long biogra-
phical inscription from the pen of Lord Lum-
ley, may still be seen (TIERNEY, Hist, of
Arundel, pp. 628-9, and ; College Chapel at
Arundel,' Sussex Archaol. Coll iii. 84-7). The
programme of his funeral is printed in the
* Sussex Archaeological Collections,' xii. 261-
262. In his will, dated 30 Dec. 1579, and
proved 27 Feb. 1579-80, he appointed Lum-
ley his sole executor and residuary legatee
(registered in P. C. C. 1, Arundell). In person
Arundel appears to have been of the middle
size, well proportioned in limb, ' stronge of
bone, furnished with cleane and firme fleshe,
voide of fogines and fatnes.' His counte-
nance was regular and expressive, his voice
powerful and pleasing ; but the rapidity of
his utterance often made his meaning ' some-
what harde to the unskilfull' (MS. Life. ff.
63, 68). His dislike of l new-fangled and
curious tearmes ' was not more remarkable
than his aversion to the use of foreign lan-
guages, although he could speak French
(PTJTTENHAM, Arte of English Poesie, 1589,
p. 227). According to his anonymous bio-
grapher he was ' not unlearned,' and with the
counsel of Humphrey Lhuyd [q. v.], who
lived with him, he formed a library, described
by the same authority as ' righte worthye of
remembrance.' His collection merged in that
of Lord Lumley [q. v.] With Lumley and
Lhuyd he became a member of the Eliza-
bethan Society of Antiquaries enumerated in
the introduction to vol. i. of the * Archteo-
logia,' p. xix.

Arundel was twice married. His first wife,
whom he had married before November 1532
(GAIRDNER, vol. v. No. 1557), wasKatherine,
second daughter of Thomas Grey, marquis of
Dorset, K.G., by whom he had one son, Henry,
lord Maltravers, born in 1538, who died at
Brussels, 30 June 1556, and two daughters,
Jane and Mary. Jane was married before
March 1552 to John, lord Lumley, but had
no issue, and nursed her father after the
death of his second wife, and died in 1576-7.
Mary, born about 1541, became the wife (be-
tween 1552 and 1554) of Thomas Howard,
duke of Norfolk, and the mother of Philip
Howard, who inherited the earldom of Arun-
del. She died 25 Aug. 1557, and was buried
at St. Clement Danes. Both these ladies
were eminent for their classical attainments.
Their learned exercises are preserved in the

Fitzalan

93

Fitzalan

British Museum among the Royal MSS.,
having been handed down with Lord Lum-
ley's library (Gent. Mag. vol. ciii. pt. ii. pp.
494-500). Arundel married secondly Mary,
daughter of Sir John Arundell of Lanherne,
Cornwall, and widow of Robert Ratcliffe,
first earl of Sussex of that family, and K.G.
She had no children by Arundel, and dying
21 Oct. 1557 at Arundel House, was buried
1 Sept. in the neighbouring church of St.
Clement Danes, but was afterwards rein-
terred at Arundel (Sussex Archceol. Coll. iii.
81-2). A curious account of her funeral is
contained in a contemporary diary, Cotton
MS. Vitellius, F. v. Arundel thus died the
last earl of his family.

His portrait was painted by Sir Anthony
More ; another by Hans Holbein, now in the
collection of the Marquis of Bath, has sup-
plied one of the best illustrations of Lodge's
1 Portraits.' A third portrait, dated 1556, is
at Parham House, Sussex. There is also an
engraved likeness of him in armour, half-
length, with a round cap and ruff, the work
of an unknown artist.

[The chief authority is The Life of Henrye
Fitzallen, last Earle of Arundell of that name,
supposed to have been written by his chaplain in
the interval between the earl's death in February
1580 and the following April, and now pre-
served among the King's MSS. xvii. A. ix. in
the British Museum. It has been largely drawn
on by Tierney (Hist, of Arundel, pp. 319-50),
and printed by J. Gr. Nichols in Gent. Mag.
for 1833 (vol. ciii. pt. ii. pp. 11, 118, 210, 490),
accompanied by notes and extracts from other
writers, and is also cursorily noticed in Dalla-
way's History of the Rape of Arundel. The Life
in Lodge's Portraits is both inadequate and in-
accurate. Other authorities are Dugdale's Baron-
age, i. 324 ; Chronicle of Queen Jane (Camd.
Soc.) ; Fronde's Hist, of England ; Tytler's Eng-
land under Edward VI and Mary ; Sussex Archseol
Coll. ; Gal. State Papers, For. 1547-69, Venetian,
1554-8; Nicolas's Historic Peerage (Courthope)
p. 30 ; Nichols's Literary Remains of Edward VI
(Roxb. Club), 1857.] ' G. G-.

FITZALAN, JOHN II, LORD OF OSWES-
TRY, CLTJN, VXD ARUNDEL (1223-1267), was
the son of John I Fitzalan, one of the barons
confederated against King John, and of his
first wife Isabella, sister and finally one o1
the four coheiresses of Hugh of Albini, last
earl of Arundel of that house. In his father's
lifetime he was married to Matilda, daughter
of Theobald le Butiler and Rohese de Ver-
dun. In 1240 his father's death put him in
possession of the great Shropshire estates o
his house, of which the lordship of Oswestry
had been in its possession since the days o:'
Henry I, and that of Clun since the reign o
Henry II. Until 1244, when he attained

his majority, the estates remained in the
ustody of John L'Estrange, sheriff of Shrop-
hire, while in 1242 his father's executors
were quarrelling with Rohese de Verdun,
apparently about his wife's portion (Rot.
Finium, i. 387). In 1243 he received his
mother's share of one-fourth of the inherit-
ance of the Albinis, including the town and
castle of Arundel. In 1244 he entered into
actual possession of all his estates.

In general politics Fitzalan's attitude was
rather inconsistent. He was no friend of
breigners. In 1258 he quarrelled with
Archbishop Boniface about the right of hunt-
ng in Arundel Forest, and in 1263 carried
on a sharp feud with Peter of Aquablanca,
;he Poitevin bishop of Hereford. In the
course of this he seized and plundered the
jishop's stronghold of Bishop's Castle (WEBB,
Introduction to Expenses Roll of Bishop
Swinfield, I. xxi-xxii. Camd. Soc.) In 1258
he seems to have adhered to the baronial
party against Henry III, and so late as De-
cember 1261 was among those still unrecon-
ciled to the king. Yet in 1258 and 1260 he
tiad acted as chief captain of the English
troops against Llewelyn of Wales, who was
on the baronial side. Finally he seems to
have adopted the middle policy of his patron
Edward, the king's son, whom in 1263 he
attended in Wales, acting in the same year
as conservator of the peace in Shropshire and
Staffordshire. He joined Edward and other
magnates in the agreement to refer all dis-
putes to the arbitration of St. Louis (Fce-
dera, i. 433). In April 1264 he was actively
on the king's side, and besieged with Earl
Warenne in Rochester Castle (LELAND, Col-
lectanea, i. 321). After the king had re-
lieved the siege, Fitzalan joined the royal
army and was taken prisoner at the battle
of Lewes (14 May). Next year Montfort's
government required him to surrender either
his son or Arundel Castle as a pledge of his
faithfulness (Fcedera, i. 454). He died in
November 1267, having in October made his
will, in which he ordered that his body should
be buried in the family foundation of Haugh-
mond, Shropshire. He was succeeded (Co-
lend. Geneal. i. 132) by his son John III
Fitzalan (1246-1272), who in his turn was
succeeded by his son Richard I Fitzalan

" John Fitzalan is loosely described by Ri-
shanger (p. 28, Rolls Ser. ; cf. p. 25 Chron. de
Bello, Camd. Soc.) as Earl of Arundel, but m
all writs and official documents he is simply
spoken of as John Fitzalan, and he never
described himself in higher terms than lord
of Arundel. His history does not, then, bear
out the notion that the possession of the

Fitzalan

94

Fitzalan

castle of Arundel conferred an earl's dignity
on its holders (but cf. TIEENEY, Hist. Arun-
del, who holds the contrary view). His son
John also is never spoken of by contemporaries
as Earl of Arundel.

[Kymer's Fcedera, i. 399, 412, 420, 434, 454 ;
Eot. Finium, i. 387, 411, 417; Eyton's Shrop-
shire, vii. 253-6 ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 314-15 ;
Doyle's Official Baronage, i. 68-9; Lords' Ke-
porton the Dignityof a Peer, pp. 411-15 (1819) ;
Yeatman's Genealogical Hist, of the House of
Arundel, pp. 334-5 ; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel,
193-200.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, JOHN VI, EAEL OF
AEUNDEL (1408-1435), born in 1408, was the
son of John Fitzalan, lord Maltravers, and
of his wife, Eleanor, daughter of Sir John
Berkeley of Beverston. His father, the grand-
son of Sir John Arundel, marshal of England,
and of Eleanor, heiress of the house of Mal-
travers, inherited, in accordance with an
entail made by Earl Kichard II [see FITZ-
ALAN, RICHARD II], the castle and earldom of
Arundel after the decease, without heirs male,
of Earl Thomas [see FITZALAN, THOMAS], and
was in 1416 summoned to parliament as Earl
of Arundel. But Thomas Mowbray, duke
of Norfolk, the husband of Earl Thomas's
eldest sister, contested his claim both to the
estate and title, and he received no further
summons as earl. On his death, in 1421, the
question was still unsettled, and the long
minority both of his son and of John, duke
of Norfolk, his rival, still further put off the
suit.

The younger John, called Lord Maltravers,
was knighted in 1426, at the same time as
Henry VI at Leicester (Fcedera, x. 357).
On attaining his majority he was summoned
to parliament as a baron (12 July 1429).
But he still claimed the earldom, and official
documents describe him as ' John, calling
himself Earl of Arundel ' (NICOLAS, Proceed-
ings and Ord. of Privy Council, iv. 28). At
last, in November 1433, on his renewed
petition, it was decided in parliament that
his claims were good, and ' John, now Earl
of Arundel, was admitted to the place and
seat anciently belonging to the earls of
Arundel in parliament and council' (Rot.
Parl. iv. 441-3 ; cf. Lords' Report on the
Dignity of a Peer, p. 405 sq. ; and TIEENEY,
Hist, of Arundel, pp. 107-39, for very diffe-
rent comments on the whole case).

Arundel's petition had been sent from the
field in France, where his distinguished ser-
vices had warmly enlisted the regent Bed-
ford in his favour, and possibly hastened the
favourable decision. In February 1430 he
had entered into indentures to serve Henry
in the French wars, and on 23 April was

among the magnates that disembarked with
the young king at Calais (WAUBIN, Chro-
niques, 1422-31, p. 360). In June he joined
Bedford at Compiegne, and brilliantly dis-
tinguished himself in the siege of that place
(SAiNT-REMY,ii. 181-4). He was thence sent
by Bedford to co-operate with a Burgundian
force in saving Champagne, from the vic-
torious course of the French governor, Bar-
basan. He compelled Barbasan to raise the
siege of Anglure, a place situated between
Troyes and Chalons, but he could not force
an engagement, and was constrained to re-
treat, leaving Anglure a ruin to save it from
falling into the enemies' hands (WAUEIN,
pp. 395, 396; cf. MAETIN, Hist, de France,
vi. 245). In the summer of 1431 he was called
with Talbot from the siege of Louviers to de-
fend the Beauvaisis from invasion, and took
part in the action in which Saintrailles was
captured (SAINT-REMY, ii. 263). On 17 Dec.
he was at Henry VI's coronation at Paris,
and next day shared with the bastard of St.
Pol ' the applause of the ladies for being the
best tilters ' at a tournament (MONSTEELET,
liv. ii. ch. 110).

In February 1432 Arundel was made cap-
tain of the castle of Rouen, and on the night
of 3 March was surprised in his bed by Ri-
carville and 120 picked soldiers, admitted by
the treachery of a B6arnais soldier. Arundel
had only time to escape from capture ; but
the gallant attack was unsupported by a larger
force, and Arundel managed to confine the
assailants to the castle, where twelve days
later they were forced to surrender (CHEETTEL,
Rouen sur les Anglais, p. 113 ; cf. Pieces Jus-
tificatives,^.^; MONSTEELET, liv. ii. ch. 113).
Soon, after he was despatched by Bedford
with twelve hundred men to reconquer some
French fortresses in the Isle de France. He
captured several, but was checked at Lagny-
sur-Marne, where, after partial successes, the
greater part of his troops deserted. Not
even the arrival of Bedford could secure the
capture of Lagny. In November Arundel
returned to Rouen as captain of the town,
castle, and bridge (LuCE, Chronique de Mont
Saint-Michel, ii. 14). In 1433 he was at
the head of a separate army, which operated
mostly upon the southern Norman frontier,
where his troops held Vernon on the Seine
and Verneuil in Perche (STEVENSON, Wars
of English in France, ii. 256, 542, 543) ; while
be was engaged on countless skirmishes, fo-
rays, and sieges (POLYDOEE VEEGIL, p. 482,
ed. 1570). With such success were his
dashing attacks attended that he was able
to carry his arms beyond Normandy into
Anjou and Maine (ib.) He is described as
lieutenant of the king and regent in the

Fitzalan

95

Fitzalan

lower marches of Normandy ' (LtrcE, ii. 20).
His cruelty, no less than his success, made
him exceptionally odious to French patriots
(BLONDEL, Reductio Normannice, pp. 190-6,
is very eloquent on this subject ; cf. MON-
STKELET, liv. ii. ch. 158). In the summer
of 1534 he was despatched with Lord Wil-
loughby to put down a popular revolt among
the peasants of Lower Normandy. This gave
them little difficulty, though in January 1435
Arundel was still engaged on the task (LuCE,
ii. 53). The clemency with which he sought
to spare the peasants and punish the leaders
only was so little seconded by his troops that
it might well have seemed to the French a
new act of cruelty (PoL. VEKG. p. 483). In
February 1435 his approach led Alencon
to abandon with precipitation the siege of
Avranches (LucE, ii. 54).

In May 1435 Arundel was despatched by
Bedford to stay the progress of the French,
arms on the Lower Somme ; but on his arrival
at Gournay he found that the enemy had re-
paired the old fortress of Gerberoy in the
Beauvaisis, whence they were devastating all
the Vexin. He accordingly marched by night
from Gournay to Gerberoy, and arrived at
eight in the morning before the latter place.
But La Hire and Saintrailles had secretly
collected a large force outside the walls, and
simultaneous attacks on the English van from
the castle and from the outside soon put it in
confusion, while the main body was driven
back in panic retreat to Gournay. Arundel
and the small remainder of the van took up
a strong position in the corner of a field, pro-
tected in the rear by a hedge, and in front by
pointed stakes ; but cannon were brought from
the castle, and the second shot from a culverin
shattered Arundel's ankle. On the return
of La Hire from the pursuit the whole body
was slain or captured (MONSTRELET, liv. ii.
ch. 172). Arundel was taken to Beauvais,
where the injured limb was amputated. He
was so disgusted at his defeat that he rejected
the aid of medicine (BASisr, i. Ill), and on
12 June he died. His body was first deposited
in the church of the Cordeliers of that town.
A faithful Shropshire squire, Fulk Eyton,
bought the remains from the French, and his
executors sold them to his brother William,
the next earl but one, who deposited them in
the noble tomb in the collegiate chapel at
Arundel, which Earl John had himself de-
signed for his interment (TiEKNET in Sussex
Arch. Collections, xii. 232-9). His remains
show that he was over six feet in height. The
French regarded the death of the ' English
Achilles ' with great satisfaction. ' He was
a valiant knight,' says Berry king-at-arms,
t and if he had lived he would have wrought

great mischief to France' (GODEFROY, p. 389).
'He was,' says Polydore Vergil, < a man of
singular valour, constancy, and gravity.' But
his exploits were those of a knight and partisan
rather than those of a real general. He had
just before his death been created Duke of
Touraine, and in 1432 had been made a knight
of the Garter.

Arundel had been twice married. His-
first wife was Constance, daughter of Lord
Fanhope ; his second Maud, daughter of
Robert Lovell, and widow of Sir R. Stafford.
By the latter he left a son, Humphrey (1429-
1438), who succeeded him in the earldom.
On Humphrey's early death, his uncle, Wil-
liam IV Fitzalan (1417-1487), the younger
son of John V, became Earl of Arundel. He
was succeeded by his son, Thomas II Fitz-
alan (1450-1524), whose successor was Wil-
liam V Fitzalan (1483-1544), the father of
Henry Fitzalan [q. v.]

[Monstrelet's Chronique, ed. Douet d'Arcq (Soc.
de 1'Histoire de France) ; Waurin's Chroniques,
1422-31 (Rolls Series); Jean le Fevre, Seigneur
de Saint-Remy, Chroniques (Soc. de 1'Histoire de
France) ; Thomas Basin's Histoire de Charles VII,
vol. i. (Soc. de 1'Histoire de France) ; Godefroy's
Histoire de Charles VII, par Jean Chartier,
Jacques leBonvier,&c. (Paris, 1661) ; Stevenson's
"Wars of English in France (Rolls Series) ; Blon-
del's De Reductione Normannise (Rolls Series) ;
Hall's Chronicle, ed. 1809 ; Polydore Vergil's Hist.
Angl. ed. 1570; Rolls of ParL, vol. iv. ; Luce's
Chron. de Mont Saint-Michel, vol. ii. (Soc. des
Anciens Textes Fra^ais) ; Doyle's Official Baron-
age, i. 76; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel, pp. 106-27,
292-303, and 625, corrected in Sussex Arch. Coll.
xii. 232-9 ; Lords' Rep. on Dignity of a Peer;
Martin's Hist, de France, vol. vi.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, RICHARD I, EARL OF
ARU^DEL (1267-1302), was the son of
John III Fitzalan, lord of Arundel, by his
wife Isabella, daughter of Roger Mortimer
of Wigmore, and was therefore the grandson
of John II Fitzalan [q.v.] He was pro-
bably born on 3 Feb. 1267 (ElTON, vii. 258,
but cf. Calendarium Genealogicum, i. 347,
which makes him a little older). His father
died when he was five years old, and his
estates were scandalously wasted by his
grandmother Matilda, and her second hus-
band, Richard de Amundeville (EYTOtf, iv.
122). He was himself, however, under the
wardship of his grandfather, Mortimer, though
several custodians, among whom was his
mother (1280), successively held his castle
of Arundel. In 1287 he received his first
writ of summons against the rebel Rhys ap
Maredudd, and was enjoined to reside on his
Shropshire estates until the revolt was put
down (ParL Writs, i. 599). He is there

Fitzalan

9 6

Fitzalan

described as Richard Fitzalan, but in 1292
he is called Earl of Arundel in his pleas, in
answer to writs of quo warranto (Placita de
quo warranto, pp. 681, 687). It is said, with-
out much evidence, that he had been created
earl in 1289 (VINCENT, Discovery, p. 25),
when he was knighted by Edward I. But the
title was loosely and occasionally assigned
to his father and grandfather also, though
certainly without any formal warranty, for
the doctrine of the act of 11 Henry VI, that
all who possessed the castle of Arundel be-
came earls without other title, was certainly
not law in the thirteenth century (Lords' He-
port on the Dignity of a Peer, but cf . DTJGDALE,
Baronage, i. 315). In 1292 his zeal to join
the army was the excuse for a humiliating
submission to Bishop Gilbert of Chichester,
after a quarrel about his right of hunting
in Houghton forest (TiERNEY, pp. 203-7,
from Bishop Rede's Register). In 1294 he
was again spoken of as earl in his appoint-
ment to command the forces sent to relieve
Bere Castle, threatened by the Welsh in-
surgent Madoc (Parl. Writs, i. 599). In
all subsequent writs he equally enjoys that
title, though his absence in Gascony pre-
vented his being summoned to the model
parliament of 1295. In 1297 he again served
in Gascony. In 1298, 1299, and 1300 he
held command in Scotland, and in the latter
year appeared, a 'beau chevalier et bien
ame ' and ' richement arm6,' at the siege of
Carlaverock (NICOLAS, Siege of Carlaverock,
p. 50). His last attendance in parliament
was in 1301 at Lincoln, where he was one
of the signatories of the famous letter to the
pope. His last military summons was to Car-
lisle for 24 June 1301. He died on 9 March
1302 (DOYLE, i. 70).

Fi tzalan married Alice or Alisona, daughter
of Thomas I, marquis of Saluzzo (MtTLETTi,
Memorie Storico-diplomatiche di Saluzzo, ii.
508), an alliance which is thought to point
to a lengthened sojourn in Italy in his youth.
By her he left two sons, of whom the elder,
Edmund Fitzalan [q. v.], succeeded him,
while the younger, John, was still alive in
1375 (NICOLAS, Testamenta Vetusta, p. 94).
Of their two daughters, one, Maud, married
Philip, lord Burnell, and the other, Margaret,
married William Botiler of Wem (DFGDALE,
i. 315).

[Parliamentary Writs, i. 599-600; Calenda-
Tinm G-enealogicum, ii. 622 ; Nicolas's Le Siege
de Carlaverock, pp. 50, 283-5 ; Doyle's Official
Baronage, i. 69-70 ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 315;
Eyton's Shropshire, iv. 122, 123, vii. 260-1 ;
Lords' Report on the Dignity of a Peer, pp. 420,
421 ; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel, pp. 201-12.]

T. F. T.

FITZALAN, RICHARD II, EARL OP
ARFNDEL AND WAEENNE (1307P-1376), son
of Edmund Fitzalan, earl of Arundel [q. v.],
and his wife, Alice Warenne, was born not
before 1307. About 1321 his marriage to Isa-
bella, daughter of the younger Hugh le De-
spenser, cemented the alliance between his
father and the favourites of Edward II. In
1326, however, his father's execution deprived
him of the succession both to title and estates.
In 1330, after the fall of Mortimer, he peti-
tioned to be reinstated, and, after some delay,
was restored in blood and to the greater part
of Earl Edmund's possessions (Rot. Parl. ii.
50). He was, however, forbidden to con-
tinue his efforts to avenge his father by
private war against John Charlton, first lord
Charlton of Powys [q. v.] (ib. ii. 60). In
1331 he obtained the castle of Arundel from
the heirs of Edmund, earl of Kent. These
grants were subsequently more than once
confirmed (ib. ii. 226, 256). In 1334 Arun-
del received Mortimer's castle of Chirk,
and was made justice of North Wales, his
large estates in that region giving him con-
siderable local influence. The justiceship
was afterwards confirmed for life. He was
also made life-sheriff of Carnarvonshire and
governor of Carnarvon Castle. Arundel took
a conspicuous part in nearly every impor-
tant war of Edward Ill's long reign. After
surrendering in 1336 his 'hereditary right '
to the stewardship of Scotland to Edward for
a thousand marks (Fc&dera, ii. 952), he was
made in 1337 joint commander of the Eng-
lish army in the north. Early in 1338 he
and his colleague Salisbury incurred no small
opprobrium by their signal failure to capture
Dunbar (KNIGHTON, c. 2570 ; cf. Liber Plus-
cardensis, i. 284, ed. Skene). On 25 April
he was elevated to the sole command, with
full powers to treat with the Scots for truce
or peace (Fcedera, ii. 1029, 1031), of which
he availed himself to conclude a truce, as his
duty now compelled him to follow the king to
Brabant (Chron. de Melsa, ii. 385), where
he landed at Antwerp on 13 Dec. (FROISSART,
i. 417, ed. Luce). In the January parlia-
ment of 1340 he was nominated admiral of
the ships at Portsmouth and the west that
were to assemble at Mid Lent (Rot. Parl. ii.
108). On 24 June he comported himself
' loyally and nobly ' at the battle of Sluys,
and was one of the commissioners sent by
Edward from Bruges in July to acquaint
parliament with the news and to explain
to it the king's financial necessities (ib. ii.
118 b). Later in the same year he took
part in the great siege of Tournay (LuCE,
Chronique des Quatre Premiers Valois, p. 4,
ed. Soc. de THistoire de France). In 1342

Fitzalan

97

Fitzalan

he was at the great feast given by Edward III
in honour of the Countess of Salisbury (FROIS-
SART, iii. 3). His next active employment
was in the same year as warden of the Scot-
tish marches in conjunction with the Earl of
Huntingdon. In October of the same year
he accompanied Edward on his expedition to
Brittany (ib. iii. 225), and was left by the
king to besiege Vannes (ib. iii. 227) while the
bulk of the army advanced to Kennes. In
January 1343 the truce put an end to the
siege, and in July Arundel was sent on a
mission to Avignon. In 1344 he was ap-
pointed, with Henry, earl of Derby, lieu-
tenant of Aquitaine, where the French war
had again broken out ; and at the same time
was commissioned to treat with Castile, Por-
tugal, and Aragon (Fcedera, iii. 8, 9). In
1345 he repudiated his wife, Isabella, on the
ground that he had never consented to the
marriage, and, having obtained papal recog-
nition of the nullity of the union, married
Eleanor, widow of Lord Beaumont, and
daughter of Henry, third earl of Lancas-
ter. This business may have prevented him
sharing in the warlike exploits of his new
brother-in-law, Derby, in Aquitaine. He
was, however, reappointed admiral of the
west in February 1345, and retained that
post until 1347 (NICOLAS, Hist, of Royal
Navy, ii. 95). In 1346 he accompanied Ed-
ward on his great expedition to northern
France (FROISSART, iii. 130), and commanded
the second of the three divisions into which
the English host was divided at Crecy (ib.
iii. 169, makes him joint commander with
Northampton, but MURIMUTH, p. 166, in-
cludes the latter among the leaders of the
first line). He was afterwards with Edward
at the siege of Calais (Rot. Parl. ii. 163 b}.
In 1348 and 1350 Arundel was on commis-
sions to treat with the pope at Avignon
(Fcedera, iii. 165, 201). In 1350, however,
he took part in the famous naval battle with
the Spaniards off Winchelsea (FROISSART,
iv. 89). In 1351 he was employed in Scot-
land to arrange for a final peace and the
ransom of King David (Foedera, iii. 225).
In 1354 he was one of the negotiators of a
proposed truce with France, at a conference
held under papal mediation at Guines (ib. iii.
253), but on the envoys proceeding to Avig-
non (ib. iii. 283), to obtain the papal ratifi-
cation, it was found that no real settlement
had been arrived at, and Innocent VI was
loudly accused of treachery (Cont. MFRI-
MUTH, p. 184). In 1355 Arundel was one of
the regents during the king's absence from
England (Fcedera, iii. 305). In 1357 he was
again negotiating in Scotland, and in 1358
was at the head of an embassy to Wenzel,

TOL. XIX.

* iii. 392). In August
IdbO he was joint commissioner in complet-
ing the ratifications of the treaty of Bretigny.
In 1362 he was one of the commissioners to
prolong the truce with Charles of Blois (ib.
in. 662). In 1364 he was again engaged in
diplomacy (ib. iii. 747).

The declining years of Arundel's life were
spent in comparative seclusion from public
affairs. In 1365 he was maliciously cited to
the papal court by "William de Lenne, the
foreign bishop of Chichester, with whom he
was on bad terms. He was supported by
Edward in his resistance to the bishop, whose
temporalities were ultimately seized by the
crown. He now perhaps enlarged the castle
of Arundel (TIERNEY, Hist, of Arundel, p.
239). His last military exploit was perhaps
his share in the expedition for the relief of
Thouars in 1372.

Arundel was possessed of vast wealth, espe-
cially after 1353, when he succeeded, by right
of his mother, to the earldom of Warenne or
Surrey. He frequently aided Edward III in
his financial difficulties by large advances, so
that in 1370 Edward was more than twenty
thousand pounds in his debt. Yet at his
death Arundel left behind over ninety thou-
sand marks in ready money, nearly half of
which was stored up in bags in the high tower
of Arundel (Harl. MS. 4840, f. 393, where is
a curious inventory of all his personal pro-
perty at his death).

One of Arundel's last acts was to become,
with Bishop William of Wykeham, a gene-
ral attorney for John of Gaunt during his
journey to Spain (Fcedera, iii. 1026). He
died on 24 Jan. 1376. By his will, dated
5 Dec. 1375, he directed that his body should
be buried without pomp in the chapter-house
of Lewes priory, by the side of his second
wife, and founded a perpetual chantry in the
chapel of St. George's within Arundel Castle
(NICOLAS, Testamenta Fewsta,pp.94-6). By
his first marriage his only issue was one
daughter. By his second he had three sons,
of whom Richard, the eldest [see FITZALAN,
RICHARD III], was his successor to the earl-
dom. John, the next, became marshal of Eng-
land, and perished at sea in 1379. According
to the settlement made by Earl Richard in
1347 (Rot. Parl. iv. 442), the title ultimately
reverted to the marshal's grandson, John VI
Fitzalan. The youngest, Thomas [see ARITN-
DEL, THOMAS], became archbishop of Canter-
bury. Of his four daughters by Eleanor, two
are mentioned in his will, namely Joan, mar-
ried to Humphrey Bohun, earl of Hereford,
and Alice, the wife of Thomas Holland, earl
of Kent. His other daughters, Mary and
Eleanor, died before him.

Fitzalan

9 8

Fitzalan

[Rymer's Fcedera, vol. iii. Record edit. ; Rolls
of Parl.vol. ii.; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 316-18 ;
Doj'le's Official Baronage, i. 71-2 ; Froissart's
Chroniques, vols. i-iv. ed. Luce (Socie"t6 de
1'Histoire de France) ; Murimuth and his Cont.
(Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Knighton in Twysden, Decem
Scriptores; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel, pp. 225-
240.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN", RICHARD III, EARL OF
ARFNDEL AND SURREY (1346-1397), born in
1346, was the son of Richard II Fitzalan, earl
of Arundel [q. v.], and his second wife, Elea-
nor, daughter of Henry, third earl of Lan-
caster. He served on the expedition to the
Pays de Caux under Lancaster (NICOLAS,
Scrope andGrosvenor Roll, i. 220). In January
1376 he succeeded to his father's estates and
titles. Though the petitions of the Good
parliament contain complaints of the men of
Surrey and Sussex against the illegal juris-
diction exercised by his novel l shire-court '
at Arundel over the rapes of Chichester and
Arundel (Rot. Parl. ii. 348), he was ap-
pointed one of the standing council esta-
blished in that parliament to restrain the
dotage of Edward III (Chron. Any lice, 1328-
1388, p. Ixviii, Rolls Ser.) At Richard II's
coronation he acted as chief butler (Rot.
Parl. iii. 131). He was placed on the council
of regency (ib. iii. 386), and in 1380 put on a
commission to regulate the royal household.
In 1377 he was appointed admiral of the
west. His earlier naval exploits were but
little glorious, yet French authorities credit
him with the merit of having saved South-
ampton from their assault (LtrcE, Chronique
des Quatre Premiers Valois, p. 263, ed. Soc.
de 1'Histoire de France). About Whitsun-
tide 1378 he attacked Harfleur, but was sub-
sequently driven to sea (ib. p. 273). In the
same year he and the Earl of Salisbury were
defeated by a Spanish fleet, though they
afterwards compelled Cherbourg to surrender
(WALSINGHAM, i. 371). He next accompanied
John of Gaunt on his expedition to St. Malo,
where his negligence on the watch gave the
French an opportunity to destroy a mine and
so compel the raising of the siege (FROISSART,
liv. ii. ch. xxxvi. ed. Buchon). Arundel
barely escaped with his life (Chronique des
Quatre Premiers Valois, p. 275). The earl
showed an equal sluggishness in defending
even his own tenants when the French ra-
vaged the coasts of Sussex (WALS. i. 439 ;
cf. Chron. Anglice, p. 168). In 1381 he and
Michael de la Pole were approved in parlia-
ment as councillors in constant attendance
upon the young king and as governors of his
person (WALS. ii. 156; Rot. Parl. iii. 1046).
In 1383 he was proposed as lieutenant of
Bishop Spencer of Norwich's crusading army,

but the bishop refused to accept him (ib. iii.
155 a). In 1385 he took part in the expedi-
tion to Scotland.

Arundel definitely joined the baronial op-
position that had now reformed under Glou-
cester, the king's uncle. He took a promi-
nent part in the attack on the royal favourites
in 1386, acted as one of the judges of M. de
la Pole (WALS. ii. 152), and was put on the
commission appointed in parliament to reform
and govern the realm and the royal household
(Rot. Parl. iii. 221). His appointment as ad-
miral was now renewed with a wider com-
mission, rendered necessary by the projected
great invasion of England, which brought
Charles VI to Sluys (FROISSART, iii. 47 ; cf.
WALLON, Rich. II, liv. v. ch. iii.) In the spring
of 1387 he and Nottingham prepared an expe-
dition against the French, which, on 24 March,
defeated a great fleet of Flemish, French, and
Spanish ships off Margate, and captured
nearly a hundred vessels laden with wine
(WALS. ii. 154-6 ; Monk of Evesham, p. 78 ;
FROISSART, iii. 53. The different accounts
vary hopelessly ; see NICOLAS, Hist, of Royal
Navy, ii. 317-24). This brilliant victory
won Arundel an extraordinary popularity,
which was largely increased by the libe-
rality with which he refused to turn the rich
booty to his own advantage. For the whole
year wine was cheap in England and dear in
Netherlands (FROISSART, iii. 54). Imme-
diately after he sailed to Brest and relieved
and revictualled the town, which was still
held for the English, and destroyed two forts
erected by the French besiegers over against
it (KNIGHTON, c. 2692). He then returned
in triumph to England, plundering the coun-
try round Sluys and capturing ships there
on his way. All danger of French invasion
was at an end.

In 1387 Richard II obtained from the
judges a declaration of the illegality of the
commission of which Arundel was a member.
His rash attempt to arrest the earl produced
the final conflict. Northumberland was sent
to seize Arundel at Reigate, but, fearing the
number of his retainers, retired without ac-
complishing his mission (Monk of Evesham,
p. 90). Warned of this treachery, Arundel
escaped by night and joined Gloucester and
Warwick at Harringhay, where they took
arms (November 1387). At Waltham Cross
on 15 Nov. they first appealed of treason the
evil councillors of the king, and on 17 Nov.
forced Richard to accept their charges at
Westminster Hall. When the favourites
attempted resistance, another meeting of the
confederates was held on 12 Dec. at Hunt-
ingdon, where Arundel strongly urged the
capture and deposition of the king. But the

Fitzalan

99

Fitzalan

reluctance of the new associates, Derby and
Nottingham, caused this violent plan to be
rejected (Rot. Parl iii. 376). But Arundel
continued the fiercest of the king's enemies.
In the parliament of February 1388 he was
one of the five lords who solemnly renewed
the appeal (ib. iii. 229; KNIGHTON, cc. 2713-
2726). He specially pressed for the execu-
tion of Burley, though Derby wished to save
Mm, and for three hours the queen inter-
ceded on her knees for his life (Chronique de
la Traison, p. 133).

In May 1388 Arundel again went to sea,
still acting as admiral, and now also as cap-
tain of Brest and lieutenant of the king in
Brittany. Failing to do anything great in
that country, he sailed southward, conquered
Oleron and other small islands off the coast,
and finally landed off La Rochelle, and took
thence great pillage (FROISSART, iii. 112, 113,
129) . Next year, however, he was superseded
as admiral by Huntingdon (KNIGHTOX, c.
2735), and in May was, with the other lords
appellant, removed from the council. He
was, however, restored in December, when
Richard and his old masters finally came to
terms (NICOLAS, Proceedings of Privy Council.
i. 17).

For the next few years peace prevailed at
home and abroad. The party of the appel-
lants began to show signs of breaking up,
though Arundel still remained faithful to his
old policy. In 1392 he was fined four hun-
dred marks for marrying Philippa, daughter
of the Earl of March and widow of John
Hastings, earl of Pembroke (Rot. Pat. 15
Rich. II, in DALLAWAY'S Western Sussex,
II. i. 134, new edit.) A personal quarrel of
Arundel with John of Gaunt marks the be-
ginning of the catastrophe of Richard IFs
reign. The new Countess of Arundel was
rude to Catharine Swynford (FnoissART, iv.
50). Henry Beaufort [see BEAIJFOET, HENRY,
bishop of "Winchester], if report were true,
seduced Alice, Arundel's daughter (PowEL,
Hist, of Cambria, p. 138, from a pedigree
of the Stradlings, whose then representative
married the daughter born of the connection;
cf. CLARK, LimbusPatrumMorffanice et Glan-
morganice, p. 435). In 1393, when Arundel
was residing at his castle of Holt, a revolt
against John of Gaunt broke out in Cheshire,
and Arundel showed such inactivity in assist-
ing in the restoration of peace that the duke
publicly accused him in parliament of conniv-
ing at the rising (WALS. ii. 214 ; Ann. Ric. II,
ed. Riley, p. 161). Arundel answered by a
long series of complaints against Lancaster
(Rot. Parl. iii. 313). Some of these so nearly
touched the king as to make him very angry,
and Arundel was compelled to apologise for

what he had said. The actual English words
that he uttered in his recantation are pre-
served in the Rolls of Parliament. A short
retirement from court now seems to have
ensued (Ann. Ric. II, p. 166), but Arundel
soon returned, only to give Richard fresh
offence by coming late to the queen's funeral
and yet asking leave to retire at once from
the ceremony (ib. p. 169; WALS. ii. 215).
The king struck Arundel with a cane with
such force as to shed blood and therefore to
pollute the precincts of Westminster Abbey.
On 3 Aug. Arundel was sent to the Tower
(I'cedera, vii. 784), but was released on
10 Aug. (ib. vii. 785), when he re-entered the
council. The appointment of his brother
Thomas as archbishop of Canterbury may
mark the final reconciliation.

After the stormy parliament of February
1397, Arundeland Gloucester withdrew from
court, after reproaching the king with the
loss of Brest and Cherbourg. It was pro-
bably after this, if ever, that Arundel enter-
tained Gloucester, Warwick, and his brother
the archbishop at Arundel Castle, when they
entered into a solemn conspiracy against
Richard (Chronique de la Traison, pp. 5-6,
though the date there given, 23 July 1396,
must be wrong, and 28 July 1397, the edi-
tor's conjecture, is too late, one manuscript
says 8 Feb. ; Chronique du Reliyieux de Saint-
Denys, ii. 476-8, in Collection de Documents
Inedits, cf. FROISSART, iv. 56. The statement
is in no English authority, and has been much
questioned, cf. WALLON, ii. 161, 452). Not-
tingham, who, though Arundel's son-in-law
and one of the appellants, had now deserted
his old party, informed Richard of the plot.
The king invited the three chief conspirators
to a banquet on 10 July (Ann. Ric. II, p. 201).
From this Arundel absented himself without
so much as an excuse, but the arrest of War-
wick, who ventured to attend, was his justi-
fication. He was, however, in a hopeless
position. His brother pressed him to sur-
render, and persuaded him that the king had
given satisfactory promises of his safety (ib.
202-3 ; WALS. ii. 223). He left accordingly
his stronghold at Reigate, and accompanied
the archbishop to the palace. Richard at
once handed him over into custody, while
Thomas returned sorrowfully to Lambeth
(Eulog. Hist. iii. 371). This was on 15 July.
Arundel was hurried off to Carisbrooke and
thence after an interval removed to the
Tower. On 17 Sept. a royalist parliament
assembled. The pardons of the appellants
were revoked (Rot. Parl. iii. 350, 351). On
20 Sept. Archbishop Arundel was impeached.
Next day the new appellants laid their
charges against the Earl of Arundel before the

Fitzalan

IOO

Fitzalan

lords. He was brought before them, arrayed
in scarlet. With much passion he protested
that he was no traitor, and that the charges
against him were barred by the pardons he had
received. A long and angry altercation broke
out between him and John of Gaunt and
Henry of Derby, his old associate. He refused
to answer the charges, denounced his accusers
as liars, and when the speaker declared that
the pardon on which he relied had been re-
voked by the faithful commons, exclaimed,
' The faithful commons are not here ' (Monk
of Evesham, pp. 136-8 ; Rot. Parl. iii. 377 ;
Ann. Ric. pp. 214-19). He was, of course,
condemned, though Richard commuted the
barbarous penalty of treason into simple de-
capitation. The execution immediately fol-
lowed. He was hurried through the streets
of London to Tower Hill, amidst the lamen-
tations of a sympathising multitude. Bru-
tally illtreated by the bands of Cheshiremen
who had been collected to overawe the Lon-
doners, he displayed extraordinary firmness
and resolution, ' no more shrinking or chang-
ing colour than if he were going to a ban-
quet' (WALS. ii. 225-6; cf. Religieux de
Saint-Deny s, ii. 552). He rebuked with much
dignity his treacherous kinsfolk (Nottingham
was not present, though Walsingham and
Froissart, iv. 61, say that he was), and ex-
horted the hangman to sharpen well his axe.
Slain by a single stroke, he was buried in the
church of the Augustinian friars. The people
reverenced him as a martyr, and went on pil-
grimage to his tomb. At last Richard, con-
science-stricken though he was at his death,
avoided a great political danger by ordering all
traces of the place of his burial to be removed.
But after the fall of Richard the pilgrimages
were renewed, and the next generation did
not doubt that his merits had won for him
a place in the company of the saints (ADAM
OP USE:, p. 14, ed. Thompson). Arundel was
very religious and a bountiful patron of the
church. So early as 1380 he was admitted into
the brotherhood of the abbey of Tichfield.
In the same year he founded the hospital of
the Holy Trinity at Arundel for a warden
and twenty poor men (DUGDALE, Monasticon,
ed. Caley, &c. vi. 736-7). Between 1380
and 1387 he enlarged the chantry projected
by his father into the college of the Holy
Trinity, also at Arundel. This establishment
now included a master and twelve secu-
lar canons, and superseded the confiscated
alien priory of St. Nicholas (ib. vi. 1377-
1379; TIERNEY, Arundel, pp. 594-613). In
his will he left liberal legacies to several
churches.

By his first wife, Elizabeth (d. 1385),
daughter of William de Bohun, earl of North-

ampton, Arundel had three sons and four
daughters. The second son, Thomas [see
FITZALAN, THOMAS], ultimately became earl
of Arundel. Of his daughter Elizabeth's
four husbands, the second was Thomas Mow-
bray, earl of Nottingham [q. v.] Another
daughter, Joan, married William, lord Ber-
gavenny. A third, Alice, married John, lord
Charlton of Powys. By Philippa Mortimer
Arundel had no children.

[Walsingham's Chronicle of Bichard II, ed.
Riley ; Eulogium Historiarum ; Wright's Poli-
tical Poems and Songs ; Chronicon Anglise, 1328-
1388 (all in Kolls Series) ; Chronique de la Trai-
son etMort de Richard (Engl.Hist. Soc.) ; French
Metrical History of the Deposition of Richard II,
in Archseologia, vol. xx. ; Monk of Evesham's
Hist. Rich. II, ed. Hearne, 1729; Knighton in.
Twysden, Decem Scriptores; Chronique du Re-
ligieux de Saint-Denys, vol. i. (Documents In-
edits sur 1'Histoire de France) ; Froissart, vols.
iii. and iv. ed. Buchon, is often wrong in details ;
Rolls of Parliament, vols. ii. and iii. ; Rymer's
Foedera, vol. vii. ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 318-
320; Doyle's Official Baronage, i. 73-4; Sir
N. H. Nicolas 's History of the Royal Navy, vol.
ii. ; Wallon's Richard II, with good notes on
the authorities, is, with Stubbs's Constitutional
History of England, vol. ii., the fullest modern'
account; Dallaway's Western Sussex, n. i. 130-7,
new edit. ; Tierney's History of Arundel, pp. 240-
276 ; Nichols's Collection of Royal Wills, pp. 120-
143, contains in full Arundel's long and curious
testament, written in French and dated 1392;
it is taken from the Register of Archbishop
Arundel.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, alias ARUNDEL, THO-
MAS (1353-1414), archbishop of Canterbury.
[See ARUNDEL.]

FITZALAN, THOMAS, EAKL OP
ARUNDEL AND SURREY (1381-1415), the
second and only surviving son of Richard III
Fitzalan, earl of Arundel [q. v.], and his first
wife, Elizabeth Bohun, was born on 13 Oct.
1381. He was only sixteen when his father
was executed. Deprived by his father's sen-
tence of the succession to the family titles-
and estates, he was handed over by King
Richard II to the custody of his half-brother,
John Holland, duke of Exeter, who also re-
ceived a large portion of the Arundel estates.
In after years Fitzalan retained a bitter re-
membrance of the indignities he and his sister
had experienced at Exeter's hands ; how he
drudged for him like a slave, and how many
a time he had taken off and blacked his boots
for him (Chronique de la Traison, p. 97). He
was no better off when confined in his father's
old castle of Reigate, under the custody of
Sir John Shelley, the steward of the Duke-
of Exeter, who also compelled him to sub-

Fitzalan

101

Fitzalan

mit to great humiliations {Ann. Ric. II,
ed. Riley, p. 241 ; LELAND, Collectanea, i.
483). At last Fitzalan managed to effect his
escape, and with the assistance of a mercer
named William Scot arrived safely on the
continent, either at Calais or at Sluys. He
joined his uncle, the deposed Archbishop
Arundel, at Utrecht, but was so poor that he
would have starved but for the assistance of
iris powerful kinsfolk abroad. The conjec-
ture, based on a slight correction of Froissart's
story of Archbishop Arundel's commission
from the Londoners to Henry of Derby, that
Fitzalan bore a special message from, the
London citizens to Henry, that he should
overthrow Richard and obtain the English
crown, seems neither necessary nor probable.
Froissart's whole account of the movements
of the exiled Henry is too inaccurate to
make it necessary to explain away his gross
blunders. However, Archbishop Arundel
left his German exile and joined Henry at
Paris, and his nephew doubtless accompanied
him, both on this journey and on the further
travels of Henry and the archbishop to Bou-
logne. Fitzalan embarked with Henry on
his voyage to England, and landed with him
at Ravenspur early in July 1399. There is
no foundation for the story of the French anti-
Lancastrian writers that when Richard II fell
into Henry's hands the latter entrusted Fitz-
alan and the son of Thomas of Woodstock
{who was already dead) with the custody
of the captive prince, with an injunction to
guard closely the king who had put both
their fathers to death unjustly, and that
they conveyed Richard to London ' as strictly
.guarded as a thief or a murderer ' (Chronique
de la Traison, p. 210; Religieux de Saint-
Denys, ii. 717 ; cf. Archaologia, xx. 173). On
11 Oct. Fitzalan was one of those knighted
by Henry in the great hall of the Tower of
London on the occasion when the order of the
Bath is generally considered to have been
instituted. Next day he marched, with the
other newly-made knights, in Henry's train
to Westminster, all dressed alike and ' look-
ing like priests.' At Henry's coronation, on
Monday 13 Oct., he officiated as butler
(ADAM OP USE, p. 33, ed. Thompson). The
new king even anticipated the commons'
petition in his favour by restoring him to his
father's titles and estates (Rot. Parl. iii.
435-6 ; Cal. Rot. Pat. p. 238 b ; Cont. Eulog.
Hist. iii. 385). Though still under age he
,t once took his seat as Earl of Arundel, and
on 23 Oct. was one of the magnates who ad-
vised the king to put Richard II under ' safe
.and secret guard' (Rot. Parl. iii. 426-7).
Early in 1400 Arundel took the field against
the Hollands and the other insurgent nobles.

On the capture of John Holland, now again
only Earl of Huntingdon, by the followers of
:he Countess of Hereford, in Essex, Arundel,
if we can believe the French authorities,
hastened to join his aunt in wreaking an un-
worthy revenge on his former captor (Chro-
nique de la Traison, p. 97 sq.) After taunt-
ing Huntingdon with his former ill-treatment
of him, Arundel procured his immediate
execution, despite the sympathies of the by-
standers and the royal order that he should
be committed to the Tower (Fcedera, viii.
121). He then marched through London
streets in triumph with Huntingdon's head
on a pole, and ultimately bore it to the king
(Religieux de Saint-Deny s, ii. 742).

Arundel's great possessions in North Wales
were now endangered by the revolt of Owain
of Glyndyfrdwy [see GLENDOWER, OWEN],
who had begun life as an esquire of Earl
Richard. Earl Thomas was much employed
against the Welsh chieftain during the next
few years. In 1401 he fought with Hotspur
against the rebels near Cader Idris. In August
1402 he commanded that division of the three-
fold expedition against the Welsh which as-
sembled at Hereford. Within a month all
three armies were compelled by unseasonable
storms to retreat to England. In 1403 he was
again ordered to assemble an army at Shrews-
bury. After attending, in October 1404, the
parliament at Coventry, where he was one of
the triers of petitions for Gascony, he entered
into an agreement with the king, in accord-
ance with the ordinance of that parliament, to
remain for eight weeks with a small force at
his castle of Oswestry ; but in February 1405
he confessed that he was able to do nothing
against the insurgents (Rot. Parl. iii. 545-7 ;
NICOLAS, Proceedings of Privy Council, i.
246-7).

In the early summer of 1405 the revolt of
Archbishop Scrope and the earl marshal
brought Arundel to the north. After the
capture of the two leaders Arundel joined
Thomas Beaufort in persuading Henry to
disregard his uncle, Archbishop Arundel's,
advice to respect the person of the captive
archbishop. On 8 June, while Archbishop
Arundel was delayed at breakfast with King
Henry, his nephew was placed at the head
of a commission which hastily condemned
both Scrope and Mowbray, and ordered their
immediate execution (Ann. Hen. IV, p. 409 ;
RAYNALDI, Ann. Eccl. viii. 143 ; but cf.
Maidstone, in RAINE, Historians of the Church
of York, ii. 306 sq., Rolls Ser., for a different
account). This violence seems to have caused
a breach between Arundel and his uncle.
Henceforth the earl inclined to the policy of
the Beauforts and the Prince of Wales against

Fitzalan

102

Fitzalan

the policy of the archbishop. Arundel next
accompanied Henry in August into Wales,
where he is said to have successfully defended
Haverfordwest against Owain and his French
allies under Montmorency (HALL, p. 25, ed.
1809). But in the autumn he was engaged
in negotiating a marriage with Beatrix, bas-
tard daughter of John I, king of Portugal,
by Agnes Perez, and sister therefore of the
Duke of Braganza. John's^wife was a half-
sister of Henry IV, and English assistance
had enabled him to secure his country's free-
dom against Castile. The projected marriage
was but part of the close alliance between
the two countries, and Henry IV actively in-
terested himself in its success. A s Arundel's
means were much straitened by the devasta-
tion of his Welsh estates, the king advanced
the large sums necessary to bring the bride
' with magnificence and glory ' to England.
On 26 Nov. the marriage was celebrated at
London in the presence of the king and
queen (Ann. Hen. IV, p. 417; WALSING-
HAM, ii. 272 ; Collectanea Topog. et Geneal.
i. 80-90).

In 1406 Arundel was present at the famous
parliament of that year, and supported the
act of succession then passed (Rot. Parl. iii.
576, 582). In May 1409 he was again or-
dered to remain on his North Welsh estates
to encounter Owen (Fcedera, viii. 588), and
in November was ordered to continue the
war, notwithstanding the truce made by his
officers, which the Welsh persisted in not
observing (ib. viii. 611).

In 1410 Arundel's ally, Thomas Beaufort,
became chancellor, and the frequency of the
appearance of his name in the proceedings of
the council shows that he took, in conse-
quence, a more active part in affairs of state.
The old differences with his uncle, now driven
from power, continued, and in one letter
Arundel complained to the archbishop that
he had been misrepresented (Proceedings of
Privy Council, ii. 117-18). The triumph of
the Beauforts involved England in a Bur-
gundian foreign policy, and when in 1411 an
English expedition was sent to help Philip
of Burgundy against the Armagnacs, Arun-
del, the Earl of Kyme, and Sir J. Oldcastle
were appointed its commanders. He was
one of the commissioners appointed to
negotiate the marriage of the Prince of
Wales with a sister of the Duke of Bur-
gundy (ib. ii. 20). He was well received by
Burgundy, whom he accompanied on his
march to Paris, arriving there on 23 Oct.
On 9 Nov. he fought a sharp and successful
engagement with the Orleanists, which re-
sulted in the capture of St. Cloud (WALSING-
HAM, ii. 286 ; JEAN LE FKVRE, Chroniquc, i.

36-43 ; PIERRE DE FENIN, Memoires, pp. 22-
23, both in Soc. de 1'Histoire de France ; cf.
MARTIN, Histoire de France, v. 521). The
result was the retirement of the Armagnacs.
beyond the Loire. The English, having been
bought out of their scruples against selling:
their prisoners to be tortured to death by
their allies, returned home with large rewards-
soon afterwards. The fall of the Beauforts
and the return of Archbishop Arundel to>
power kept Earl Thomas in retirement until
Henry IV's death. Before this date he had
become a knight of the Garter (ASHMOLE^
Order of the Garter, p. 710).

The day after his accession Henry V turned
Archbishop Arundel out of the chancery and
made the Earl of Arundel treasurer in place
of Lord le Scrope. Arundel was also ap-
pointed on the same day constable of Dover
Castle and warden of the Cinque ports. In
1415 the commons petitioned against his
aggressions and violence in Sussex (Rot.
Parl. iv. 78), and an Italian merchant com-
plained of his unjust imprisonment and the
seizure of his effects by him (ib. iv. 90). He
was also engaged in a quarrel with Lord
Furnival about some rights of common in
Shropshire, which ultimately necessitated the
king's intervention (Gesta Hen. V, pref. p.
xxviii, Engl. Hist. Soc.) From such petty
difficulties he was removed by his summons-
to accompany Henry on his great invasion,
of France. He took a leading part in the
siege of Harfleur, but was one of the many
who were compelled to return home sick of
the dysentery and fever that devastated the
victorious army. On 10 Oct. he made his-
will ; on 13 Oct. he died. He was buried in a
magnificent tomb in the midst of the choir
of the collegiate chapel that his father had
founded at Arundel. There is a vignette of
the tomb in Tierney, p. 622.

Earl Thomas was in character hot, impul-
sive, and brave. He was a good soldier, and
faithful to his friends ; but he showed a vin-
dictive thirst for revenge on the enemies of
his house, and a recklessness which subordi-
nated personal to political aims. He left no
children, so that the bulk of his estates was
divided among his three surviving sisters,
while the castle and lordship of Arundel
passed to his second cousin, John V Fitzalan
(1387-1421), grandson of Sir John Arundel,
marshal of England, and of his wife, Eleanor
Maltravers [see JOHN VI FITZALAN, EARL OF
ARUNDEL]. The earldom of Surrey fell into
abeyance on Thomas's death.

[Annales Ric. II et Hen. IV, ed. Riley (Rolls
Ser.) ; Eulogium Historiarum (Rolls Ser.) ; Wals-
inghatn's Hist. Angl. and Ypodigma Neustriaa
(Rolls Ser.); Otterbourne's Chronicle, ed.Hearne;

Fitzalan

103

Fitzaldhelm

Monk of Evesham, Hist. Ric. II, ed. Hearne ;
Chronique de la Traison et Mort de Richart II
(Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; French Metrical History of
the Deposition of Richard II in Archgeologia,
vol. xx. ; Henrici V Gesta (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ;
Froissart's Chronique, ed. Buchon ; Chroniques
du Religieux de Saint-Denys (Documents Inedits
sur 1'Histoire de France) ; Waurin's Chroniques
(Rolls Ser.); Hall's Chronicle, ed. 1809; Nico-
las's Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy
Council, vols. i. ii. ; Rymer's Fcedera, vols. viii.
ix., original edition ; Rolls of Parliament, vols.
iii. iv. ; Calendarium Rotulorum Patentium, Re-
cord Commission ; Stubbs's Constitutional His-
tory of England, iii. ; Doyle's Official Baronage,
i. 74 ; Wylie's History of Henry IV, 1399-1404 ;
Biography in Tierney's History of Arundel, pp.
277-87.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, WILLIAM (d. 1160),rebel,
was the son and heir of Alan Fitzflaald, by
Aveline or Adeline, sister of Ernulf de Hes-
ding (EYTON, Shropshire, vii. 222-3). His
younger brother, Walter Fitzalan (d. 1177),
was 'the undoubted ancestor of the royal
house of Stuart ' (ib.) His father had received
from Henry I, about the beginning of his
reign, extensive fiefs in Shropshire and Nor-
folk. William was born about 1105 and suc-
ceeded his father about 1114 (ib. pp. 222,
232). His first appearance is as a witness
to Stephen's charter to Shrewsbury Abbey
(Monasticon, iii. 519) in 1136. He is found
acting as castellan of Shrewsbury and sheriff
of Shropshire in 1138, when he joined in the
revolt against Stephen, being married to a
niece of the Earl of Gloucester (ORD. VIT.
v. 112-13). After resisting the king's attack
for a month, he fled with his family (August
1138), leaving the castle to be defended by
his uncle Ernulf, who, on his surrender, was
hanged by the king (ib. ; Cont. FLOR. WIG.
ii. 110). He is next found with the empress
at Oxford in the summer of 1141 (EYTOIST,
vii. 287), and shortly after at the siege of
Winchester (Gesta, p. 80). He again ap-
pears in attendance on her at Devizes, wit-
nessing the charter addressed to himself by
which she grants Aston to Shrewsbury Abbey
(EYTON, ix. 58). It was probably between
1130 and 1138 that he founded Haughmond
Abbey (ib. 286-7). In June 1153 he is found
with Henry, then duke of Normandy, at Lei-
cester (ib. p. 288). With the accession of
Henry as king he regained his paternal fief
on the fall of Hugh de Mortimer in July 1155.
He is found at Bridgnorth with the king at
that time, and on 25 July received from his
feudal tenants a renewal of their homage (ib.
i. 250-1, vii. 236-7, 288). His first wife,
Christiana, being now dead, he received from
Henry the hand of Isabel de Say, heiress of
the barony of Clun (ib. vii. 237), together

with the shrievalty of Shropshire, which he re-
tamed till his death (Pipe Rolls, 2-6 Hen. II)
which took place in 1160, about Easter (ib.
6 Hen. II, p. 27). Among his benefactions
he granted Wroxeter Church to Haughmond
in 1155 (EYTON, vii. 311-12), and, though
not the founder of Wombridge Priory, sanc-
tioned its foundation (ib. p. 363). He was
succeeded by William Fitzalan the second,
his son and heir by his second wife. By his
first he left a daughter, Christiana, wife of
Hugh Pantulf.

[Ordericus Vitalis (Societe de 1'Histoire de
France) ; Gesta Stephani (Rolls Ser.) ; Florence
of Worcester (Engl. Hist Soc.); Monasticon An-
glicanum, new ed. ; Pipe Rolls (Record Com-
mission and Pipe Roll Soc.) ; Ey ton's Hist, of
Shropshire.] J. H. R.

FITZALDHELM, WILLIAM (fi. 1157-
1198), steward of Henry II and governor of
Ireland, is described as the son of Aldhelm,
the son of William of Mortain (DTJGDALE,
Baronage, i. 693; 'if our best genealogists are
not mistaken,' as he cautiously adds), whose
father, Robert of Mortain, earl of Cornwall,
was half-brother of the conqueror, but after
Tenchebrai was deprived of his earldom, im-
prisoned for over thirty years, and only ex-
changed his dungeon for the habit of aCluniac
monk at Bermondsey . A brother of Aldhelm
is said to have been the father of Hubert de
Burgh [q. v.] But there seems no early
authority for this rather improbable genea-
logy, and the absence of contemporary refer-
ences to his family makes it probable that his
descent was obscure. Fitzaldhelm first appears
as king's steward (dapifer) as witnessing two
charters of Henry II to the merchants of
Cologne and their London house, which appa-
rently belong to July 1157 (LAPPENBERG, Ur-
kundliche Geschichte des hansischen Stahlhofes
zu London, Urkunden, pp. 4-5, ' aus dem
Coiner Copialbuche von 1326 '). He appears
as an officer of the crown in the Pipe Roll of
1159-60, 1160-1, and 1161-2 (Pipe Roll So-
ciety's publications, passim). In 1163 he
attested a charter which fixed the services of
certain vassals of the Count of Flanders to
Henry II (Fcedera, i. 23). He again appears
in the Pipe Rolls of 1163, 1165, and 1170, and
about 1165 is described as one of the king's
marshals and acted as a royal justice (HEARNE,
Liber Niger, i. 73,74; EYTON, pp. 80,85, 139).
In October 1170 he was one of the two justices
consulted by Becket's agents prior to their
appearance before the younger king at West-
minster (Memorials of Becket, vii. 389). In
July 1171 he was with Henry in Normandy
and witnessed at Bur-le-Roy a charter in
favour of Newstead Priory (DUGDALE, Monas-

Fitzaldhelm

104

Fitzaldhelm

ticon, vi. 966 ; EYTON, p. 159). Almost im-
mediately afterwards Henry was at Valognes,
whence he despatched Fitzaldhelm to Ireland
to act as the royal representative until Henry
obtained leisure to settle the affairs of the
island in person (Fcedera, i. 36, dated by the
Record commissioners' editors in 1181, but
assigned to this date with more probability
by ETTON, Itinerary, p. 159 ; GILBERT,
Viceroys, p. 41, gives the date 1176-7). In
the letter of appointment he is described as
the king's steward. It cost 27s. 6d. to con-
vey him and his associates, with their armour,
to Ireland (Calendar of Documents, Ireland,
1171-1251, No. 40). On 18 Oct. he, with
his followers, was at Waterford to meet the
king, who had landed close by on the pre-
vious day (BENEDICTUS ABBAS, i. 25; RE-
GAN'S statement that he accompanied Henry,
p. 124, is of less authority). He remained
in Ireland with Henry, witnessing among
other acts the charter which gave Dublin to
the men of Bristol (GILBERT, Historical and
Municipal Documents of Ireland, p. 1). He
was sent by Henry with Hugh de Lacy on
a mission to Roderick O'Conor, king of Con-
naught, to receive his homage (GiRALDtrs
CAMBRENSIS in Opera, v. 279, Rolls Ser.)
He also made a recognition of the lands given
to the monks of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin,
before his arrival in Ireland (Chartulary of
St. Mary's, i. 138, Rolls Ser.) Giraldus also
says that when Henry went home he left
Fitzaldhelm behind as joint-governor of Wex-
ford (ib. p. 286), but this may be a confusion
with a later appointment (REGAN, p. 39, says
that Strongbow was governor of Wexford in
1174). Fitzaldhelm was also sent in 1174
or 1175 with the prior of Wallingford to

Produce the bull of Pope Adrian, granting
reland to Henry, and a confirmatory bull
of Alexander III to a synod of bishops at
Waterford (Exp. Hib. p. 315). He soon left
Ireland, for he appears as a witness of the
treaty of Falaise in October \V7 ^(Fcedera, i.
30 ; BEKED. ABBAS, i. 99), and in 1175 and
1176 he was constantly in attendance at court
in discharge of his duties as steward or sene-
schal (ETTON, pp. 191, 194, 195, 198, from
Pipe Rolls ; LAPPENBERG, Stahlhof, p. 5).

On 5 April 1176 Strongbow, conqueror
and justiciar of Ireland, died (DiCETO, i. 407),
and Henry sent Fitzaldhelm to Ireland to
take his place (BENED. ABBAS, i. 125; HOVE-
DEN, ii. 100) and to seize all the fortresses
which his predecessor had held. With him
were associated several other rulers, very
different lists of which are given by Giraldus
(Exp. Hib. p. 334) and 'Benedict of Peter-
borough ' (BENED. ABBAS, i. 161). It was
at this time that Wexford and its elaborately

defined dependencies were assigned to Fitz-
aldhelm (ib. i. 163). It is remarkable that
he is never called 'justice' of Ireland, like
most viceroys of the period, but generally
1 dapifer regis ' (e.g. Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th
Rep. pt. v. p. 211). Giraldus calls him 'pro-
curator' (Exp. Hib. p. 334). Fitzaldhelm
had no easy task before him. John de Courci

&}. v.], one of his colleagues, almost at once
efied his prohibition, and, under the pretext
of disgust at his inactivity, set forth on his
famous expedition to Ulster (BENED. ABBAS,
i. 137). He also had a difference with Car-
dinal Vivian, the papal legate, which led to
Vivian's withdrawal to Scotland (WlLL.
NEWBURGH, i. 239, Rolls Ser.) But his most
formidable opponents were the ring of Welsh
adventurers who resented the intrusion of a
royal emissary to reap the fruits of their pri-
vate exploits. Their literary representative,
Giraldus, draws the blackest picture of Fitz-
aldhelm, which, though suspicious, cannot be
checked from other contemporary sources.
Fitzaldhelm was fat, greedy, profligate, and
gluttonous. Plausible and insinuating, he
was thoroughly deceitful. He was only brave
against the weak, and shirked the duties of
his office. His inactivity drove De Courci
and the choicer spirits into Ulster. From
the day on which Raymond, the acting go-
vernor, came to meet him at Waterford he
envied the bravery, the devotion, and the
success of the Geraldines, and vowed to
humble their pride. When Maurice Fitzgerald
died he cheated his sons of their stronghold
of Wicklow, though compelled ultimately to
give them Ferns as an inadequate compensa-
tion. He refused to restore Offaly to Fitz-
stephen, and deprived Raymond of his lands
in the valley of the Liffey. His nephew,
Walter the German, was suborned by Irish
chieftains to procure the destruction of Ferns.
He went on progress through the secure coast
towns, but feared to penetrate into the moun-
tainous haunts of the natives. He had little
share in Miles de Cogan's dashing raid into
Connaught. The only good thing that he
did was to transfer the wonder-working staff
of Jesus from Armagh to Dublin. Giraldus
forgets that Fitzaldhelm was also the founder
of the monastery of St. Thomas of Canterbury
at Donore in the western suburbs of Dublin
(charter of foundation printed in LELAND,
Hist, of Ireland, i. 127 ; cf. Monasticon, vi.
1140). It was also during his tenure of office
that John became lord of Ireland. At last
Henry listened to the complaints which a
deputation from Ireland laid before him at
Windsor just after Christmas 1178 (BENED.
ABBAS, i. 221), and removed Fitzaldhelm and
his colleagues from office, and for a long time

Fitzaldhelm

Fitzaldhelm

withheld all marks of favour from him (ib.
Exp. Hib. ccxv-xx, 334-47, for the whole
history of Fitzaldhelm's government, but it
should be checked by the less rhetorical and
more impartial account of BENED. ABBAS,
with which it is often in direct conflict).
This makes it probable that Fitzaldhelm
was not quite equal to the difficulties of his
position. Substantially his fall was a great
triumph for the Geraldines.

Fitzaldhelm now resumed his duties as
1 dapifer ' at the English court. From 1181
onwards he was sufficiently in favour for his
name to appear again in the records (e.g.
EYTON, pp. 245, 267). In 1188 he became
sheriff of Cumberland, and in 1189 acted
also as justice in Yorkshire, Northumberland,
and his own county (ib. pp. 298, 336). He
remained sheriff of Cumberland until 1198
(Thirty-first Report of Deputy-Keeper of
Records, p. 276). In 1189 he witnessed a
charter of Christ Church, Canterbury (GEK-
VASE, Op. Hist. i. 503). In 1194 he attested
a grant of lands to the cook of Queen Elea-
nor (Foedera, i. 63). These are the last ap-
pearances of his name in the records. He is
said to have married Juliana, daughter of Ro-
bert Doisnell (HEAKNE, ii'fer Niger Scaccarii,
i. 73).

Fitzaldhelm has been generally identified
with a WILLIAM DE BUEGH (d. 1204), who
occupies a very prominent position in the
first years of John's reign in Ireland. A
William de Burgh appears with his wife
Eleanor in the < Pipe Roll ' of 1 Richard I
(p. 176), but he is undoubtedly different from
Fitzaldhelm, as the latter appears by his re-
gular name in the same roll. In 1199 Wil-
liam de Burgh received from John large
grants of land and castles in Ireland (Rot.
Chart, pp. 19 b, 71 b, 84 b, 107 b ; the earliest
grants of John to him were before the latter
became king, Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep.
p. 231). Of these Limerick was the most
important. In 1200 he became the terror
of the Irish of Connaught. He supported
the pretender, Cathal Carrach,in his attempts
to dispossess Cathal Crobhderg, the head of
the O'Conors, from the throne of Connaught.
* There was no church from the Shannon
westwards to the sea that they did not pillage
or destroy, and they used to strip the priests
in the churches and carry off the women
without regard to saint or sanctuary or to any
power upon earth' (Annals of Loch Ce, i. 213).
Cathal Crobhderg was expelled and took re-
fuge with John de Courci. But in 1202 he
made terms with William de Burgh, and a
fresh expedition from Munster again devas-
tated Connaught (the Four Masters, iii. 129,
put this expedition in 1 201 ). Cathal Carrach

was slain, but the treacherous Cathal Crobh-
derg contrived a plot to assassinate in detail
the followers of De Burgh. Nine hundred
or more were murdered, but the remainder
rallied and the erection of the strong castle
of Meelick secured some sort of conquest
of Connaught for the invaders. A quarrel
between De Burgh and the king's justice,
Meiler Fitzhenry [q. v.], fora time favoured
the Irish. In 1203, while De Burgh was in
Connaught, Meiler invaded his Munster es-
tates (Ann. Loch Ce, i. 229-31). This brought
William back to Limerick, but Meiler had
already seized his castles. The result was
an appeal to King John. William appeared
before John in Normandy (Rot. de Libe-
rate, 5 John, p. 67, summarised in Cal. Doc.
Ireland, 1171-1251, No. 187), leaving his
sons as hostages in the justiciar's hands. In
March 1204 a commission, at the head of
which was Walter de Lacy, was appointed
to hear the complaints against De Burgh
(Pat. 5 John, m. 2 ; Cal. Doc. Ireland, No.
209). The result was the restoration of his
Munster estates, though Connaught, ' whereof
he was disseised by reason of certain ap-
peals and the dissension between the justi-
ciary and himself/ was retained in the king's
hands ' until the king knows how he shall
have discharged himself (Pat. 6 John, m. 8 ;
Cal. Doc. Ireland, No. 230). Connaught,
however, had not been restored when soon
after William de Burgh died, ' the destroyer
of all Erinn, of nobility and chieftainship '
(Ann. Loch Ce, i. 235). The Irish believed
that ' God and the saints took vengeance on
him, for he died of a singular disease too
shameful to be described ' (Four Masters, iii.
143). He was the uncle of Hubert de Burgh
[q. v.] He was the father of Richard de
Burgh [q. v.] (Rot. Glaus, p. 551), who in
1222-3 received a fresh grant of Connaught
and became the founder of the great house
of the De Burghs. He founded the abbey
of Athassell for Austin canons (AKCHDALL,
Monast. Hiber. p. 640), and is said to have
been buried there.

[For Fitzaldhelm : G-iraldus Cambrensis, Ex-
pugnatio Hibernica, in Opera, vol. v. ed. Dimock
(Bolls Ser.); Benedictus Abbas, ed. Stubbs (Eolls
Ser.); Eymer's Foedera, vol. i. (Kecord ed.);
Eyton's Itinerary, &c. of Henry II ; Pipe Koll,
1 Richard I (Record ed.), and the French poem
on the conquest of Ireland, ed. Michel. For
De Burgh : Annals of Loch Ce, i. 211-35 (Eolls
Ser.) ; Annals of the Four Masters ; Eotuli
Chartarum, Eotuli Literarum Patentium, Eotuli
de Oblatis, Eotuli de Liberate. For both : Sweet-
man's Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland,
1171-1251; Book of Howth; Gilbert's Viceroys
of Ireland; Dugdale's Baronage ; Lodge's Peerage
of Ireland (Archdall).] T. F. T.

Fitzalwyn

106

Fitzclarence

FITZALWYN, HENRY. [See FITZ-

AILWIN.]

FITZCHARLES, CHARLES, EARL OF
PLYMOUTH (1657 P-1680), born in or about
1657, was the illegitimate son of Charles II,
by Catherine, daughter of Thomas Pegge of
Yeldersley, Derbyshire. ' In the time of his
youth/ writes the courtly Dugdale, ' giving
much testimony of his singular accomplish-
ments,' he was elevated to the peerage, 28 July
1675, as Baron of Dartmouth, Viscount Tot-
ness, and Earl of Plymouth, ' to the end he
might be the more encouraged to persist in
the paths of virtue, and thereby be the better
fitted for the managery of great affairs when
he should attain to riper years' (Baronage,
iii. 487). He married on 19 Sept. 1678 at
Wimbledon, Surrey, Lady Bridget Osborne,
third daughter of Thomas, first duke of Leeds,
but died without issue at Tangier on 17 Oct.
1680, aged 23, and was buried on 18 Jan.
1680-1 in Westminster Abbey (CHESTER, Re-
gisters of Westminster Abbey, p. 201). His
wife remarried, about August 1706, Philip
Bisse, bishop of Hereford, and died on 9 May
1718 (Hist. Reg. 1718, Chron. Diary, p. 21 ;
Political State, xv. 553). According to Wood
(Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 270) he was com-
monly called ' Don Carlos.'

[Authorities as above.] Gr. G-.

FITZCLARENCE, LOUD ADOLPHUS
(1802-1856), rear-admiral, an illegitimate
son of William IV, by Mrs. Jordan, entered
the navy in 1814, on board the Impregnable,
bearing the flag of his father, then Duke of
Clarence. Afterwards he served in the Medi-
terranean, on the North American station,
or the coast of Portugal, and was promoted
to be lieutenant in April 1821. In May 1823
he was made commander, and captain in
December 1824. In 1826 he commanded the
Ariadne in the Mediterranean, in 1827 the
Challenger, in 1828 the Pallas, and in July
1830 was appointed to the command of the
royal yacht, which he retained till promoted
to flag rank, 17 Sept. 1853. He died 17 May
1856. On his father's accession to the throne
he was granted, 24 May 1831, the title and
precedency of the younger son of a mar-

Siis, and 24 Feb. 1832 was nominated a
.C.H.

[O'Byrne's Naval Biog. Diet.; Foster's Peerage,
s.n. ' Munster.'] J. K. L.

FITZCLARENCE, GEORGE AUGUS-
TUS FREDERICK, first EARL OF MUNSTER
(1794-1842), major-general, president of the
Royal Asiatic Society of London, the eldest
of the numerous children of the Duke of

Clarence, afterwards William IV, by Mrs.
Jordan (1762 P-1816) [q. v.], was born in
1794. He was sent to a private school at
Sunbury, and afterwards to the Royal Mili-
tary College at Marlow, and on 5 Feb. 1807,
before he was fourteen, was appointed cornet
in the 10th hussars. He went with his
regiment to Spain next year, and was aide-
de-camp to General Slade at Corunna. He
returned to the Peninsula the year after as
galloper to Sir Charles Stewart, afterwards
second marquis of Londonderry, then Lord
Wellington's adjutant-general, and made the
campaigns of 1 809-1 1 . He was wounded and
taken prisoner at Fuentes d'Onoro, but effected
his escape in the melee. He was promoted
to a troop in the 10th hussars at home soon
after. He accompanied his regiment to
Spain in 1813, and made the campaigns of
1813-14 in Spain and the south of France,
first as a deputy assistant adjutant-general
(GURWOOD, Wellington Despatches, vi. 452),
and afterwards with his regiment, while
leading a squadron of which he was severely
wounded at Toulouse. On the return of the
regiment to England he was one of the chief
witnesses against the commanding officer,
Colonel Quentin, who was tried by a general
court-martial at Whitehall, in October 1814,
on charges of incapacity and misconduct in
the field. The charges were partly proved ;
but as the officers were believed to have
combined against their colonel, the whole of
them were removed to other regiments, ' as
a warning in support of subordination,' a
proceeding which acquired for them the
name of the 'elegant extracts.' Fitzcla-
rence and his younger brother Henry, who
died in India, were thus transferred to the
since disbanded 24th light dragoons, then
in India, where George became aide-de-camp
to the Marquis of Hastings, governor-gene-
ral and commander-in-chief, in which ca-
pacity he made the campaigns of 1816-17
against the Mahrattas. When peace was
arranged with the Maharajah Scindiah the
event was considered of sufficient importance
to send the despatches in duplicate, and
Fitzclarence was entrusted with the dupli-
cates sent by overland route. He started
from the western frontier of Bundelkund,
the furthest point reached by the grand
army, 7 Dec. 1817, and travelling through
districts infested by the Pindarrees, witnessed
the defeat of the latter by General Doveton
at Jubbulpore, reached Bombay, and quitted
it in the H.E.I.C. cruiser Mercury for Kosseir
7 Feb. 1818, crossed the desert, explored the
pyramids with Salt and Belzoni, descended
the Nile, and reached London, via Alexandria
and Malta, 16 June 1818. He subsequently

Fitzclarence

107

Fitzclarence

published an account of his travels, entitlec
' Journal of a Route across India and through
Egypt to England in 1817-18,' London, 1819
4to, a work exhibiting much observation
and containing some curious plates of Indian
military costumes of the day from sketches
by the author.

Fitzclarence became a brevet lieutenant-
colonel in 1819, and the same year marriec
a natural daughter of the Earl of Eglinton
and sister of his old brother officer, Colonel
Wyndham, M.P., by whom he had a nume-
rous family. He subsequently obtained a
troop in the 14th light dragoons, commanded
the 6th carabiniers for a short time as regi-
mental major in Ireland, and served as
captain and lieutenant-colonel Coldstream
guards from July 1825 to December 1828,
afterwards retiring as lieutenant-colonel on
half-pay unattached. In May 1830 he was
raised to the peerage, under the titles of the
Earl of Munster (one of the titles of the Duke
of Clarence) and Baron Tewkesbury in the
United Kingdom, his younger brothers and
sisters at the same time being given the pre-
cedence of the younger children of a marquis.
For a short time he was adj utant-general at the
Horse Guards, a post which he resigned. The
Duke of Wellington appointed him lieutenant
of the Tower and colonel 1st Tower Hamlets
militia, but refers to him ( Wellington Cor-
respondence, vii. 195, 498) as having done a
good deal of mischief by meddling with Mrs.
Fitzherbert's affairs. He appears to have
busied himself a good deal with politics be-
fore the passing of the Reform Bill (ib. viii.
260, 274, 306, 326), and after the resignation
of the whig cabinet in 1832 became very un-
popular, on the supposition that he had at-
tempted to influence the king against reform,
a charge he emphatically denied (Parl. De-
bates, 3rd ser. xiii. 179-80). At the brevet
on the birth of the Prince of Wales he be-
came a major-general, and was soon after
appointed to command the Plymouth district.
His health had been for some time impaired
by suppressed gout, which appears to have
unhinged his mind. He committed suicide
by shooting himself, at his residence in Upper
Belgraye Street, 20 March 1842. He was
buried in the parish church at Hampton.

Munster was a privy councillor, governor
and captain of Windsor Castle, a fellow of
the Royal Society, and of the Royal Geo-
graphical, Antiquarian, Astronomical, and
Geological societies of London. He became
a member of the Royal Asiatic Society on its
first formation in 1824, was elected a member
of the council in March 1825, in 1826 was
one of the committee commissioned to draw
up a plan for a committee of correspondence,

was many years vice-president, and was
chosen president the year before his death.
On 4 Oct. 1827 he was nominated by
the society member of a committee to pre-
pare a plan for publishing translations of
oriental works, and was subsequently ap-
pointed deputy-chairman and vice-president
of the Oriental Translation Fund, which was
largely indebted to his activity in obtaining
subscriptions and making the necessary ar-
rangements, and particularly in securing the
co-operation of the Propaganda Fide and
other learned bodies in Rome (OrientalTransl.
Fund, 3rd Rep., 1830). He was also presi-
dent of the Society for the Publication of
Oriental Texts. He communicated to the
SocietS Asiatique of Paris a paper on the
employment of Mohammedan mercenaries
in Christian armies, which appeared in the
1 Journal Asiatique,' 56 cahier (February
1827), and was translated in the 'Naval and
Military Magazine ' (ii. 33, iii. 113-520), a
magazine of which four volumes only ap-
peared. With the aid of his secretary and
amanuensis, Dr. Aloys Sprenger (the German
orientalist, afterwards principal of Delhi
College), Munster had collected an immense
mass of information from the great continental
libraries and other sources for a ' History of
the Art of War among Eastern Nations' (see
Ann. Rep. p. v, Journal Royal Asiatic Society,
vol. vii.) With this object he sent out, two
years before his death, an Arabic circular,
Kitab-i-fibrist al Kutub,' &c. (or 'A List
of Desiderata in Books in Arabic, Persian,
Turkish, and Hindustani on the Art of War
among Mohammedans'), compiled, under the
order of Munster, by Aloys Sprenger, London,
1840. Munster was likewise the author of
'An Account of the British Campaign in Spain
and Portugal in 1809,' London, 1831, which
originally appeared in Colburn's ' United Ser-
vice Magazine.'

Munster is described as having been a
most amiable man in private life, and much
beloved by his old comrades of the 10th
tiussars.

[Burke's Peerage, under ' Munster ; ' Jerdan's
Nat. Portraits, vol. iii., with portrait after At-
kinson ; Proceedings of Court-martial on Colonel
Quentin, printed from the shorthand writer's
notes (1814); Fitzclarence's Account of a Journey
across India, &c. (1819); Wellington Corre-
spondence, vols. vii. and viii. ; Greville Corre-
spondence, 1st ser. ii. 10, 43, 168; Koyal Asiatic
Society, London, Comm. of Correspondence (Lon-
don, 1829) ; Annual Report in Journal Royal
Asiatic Society, London, vol. vii. (1843); Gent.
VTag. new ser. xvii. 358, xviii. 677 (will) ; a
etter from Lord Munster to the Duke of Mont-
rose in 1830 is in Egerton MS. 29300, f. 119.]

H. M. C.

Fitzcount

108

Fitzcount

FITZCOUNT, BRIAN (f. 1125-1142),
warrior and author, was the son of Count
Alan 'Fergan' (Anglo-Saxon Chron. 1127)
of Brittany (d. 1119), but apparently ille-
gitimate. From a most interesting letter
addressed to him by Gilbert Foliot (vide
infra), we learn that Henry I reared him
from his youth up, knighted him, and pro-
vided for him in life. A chief means by
which he was provided for was his marriage
with ' Matilda de Wallingford,' as she was
styled, who brought him the lands of Miles
Crispin ( Testa de Nevill, p. 115), whose widow
(ib.) or daughter she was. He was further
made firmarius of Wallingford (but not, as
asserted, given it for himself), then an im-
portant town with a strong fortress. This
3>ost he held at least as early as 1127 (Pipe
Roll, 31 Hen. I, p. 139). He was despatched
in that year (1 127) with the Earl of Gloucester
to escort the Empress Maud to Normandy
(Anglo-Saxon Chronicle}, and was engaged
with him shortly afterwards in auditing the
national accounts at the treasury at "Win-
chester (Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I, pp. 130-1). He
also purchased for himself the office and part
of the land of Nigel de Oilli (ib. p. 139),
and held land by 1130 in at least twelve
counties (ib. passim). From the evidence of
charters it is clear that he was constantly
at court for the last ten years of the reign.
Though a devoted adherent of the Empress
Maud, he witnessed as a ' constable' Ste-
phen's charter of liberties (1136), as did the
Earl of Gloucester. On her landing (1139),
however, he at once declared for her ( Gesta,
p. 57), met the Earl of Gloucester as he
marched from Arundel to Bristol, and con-
certed with him their plans (WiLL. MALM.
ii. 725). Stephen promptly besieged Wal-
lingford, but failing to take it, retired, leaving
a blockading force ( Gesta, pp. 57-8). But the
blockade was raised, and Brian relieved by
a dashing attack from Gloucester (ib. p. 59).
Thenceforth Wallingford, throughout the
war, was a thorn in Stephen's side, and Brian
was one of the three chief supporters of the
empress, the other five being her brother
Robert and Miles of Gloucester [q. v.] These
three attended her on her first visit to Win-
chester (March 1141), and were sureties for
her to the legate (WILL. MALM. ii. 743).
Charters prove that Brian accompanied her
to London (June 1141), and that at Oxford
lie was with her again (25 July 1141).
Thence he marched with her to Winchester
(Gesta, p. 80), and on her defeat fled with
her to Devizes, ' showing that as before they
had loved one another, so now neither ad-
versity nor danger could sever them' (ib.
p. 83).

A Brien de Walingofort

Commanda a mener la dame

E dist, sor la peril de s'alme,

Qu'en mil lieu ne s'aresteiisent. (MEYER)

He is again found with her at Bristol towards
the close of the year (Monasticon, vi. 137),
and at Oxford in the spring of 1142. And
when escaping from Oxford in December
following, it was to Brian's castle that the
empress fled (HEN. HUNT. p. 276).

It was at some time after the landing of
the empress (1139) that Gilbert Foliot wrote
to Brian that long and instructive letter,
from which we learn that this fighting baron
had apparently composed an eloquent treatise
in defence of the rights of the empress (ed.
Giles, ep. Ixxix.) Another ecclesiastic, the
Bishop of Winchester, endeavoured in vain
to shake his allegiance on behalf of the king,
his brother. Their correspondence is still
extant in the ' Liber Epistolaris ' of Richard
de Bury (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 390 b).
Brian must therefore have received, for these
days, an unusually good education, probably
at the court of Henry * Beauclerc.'

His later history is very obscure. On the
capture of William Martel at Wilton in 1143
he was sent prisoner to Brian, who placed
him in a special dungeon, which he named
'cloere Brien' (MATT. PARIS, ii. 174). In
1146 he was again besieged by Stephen, who
was joined by the Earl of Chester (HEN.
HUNT. p. 279), but he surprised and captured
shortly after a castle of the Bishop of Win-
chester (Gesta, p. 133). In 1152 Stephen
besieged him a third time, and he found him-
self hard pressed; but in 1153 he was bril-
liantly relieved by Henry (HEN. HUNT. pp.
284, 287). Thus the t clever Breton,' as Ger-
vase (i. 153) terms him, held his fortress to
the end. At this point he disappears from
view.

The story that he went on crusade comes
from the utterly untrustworthy account of
him in the * Abergavenny Chronicle' (Mon.
Angl.iv.QIS). An authentic charter of 1141-2
(Pipe Roll Soc.) proves that he held Aber-
gavenny, but, like everything else, in right of
his wife. She, who died without issue (Note-
book, iii. 536), founded Oakburn Priory,
Wiltshire, circa 1151 (Mon. Angl. vi. 1016).

[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Rolls Series) ; Gesta
Stephani(ib.) ; Henry of Huntingdon (ib.) ; Matt.
Paris's Chronica Major (ib.) ; Gervase of Can-
terbury (ib.) ; Pipe Roll of 31 Hen. I (Record
Commission) ; Testa de Nevill (ib.) ; William of
Malmesbury (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Monasticon An-
glicanum (new edit.); Round's Charters (Pipe
Roll Soc.); Maitland's Bracton's Note-book;
Meyer's L'histoire de Guillaume le Marechal (Ro-
mania, vol. xi.); Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep.;

Fitzgeffrey

109

Fitzgeffrey

Giles's Letters of Foliot (Patres Ecclesiae Angli-
canse); Athenaeum, 22 Oct. 1887; the Rev. A. D.
Crake's Brian Fitzcount (1888) is an historical
romance, founded on Brian's legendary career.]

J. H. R.

FITZGEFFREY, CHARLES (1575?-
1638), poet and divine, son of Alexander
Fitzgeffrey, a clergyman who had migrated
from Bedfordshire, was born at Fowey in
Cornwall about 1575. He was entered in
1590 at Broadgates Hall, Oxford, proceeded
B.A. 31 Jan. ] 596-7, and M.A. 4 July 1600.
In 1596 he published at Oxford a spirited
poem entitled ' Sir Francis Drake, his Hono-
rable Lifes Commendation and his Tragical
Deathes Lamentation/ 8vo. It was dedi-
cated to Queen Elizabeth, and commendatory
verses were prefixed by Richard Rous, Francis
Rous, 'D.W.,' and Thomas Mychelbourne.
A second edition, with a revised text and
additional commendatory verses, was pub-
lished in the same year. Meres, in ' Palladis
Tamia,' 1598, has a complimentary notice of
* yong Charles Fitz-Ieffrey, that high touring
Falcon ; ' and several quotations from the
poem occur in ' England's Parnassus,' 1600.
In 1601 Fitzgeffrey published an interest-
ing volume of Latin epigrams and epitaphs :
1 Caroli Fitzgeofridi Affaniae ; sive Epigram-
matum libri tres; Ejusdem Cenotaphia,' 8vo.
Epigrams are addressed to Drayton, Daniel,
Sir John Harington, William Percy, and
Thomas Campion ; and there are epitaphs on
Spenser, Tarlton, and Nashe. Fitzgeffrey's
most intimate friends were the brothers Ed-
ward, Laurence, and Thomas Mychelbourne,
who are so frequently mentioned in Cam-
pion's Latin epigrams. There is an epigram
1 To my deare freind Mr. Charles Fitz-Ieffrey'
among the poems ' To Worthy Persons ' ap-
pended to John Davies of Hereford's 'Scourge
of Folly,' n. d., 1610-11. It appears from
the epigram (* To thee that now dost mind
but Holy Writ,' &c.) that Fitzgeffrey was
then in orders. By his friend Sir Anthony
Rous he was presented to the living of
St. Dominic, Eastwellshire. In 1620 he pub-
lished l Death's Sermon unto the Living,' 4to,
2nd ed. 1622, a funeral sermon on the wife
of Sir Anthony Rous ; in 1622 < Elisha, his
Lamentation for his Owne,'4to, a funeral ser-
mon on Sir Anthony; in 1631 'The Curse of
Corne-horders : with the Blessing of season-
able Selling. In three sermons,' 4to, dedicated
to Sir Reginald Mohune, reprinted in 1648
under the title ' God's Blessing upon the
Providers of Corne,' &c. ; in 1634 a devotional
poem, ' The Blessed Birth-Day celebrated in
some Pious Meditations on the Angels An-
them,' 4to, reprinted in 1636 and 1651 ; and
in 1637/ Compassion to wards Captives, chiefly

towards our Brethren and Country-men who
are in miserable bondage in Barbaric: urged
and pressed in three sermons . . . preached
in Plymouth in October 1636,' 4to, with a
dedication to John Cause, mayor of Plymouth.
Fitzgeffrey died 24 Feb. 1637-8, and was-
buned under the communion-table of his-
church. Robert Chamberlain has some verses
to his memory in ' Nocturnall Lucubrations r
1638.

Fitzgeffrey prefixed commendatory verses
to Storer's ' Life and Death of Thomas, Earl of
Cromwell,' 1599 (two copies of Latin verse and
two English sonnets), Davies of Hereford's-
'Microcosmus,'1603, Sylvester's 'Bartas, his.
Devine Weekes and Workes,' 1605, and Wil-
liam Vaughan's ' Golden Grove,' 1608. He was
among the contributors to ' Oxoniensis Aca-
demies funebre officium in Memoriam Eliza-
bethee,' 1603, 4to, and ' Academise Oxoniensis
Pietas erga Jacobum,' 1603, 4to. There is an
epigram to him in John Dunbar's 'Epigram-
maton Centuries Sex,' 1616; Campion ad-
dressed two epigrams to him, and Robert
Hay man in ' Quodlibets,' 1620, has an epi-
gram to him, from which it appears that he
was blind of one eye. A letter of Fitzgef-
frey, dated from Fowey, March 1633, giving
an account of a thunderstorm, is preserved at
Kimbolton Castle. ' Sir Francis Drake ' and
' The Blessed Birth-Day ' have been reprinted
in Dr. Grosart's ' Occasional Issues.'

[Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, ii. 607-9 ; Dr. Gro-
sart's Memorial Introduction to Fitzgeffrey's
Poems; Boase and Courtney's Bibliotheca Cornu-
biensis; Hunter's Chorus Vatum.] A. H. B.

FITZGEFFREY, HENRY (fl. 1617),
writer of satires and epigrams, is commonly
assumed to have been a son of Charles Fitz-
geffrey [q. v.], but no evidence in support of
the conjecture has been adduced. A Henry
Fitz-Jeffrey, who is on the list of Westmin-
ster scholars elected to Cambridge in 1611
(WELCH, Alumni Westmonast. p. 81), may,
or may not, be the satirist. In 1617 ap-
peared * Certain Elegies, done by Sundrie
excellent Wits. With Satyres and Epi-
grames,' 8vo ; 2nd edition, 1618 ; 3rd edition,
1620; 4th edition, undated. The elegies-
are by Ffrancis] Bfeaumont], N[athaniel ?]
H[ooke?J, and Mpchael] D[rayton]. They
are followed by ' The Author in Praise of
his own Booke,' four lines ; and ' Of his deare
Friend the Author H. F.,' eight lines, signed
<Nath. Gvrlyn,' to which is appended 'The
Author's Answer.' In the first satire there
are some curious notices of popular fugitive*
tracts. After the second satire is a cojpy of
commendatory verses by J. Stephens. Then-
follows 'The Second Booke: of SatyricalL

Fitzgerald

no

Fitzgerald

Epigram's/ with a dedication ' To his True
Friend Tho : Fletcher of Lincoln's Inn, Gent. ; '
and at the end of the epigrams is another copy
of commendatory verses by Stephens. 'The
Third Booke of Humours: Intituled Notes
from Black-Fryers,' opens with an epigram
* To his Lou : Chamber-Fellow and nearest
Friend Nat. Gvrlin of Lincolnes-Inn, Gent.'
The notes are followed by some more verses
of Stephens, the epilogue ' The Author for
Himselfe/ and finally a verse 'Post-script
to his Book-binder/ Twelve copies of the
little volume were reprinted, from the edi-
tion of 1620, for E. V. Utterson at the Bel-
dornie Press in 1843.

[Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, pt. yi.
pp. 356-60 : Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii.
608.] A. H. B.

FITZGERALD, DAVID (U1176), bishop
of St. David's. [See DAVID the Second.]

FITZGERALD, LOKD EDWARD (1763-
1798), Irish rebel, was one of the seventeen
children of James Fitzgerald, viscount and
first duke of Leinster [q. v.], by Emilia Mary,
daughter of Charles, duke of Richmond. His
father died in 1773, and his mother married
William Ogilvie. The Duke of Richmond
lent his house at Aubigny in France to the
family, who resided there till 1779 ; Ogilvie
undertook Edward's education, which had
been commenced by a tutor named Lynch.
The boy had a marked military bent, and on
returning to England joined the Sussex mi-
litia, of which his uncle, the Duke of Rich-
mond, was colonel. He next entered the 96th
infantry as lieutenant, served with it in Ire-
land, exchanged into the 19th in order to
get foreign service, and in 1781 went out to
Charleston. His skill in covering a retreat
got him the post of aide-de-camp to Lord
Rawdon, on whose retirement he rejoined his
regiment. At the engagement of Eutaw
Springs, August 1781, he was wounded in
the thigh, was left senseless on the field, and
might have succumbed had not a negro, Tony,
carried him to his hut and nursed him. Tony
was thenceforth, to the end of Fitzgerald's
life, his devoted servant or slave. After his
recovery Fitzgerald was on O'Hara's staff at
St. Lucia, but soon returned to Ireland, where
his eldest brother had him elected M.P. for
Athy. He voted in the Dublin parliament
in the small minority with Grattan and Cur-
ran. After a course of professional study at
Woolwich a disappointment in love drove
him to New Brunswick to join his regiment,
the 54th, of which he was now major. Cob-
bett was the sergeant-major, and was grateful
to Fitzgerald for procuring him his discharge,

describing him to Pitt in 1800 as the only
really honest officer he had ever known. In-
fected by the fashionable Rousseau admiration
for savage life, Fitzgerald made his way by
compass through the woods from Frederick-
ton to Quebec, was formally admitted at De-
troit into the Bear tribe, and went down the
Mississippi to New Orleans, but was refused
the expected permission to visit the Mexican
mines. On returning home he found himself
M.P. for Kildare, became intimate with the
whig leaders in London, joined in April 1792
their Society of the Friends of the People,
shared their enthusiasm for the French revo-
lution, and in October 1792 visited Paris.
He stayed at the same hotel as Paine, took
his meals with him, and at a British dinner
to celebrate French victories joined in Sir
Robert Smith's toast to the abolition of all
hereditary titles. Cashiered from the army
for attendance at this revolutionary banquet,
he was not, however, so immersed in politics
as to neglect the theatres. Hence his brief
courtship and his marriage, 27 Dec. 1792 [see
FITZGEKALD, PAMELA]. He tookhis bride over
to Ireland, and six days after his arrival at
Dublin caused a scene in parliament by de-
scribing the lord-lieutenant and the majority
as ' the worst subjects the king has.' He was
ordered into custody, but refused to make any
serious apology. When not attending parlia-
ment he enjoyed the society of his wife and
child and of his flowers at Kildare. His dis-
missal from the army and the political reaction
consequent on the atrocities in France con-
verted the light-hearted young nobleman into
a stern conspirator. Early in 1796 he joined
the United Irishmen, who now avowedly
aimed at an independent Irish republic, and in
May he went with Arthur O'Connor to Bale to
confer with Hoche on a French invasion ; but
the Directory, apprehensive of accusations of
Orleanism, on account of Pamela's supposed
kinship with the Orleans family, declined to
negotiate with Fitzgerald, who rejoined his
wife at Hamburg, leaving O'Connor to treat
with Hoche. Returning to Ireland he visited
Belfast with O'Connor, then a candidate for
Antrim, but in July 1797 he declined to solicit
re-election, telling the Kildare voters that
under martial law free elections were impos-
sible, but that he hoped hereafter to represent
them in a free parliament. In the following
autumn the United Irishmen became a mili-
tary organisation, 280,000 men, according to
a list given by Fitzgerald to Thomas Rey-
nolds, being prepared with arms, and a mili-
tary committee, headed by Fitzgerald, was
deputed to prepare a scheme of co-operation
with the French, or of a rising if their arrival
could not be awaited. Fitzgerald was him-

I tzgerald

Fitzgerald

self colonel of the so-called Kildare regiment,
but induced Reynolds to take his place. The
latter alleges that three months after his ap-
pointment he learned the intention of the
conspirators to begin the rising by murdering
eighty leading noblemen and dignitaries, and
that to save their lives he gave the authori-
ties information which led to the arrest, on
12 March 1798, at Oliver Bond's house, of the
Leinster provincial committee. He does not
state whether Fitzgerald was cognisant of the
intended murders, but anxious for his escape
he had on the llth given him a vague warn-
ing and urged flight, whereupon Fitzgerald
expressed a desire to go to France that he
might induce Talleyrand to hasten the inva-
sion. Owing perhaps to Reynolds's warning,
Fitzgerald was not at Bond's meeting ; but
being told there was no warrant against him-
self was about to enter his own house, then
being searched by the police, when Tony, on
the look-out, gave him timely notice. So far
from distrusting Reynolds, Fitzgerald, while
in concealment, sent for him on the 14th and
15th, the first time to propose taking refuge
in Kilkee Castle, the property of the Duke of
Leinster, then occupied by Reynolds. Rey-
nolds objected to the plan as unsafe, and next
day took him fifty guineas and a case of
pocket pistols. Reynolds clearly gave no in-
formation of these interviews, and Lord-chan-
cellor Clare, if not other members of the Irish
government, was also desirous of an escape.
Fitzgerald, however, remained in or near Dub-
lin, paid two secret visits, once in female at-
tire, to his wife, who had prudently removed
from Leinster House, walked along the canal
at night, and actively continued preparations
for a rising fixed for 23 May. The authori-
ties were therefore obliged in self-defence to
take more serious steps for his apprehension,
and on 11 May they offered a reward of 1,00(V.
Madden gives reasons for thinking that the
F. H. or J. H. (the first initial was indis-
tinctly written in the original document from
which he copied the entry) to whom on
20 June the sum was paid, was John Hughes,
a Belfast bookseller, one of Fitzgerald's so-
called body-guard. However; this may be,
the authorities knew that on the 19th he
would be at Murphy's, a feather dealer. Fitz-
gerald, having dined, was lying with his coat
off on a bed upstairs, and Murphy was asking
him to come down to tea, when Major Swan
and Ryan mounted the stairs and entered the
room. After a desperate struggle, in which
Ryan was mortally wounded, Fitzgerald was
captured. Shot in the right arm by Major
Sirr, who had also entered the room, his
wound was pronounced free from danger,
whereupon he said, ' I am sorry for it.' He

was taken first to the castle and then to
Newgate. Inflammation set in ; his brother
Henry and his aunt (Lady Louisa Conolly)
were allowed to see him in his last moments,
and on 4 June he expired. His remains were
interred in St. Werburgh Church, Dublin,
and Sirr, forty-three years later, was buried
a few paces off in the churchyard. A bill of
attainder was passed against Fitzgerald, but
the government allowed his Kilrush estate,
worth about 700/. a year, to be bought by
Ogilvie at the price of the mortgage, 10,400/.,
and in 1819 the attainder was repealed. Fitz-
gerald was of small stature (Reynolds says
5 feet 5 inches, Murphy 5 feet 7 inches), and
Moore, who once saw him in 1797, speaks of
his peculiar dress, elastic gait, healthy com-
plexion, and the soft expression given to his
eyes by long dark eyelashes. He left three
children : Edward Fox (1794-1863), an offi-
cer in the army ; Pamela, wife of General
Sir Guy Campbell ; and Lucy Louisa, wife
of Captain G. F. Lyon, R.N.

[Moore's Life of Lord E. Fitzgerald ; Life of
Thomas Reynolds ; Madden's United Irishmen ;
Teeling's Personal Narrative of the Irish Rebel-
lion.] J. G-. A.

FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1770?-
1807), Irish insurgent leader, born at New-
park, co. Wexford, about 1770, was a country
gentleman of considerable means. At the
breaking out of the insurrection in 1798 he
was confined in Wexford gaol on suspicion,
but on being released by the populace, com-
manded in some of the engagements that
took place in different parts of the county
during the occupation of the town, exhibit-
ing, it is said, far better generalship than
the commander-in-chief,Bagenal Beauchamp
Harvey [q. v.] Madden commends his hu-
manity to the prisoners that fell into his
hands at Gorey. At the battle of Arklow
he commanded the Shemalier gunsmen. He
afterwards joined in the expedition against
Hacketstown, and surrendered upon terms
to General Wilford in the middle of July.
With Garrett, Byrne, and others he was de-
tained in custody in Dublin until the ensu-
ing year, when he was permitted to reside in
England. He was, however, re-arrested on
25 March 1800, imprisoned for a while, and
then allowed to retire to Hamburg, where he
died in 1807. In person Fitzgerald is de-
scribed as a ' handsome, finely formed man ; '
he was besides a speaker of great eloquence.

[Madden's United Irishmen; Webb's Com-
pendium of Irish Biog. pp. 194-5.]

FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809-
1883), poet and translator, born at Bredfield
House, nearWoodbridge, Suffolk, on 31 March

Fitzgerald

112

Fitzgerald

1809, was the third son of John Purcell, who,
on the death of his wife's father in 1818, took
the name and arms of Fitzgerald. In 1821
Fitzgerald was sent to King Edward the
Sixth's Grammar School at Bury St. Ed-
munds, under the charge of Dr. Malkin. In
1826 he entered at Trinity College, Cambridge,
and took his degree in 1830. He made life-
long friendships with his schoolfellows, James
Spedding and W. B. Donne [q. v.T, and with
his college contemporaries, W. M. Thackeray,
"W. H. Thompson, afterwards master of
Trinity, and John Allen, afterwards arch-
deacon of Salop. The three brothers Tenny-
son were also at Cambridge at the same
time, but he did not know them till a later
period. With Frederic, the eldest, he kept
up a correspondence for several years, and
the laureate dedicated to him his poem ' Ti-
resias,' but, as Fitzgerald died just before it
was published, their long friendship is fur-
ther commemorated in the touching epi-
logue. Carlyle was a friend of a later date,
but firm and true to the last. Fitzgerald
spent the greater part of his life in Suffolk.
His youth was passed at Bredfield, where he
was born, and where he lived, with the ex-
ception of a short sojourn in France, till
about 1825. His home was then for some
time at Wherstead Lodge, near Ipswich, till
1835, when the family removed to Boulge
Hall in the adjoining parish to Bredfield,
and for several years Fitzgerald occupied a
small cottage close by the park gates. Here
his chief friends were George Crabbe, the
son of the poet and vicar of Bredfield, and
Bernard Barton, the quaker poet of Wood-
bridge, whose daughter he afterwards mar-
ried. He had no liking for the conventional
usages of society, and was therefore some-
what of a recluse. But he was by no means
unsocial, and to those whom he admitted to
his intimacy he was the most delightful of
companions. His habits were extremely
simple ; his charity large and generous, but
always discriminating ; his nature tender and
affectionate. He lived at Boulge till about
the end of 1853, and then settled for a time
at Farlingay Hall, an old farmhouse just
outside Woodbridge, where Carlyle visited
him in 1855. About the end of 1860 he
went to live in Woodbridge itself, taking
lodgings on the Market Hill, and there he re-
mained till, at the beginning of 1874, he re-
moved to his own house, Little Grange, which
he had enlarged some years before, and where
he continued till his death. His chief out-
door amusement was boating, and the great
part of each summer was spent in his yacht,
in which he cruised about the neighbouring
coast. But he gradually withdrew from the

sea, and after the death of his old boatman
in 1877, the river had no longer any pleasure
for him, and he was driven to console him-
self with his garden. On 14 June 1883 he
died suddenly while on a visit at Merton Rec-
tory, Norfolk, and was buried at Boulge.

Beyond occasional contributions to peri-
odical literature Fitzgerald does not appear
to have published anything till he wrote a
short memoir of Bernard Barton, prefixed to
a collection of his letters and poems, which
was made after the poet's death in 1849. In
1851 was issued ' Euphranor, a Dialogue on
Youth,' which contains some beautiful Eng-
lish prose. In 1852 appeared < Polonius : a
Collection of Wise Saws and Modern In-
stances,' with a preface on proverbs and apho-
risms. Both these were anonymous. In
1853 he brought out the only book to which
he ever attached his name, ' Six Dramas of
Calderon, freely translated by Edward Fitz-
Gerald,' but the reception it met with at the
hands of reviewers, who did not take the
trouble to understand his object, did not en-
courage him to repeat the experiment. He
consequently never issued, except to his per-
sonal friends, the translations or adaptations
of ' La Vida es Sueno ' and < El Magico Pro-
digioso.' These translations never professed
to be close renderings of their originals. They
were rather intended to produce, in one who
could not read the language from which
they were rendered, something of the same
effect as is conveyed by the original to-
those familiar with it. On this principle he
translated the l Agamemnon ' of ^schylus,
which was first issued privately without
date, and was afterwards published anony-
mously in 1876. A year or two before his
death he completed on the same lines a trans-
lation of the f QEdipus Tyrannus ' and the
' (Edipus Coloneus ' of Sophocles. But the
work on which his fame will mainly rest is
his marvellous rendering of the 'Quatrains'
of Omar Khayyam, the astronomer poet of
Persia, which he has made to live in a way
that no translation ever lived before. In his
hands the ' Quatrains ' became a new poem,
and their popularity is attested by the four
editions which appeared in his lifetime. But
when they were first published in 1859 they
fell upon an unregarding public, as heedless
of their merits as the editor of a magazine in
whose hands they had been for two years
previously. His Persian studies, which wer&
begun at the suggestion of his friend, Pro-
fessor Cowell, first led him in 1856 to-
translate the ' Salaman and Absal ' of Jami.
After this he was attracted to Attar's 'Man-
tik-ut-tair,' and by 1859 he had made a
kind of abridged translation of it, which he-

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

called the l Bird Parliament ; ' but it remained
in manuscript till his death.

Fitzgerald was a great admirer of Crabbe's
poetry, and, in order to rescue it from the
disregard into which it had fallen, he con-
densed the ' Tales of the Hall ' by liberal
omission and the introduction of prose in
place of the more diffuse narrative in verse.
The preface to these * Readings in Crabbe,'
in which he pleaded for more attention to a
neglected poet, was the last work on which
ke employed his pen.

An edition of his collected writings, with
selections from his correspondence, is now
(1889) in the press, under the editorship of
the writer of this article.

[Fitzgerald's Collected Works, ed. W. Aldis
Wright, LL.D.] W. A. W.

FITZGERALD, LADY ELIZABETH,

called the FAIR GERALDINE (1528 P-1589),
was youngest daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald,
ninth earl of Kildare [q.v.],byhis second wife,
Lady Elizabeth, fourth daughter of Thomas
Grey, marquis of Dorset. Born apparently
about 1528 at her father's castle at May-
nooth, she was brought to England by her
mother in 1533, when her father was involved
in his son's treasonable practices. Her father
was executed in 1534, and she lived with her
mother at Beaumanoir, Leicestershire, the
liouse of her uncle, Lord Leonard Grey. In
1538 she entered the household of the Prin-
cess Mary at Hunsdon, and when that esta-
blishment was broken up in 1540, she trans-
ferred her services to Queen Catherine
Howard at Hampton Court. At Hunsdon
Henry Howard, earl of Surrey [q. v.], first
saw her. He renewed his acquaintance with
her at Hampton, and began about 1540 the
series of songs and sonnets, first printed in
Tottel's ' Miscellany ' (1557), in'which he ex-
tolled her beauty and declared his love for her.
One sonnet, in which he refers to the Floren-
tine origin ascribed to the Geraldine family and
to the Lady Elizabeth's education, is entitled
* Description and Praise of his love Geraldine.'
Although many others describe the course of
his passion, the lady is only mentioned by
name in this one poem. Surrey at the time
of composing these sonnets was a married
man, his wife being Lady Frances, daughter
of John Vere, fifteenth earl of Oxford. This
marriage took place in 1534, and a first child
was born in 1536. Surrey's relationship with
Lady Elizabeth would seem to have been
wholly Platonic, and an imitation of Petrarch's
association with Laura. According to Nashe's
romance, called ' The Unfortunate Traveller,
or the Life of Jack Wilton ' (1594), Surrey
while in Venice consulted Cornelius Agrippa

VOL. XIX.

as to the welfare of his ladylove, and saw her
image in a magic mirror. When he arrived
in Florence he challenged to combat all who
disputed his mistress's loveliness. Drayton
utilised these stories in his beantiful poetical
epistle of ' The Lady Geraldine to the Earl
of Surrey,' first published in his Heroicall
Epistle,' 1578. Sir Walter Scott has also
introduced the first episode into his ' Lay of
the Last Minstrel ' (canto vi. stanzas xvi-
xx.) Although these reports were widely
disseminated in the seventeenth century,
there seems no foundation for them. They
are to all appearance the outcome of Nashe's
imagination.

In 1543 Lady Elizabeth, who was then
no more than fifteen, married Sir Anthony
Browne (d. 1548) [q. v.], a widower aged
sixty. The poverty-stricken condition of
her family perhaps explains this union, which
Surrey has been assumed to deplore in his
later verse. The wedding was attended by
Henry VIII and his daughter Mary, and a
sermon was preached by Ridley. Surrey was
executed in 1547, and Lady Elizabeth's hus-
band died in 1548. About 1552 she became
the third wife of Edward Fiennes de Clinton,
earl of Lincoln (1512-1585) [q. v.] She
would seem to have been greatly in her
second husband's confidence, and the fac-
simile of a letter (dated 14 Sept. 1558),
written partly by her, acting as her husband's
secretary, and partly by himself, is printed
by the Rev. James Graves in the t Journal
of the Archaeological and Historical Asso-
ciation of Ireland' (1873). Clinton died in
1585, and made his wife executrix of his
will, but she appears to have been on bad
terms with the children of her husband's
second marriage. She died in March 1589,
leaving no issue, and was buried by her se-
cond husband in St. George's Chapel, Wind-
sor, where she had already erected an elabo-
rate monument to his memory. Her sister
Margaret was chief mourner, and sixty-one
old women, numbering the years of her life,
followed her to the grave. A fine portrait by
C. Ketel, showing a lady with auburn hair,
of very attractive appearance, is at Woburn
Abbey. A copy belonging to the Duke of
Leinster is at Carton, Maynooth. An en-
graving by Scriven was published in 1809,
and Mr. Graves gives a photograph from the
original painting in the journal noticed above.

[Rev. James Graves in Archaeological and His-
torical Association of Ireland, 1873, pp. 560
etseq. publ. Kilkenny Archseolog. Soc.; Tottel's
Miscellany, 1557, reprinted by Arber ; Poems of
Surrey and Wyatt, ed. Dr. Nott, 1815 ; Nashe's
works, ed. G-rosart, vol. v. ; Duke of Leinster's
Earls of Kildare, 1858, pp. 126-9.] S. L. L.

Fitzgerald

114

Fitzgerald

FITZGERALD, GEORGE, sixteenth j
EARL OF KILDARE (1611-1660), was son of j
Thomas, second son of William Fitzgerald, |
thirteenth earl of Kildare, by Frances, daugh-
ter of Thomas Randolph, postmaster-general
in England under Queen Elizabeth. George
Fitzgerald was in his ninth year when, in
1620, he inherited the Kildare peerage, on
the death of Gerald, the fifteenth earl, at
the age of eight years and ten months. Earl
George was given in wardship by the king
to the Duke of Lennox. On the decease of
the latter his widow transferred the ward-
ship of the minor and his estates to Richard
Boyle, earl of Cork, for 6,600/. Kildare
studied for a time at Christ Church, Oxford,
and in his eighteenth year married Joan,
fourth daughter of Lord Cork. He appears
to have been much under the influence of that
astute adventurer ; but occasional differences
occurred between them, for the settlement
of which the intervention of the lord deputy,
Wentworth, was obtained. A portrait of
Kildare, painted in 1632, in which he is re-
presented as of diminutive stature, is extant '
at Carton, the residence of the Duke of Lein-
ster. There is also preserved at Carton a
transcript, made in 1633 for Kildare, of an
ancient volume known as the f Red Book of
the Earls of Kildare.' Kildare sat for the
first time in the House of Peers, Ireland, in
1634, and was appointed colonel of a foot
regiment in the English army in Ireland.
With pecuniary advances from Lord Cork
Kildare rebuilt the decayed castle of his an-
cestors at Maynooth in the county of Kildare.
James Shirley, the dramatist, during his visit
to Dublin in 1637-8, was befriended by Kil-
dare, and dedicated to him his tragi-comedy
entitled ' The Royal Master/ acted at the
castle and the theatre, Dublin, in 1638. Kil-
dare was about that time committed to prison
for having disobeyed an order made by the
lord deputy for the delivery of documents
connected with a suit at law with Lord Digby.
In 1641 Kildare was appointed governor of
the county of Kildare, and subsequently took
part with the leaders of the protestant party
in Ireland in opposing the movements of the
Irish catholics to obtain from Charles I re-
dress of their grievances. Correspondence
between Kildare and the viceroy, Ormonde,
in 1644 appears in the third and fourth vo-
lumes of the l History of the Irish Confedera-
tion and War.' In January 1645-6 Kildare
and the Marquis of Clanricarde became sure-
ties to the extent of 10,000/. each for the
Earl of Glamorgan, on the occasion of his
liberation from prison at Dublin. Kildare
acted as governor of Dublin under the par-
liamentarian colonel, Michael Jones, in 1647,

and in 1649 he received a pension of 46s.
weekly from the government. In a subse-
quent petition to the chief justice of Munster
Kildare stated that during eleven years he
and his family had been driven to great ex-
tremities and endured much hardship in
England and Ireland through his constant
adherence and faithful affection to the par-
liament of England ; that he was then, for
debt, under restraint in London, and had
despatched his wife and some of his servants
to Ireland in hopes to raise a considerable
sum out of his estate for his enlargement
and subsistence. By his wife, who died in
1656, he had three sons and six daughters.
Kildare died early in 1660. He was buried
at Kildare. His second son, Wentworth
Fitzgerald, succeeded him as seventeenth earl
of Kildare.

[Archives of the Duke of Leinster ; Ormonde
Archives (Kilkenny Castle) ; Diaries of the Earl
of Cork ; Carte Papers (Bodleian Library), vol.
xvi. ; History of the Irish Confederation and
War, 1643-6 (Dublin, 1885-9) ; Works of James
Shirley, 1-833 ; History of the City of Dublin,
1854; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. 1884; The
Earls of Kildare, by the Marquis of Kildare,
1858-62.] J. T. G.

FITZGERALD, GEORGE ROBERT

(1748 P-1786), known as < Fighting Fitz-
gerald,' was a descendant of the Desmond
branch of the great Geraldine family, an-
ciently settled in Waterford, but removed in
the time of Cromwell to county Mayo. He
was the eldest son of George Fitzgerald, who
was for some time an officer in the Austrian
service, by Lady Mary Hervey, formerly maid
of honour to the Princess Amelia, and sister
to the Earl of Bristol, bishop of Deny. He
was educated at Eton, which he left to join
the army, his first quarters being at Gal way.
He soon became noted for his gallantry, his
recklessness, and his duels. Having at Dublin
made the acquaintance of the sister of the
Right Hon. Thomas Conolly of Castletown,
cousin of the Duke of Leinster, he married
her against the wishes of her parents, re-
ceiving with her a fortune of 10,000/. Soon
afterwards he went to the continent, where
his wife died, leaving an only daughter. In
1773 he gained celebrity in connection with
a fracas at Vauxhall relating to an actress,
Mrs. Hartley. A clergyman, the Rev. Henry
Bate [see DUDLEY, SIR HENRY BATE], who
protected the actress against the familiarities
of Fitzgerald and his friends, had, however,
much the best of the quarrel (see The Vaux-
hall Dispute, or the Macaronies Defeated;
being a compilation of all the Letters, Squibs,
4*c., on both sides of the Dispute, 1773). Fitz-
gerald married a second time the only daugh-

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

ter and heiress of Mr. Vaughan of Carrow-
more, Mayo. He now began to take an
active interest in politics. He was a strong
supporter of the legislative independence of
Ireland, and assisted in the formation of the
volunteer companies. On his estate in county
Mayo he boasted with truth that he had in-
troduced numerous improvements, much at-
tention being devoted by him to the growth
of wheat. His serious occupations were re-
lieved by wild adventures, including a habit
introduced by him of hunting at night. For
a sum of 8,OOOZ. per annum paid down his
father granted him a rent-charge of 1,000^.
per annum, and agreed to settle his whole
estates on him and his issue male. As, how-
ever, it now seemed unlikely that young
Fitzgerald would ever have any issue male,
he became jealous of his younger brother,
whose issue would ultimately inherit the
property. The father having fallen in arrears
in the payment of the rent-charge to the
amount of 12,000/., young Fitzgerald, by an
order of the court of exchequer, got posses-
sion of the property, his father being allowed
a comparatively small annuity. This an-
nuity the son neglected to pay, and carried
off his younger brother to his house at Tur-
lough. Thereupon his brother brought an
action against him for forcible abduction,
and being found guilty he was sentenced to
three years' imprisonment and a fine of 1,000/.
The sentence proved for a time a dead-letter.
He retreated to Sligo with his father, and,
being closely followed, embarked with him
in a boat for a small island in Sligo Bay.
Here his father proposed to him that if he
would pay him 3,000/. to clear his debts,
and give him a small yearly stipend, he
would convey to him the reversion in the
estate and exonerate him of all blame in the
forcible abduction. To this he agreed, and,
proceeding by unfrequented roads, the two
together reached Dublin. No sooner had
they reached it than the father set him at
defiance. A reward of 3,0001. having pre-
viously been offered for his capture, it was
not long before he was arrested. He endea-
voured to move for a new trial, but with-
out effect, and he was sent to prison, where
he remained till a serious illness induced the
authorities to liberate him. Soon afterwards
one Patrick Randal McDonnell, who had been
in league against him, was shot at and
wounded in the leg. One Murphy, a re-
tainer of Fitzgerald, was arrested on sus-
picion, but would reveal nothing. Fitzgerald
now procured a warrant for the arrest of
M'Donnell and others for false imprisonment
of Murphy, but it could not be immediately
executed on account of McDonnell's illness

from the wound in his leg. Knowing, how-
ever, that McDonnell would on a certain day
proceed from Castlebar to Chancery Hall,
they beset him on his return and took him
prisoner. In the scuffle one of the escort was
shot. The volunteers coming up, the tables
were, however, turned against Fitzgerald,
who was captured and lodged in gaol. While
there he was in some inexplicable way at-
tacked by a mob of men, who left him in a
very weak condition on the supposition that
he was dead ; but he survived to stand his
trial for murder, and being found guilty was
executed at Castlebar in the evening of Mon-
day, 12 June 1786. He was interred at mid-
night in the family tomb in a chapel which,
now in ruins, adjoins a round tower.

[Memoirs of G. E. Fitzgerald, 1786 ; Life, in
Dublin University Magazine, xvi. 1-21, 179-
197, 304-24, reprinted in 1852 ; Appeal to the
Jockey Club, &c., 1 775 ; Case of G. E. Fitzgerald,
1786 ; Gent. Mag. vol. Ivi. pt. i. 346-7, 434,
518-20 ; Sir Jonah Barrington's Memoirs.]

T. F. H.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, LORD OF
OFPALY (d. 1204), was the son of Maurice
Fitzgerald (d. 1176) [q. v.], the invader of
Ireland. Though the Geraldines had already
become a well-known family, Gerald is more
often called Fitzmaurice than Fitzgerald. Ac-
companying his father from Wales to Ireland,
he and his brother Alexander showed great
valour in the battle against Roderick O'Conor,
outside the walls of Dublin in 1171 (Exp.
Hib. in GIRALDTJS, Opera, v. 268, Rolls Ser.)
After his father's death, William Fitzaldhelm
[q. v.] deprived him and his brothers of their
stronghold of Wicklow, though after a time
compelled to give them Ferns in exchange
(ib. p. 337). He had already received from
Strongbow, Naas and other districts in Kil-
dare, and had erected Maynooth Castle (GiL-
BEET, Viceroys of Ireland, p. 93). In 1199,
though receiving King John's letters of pro-
tection, he was ordered to do right to Maurice
Fitzphilip for the lands of ' Gessil and Lega'
(? Leix), whereof he had already deforced
Maurice {Chart. 1 John, m. 6, p. i. ; Oblate
1 John, m. 12; Cal. Doc. Ireland, Nos. 101,
102). But on his death, Gerald was still in
possession of those estates {Cal. Doc. Ireland,
No. 195). He is often described as ' Baron
Offaly,' the middle cantred of which had been
among his father's possessions. He died be-
fore 15 Jan. 1204 (ib. No. 195), though gene-
rally said to have died in 1205 (Book of
Howth, p. 118, which describes him erro-
neously as justice of Ireland). He married
Catherine, daughter of Hamon of Valognes,
justiciar of Ireland between 1197 and 1199
(GILBERT, Viceroys, pp. 57, 93). He left by

Fitzgerald

116

Fitzgerald

her two sons (LODGE, Peerage of Ireland, i.
59). one of whom, his successor, was Maurice
Fitzgerald, lord of Offaly (1194 P-1257) [q. v.]
Gerald is described by his cousin, Giraldus
Cambrensis, as small in stature, but distin-
guished for prudence and honesty (Exp. Hib.
p. 354). He was the ancestor of the earls of
Kildare.

[Authorities referred to in text.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, fourth EAEL
OF DESMOND (d. 1398), justiciar of Ireland,
was the son of Maurice Fitzthomas, the first
earl of Desmond [q. v.], by his second wife,
Evelina or Eleanor Fitzmaurice, and was
generally styled Gerald Fitzmaurice. He
was in 1356 taken prisoner by the Irish, but
released on a truce being made ( Cal. Rot. Pat.
et Claus. Hib. p. 59). His father's death in the
same year was soon followed by that of his
elder brother, Maurice, the second earl. This
produced great disturbances in Munster. To
appease them Edward III granted to Gerald
the lands of his brother Maurice, together with
the custody of his idiot brother, Nicholas, who
seems to have been regarded as incompetent
to succeed (id. p. 72). This was on 3 July
1359. On 20 July the king renewed the grant
on condition of Gerald's marrying Eleanor, the
daughter of James Butler, earl of Ormonde,
then justiciar of Ireland (Feeder a, iii. 433).
The peerage writers describe Gerald as the
fourth earl, on the assumption that either
Nicholas or another brother, John, previously
bore the title (LODGE, Peerage of Ireland, i.
65 ; cf. l Pedigree of the Desmonds,' in GRAVES,
Unpublished Geraldine Documents, pt. ii.)
But the authorities only know of Maurice
and his father as his predecessors in the title.
The ' Book of Howth ' (p. 118) describes him
rightly as third earl.

In 1367 Desmond succeeded Lionel, duke
of Clarence, as justiciar of Ireland (GRACE,
Annals, p. 154). The appointment was a
confession of weakness of the home govern-
ment, for Gerald carried on even further than
his father that policy of amalgamation with
the native Irish which it had been Lionel's
main object to prevent. The period of his
rule was almost exceptionally turbulent. A
great meeting was held at Kilkenny to in-
duce the Birminghams to live in peace with
the government, and the king's officials peti-
tioned for the removal of the exchequer from
Carlow, where it was exposed to the Irish
attacks. In 1368 the Irish parliament peti-
tioned that all who held land in Irelanc
should be compelled to defend their estates
in person or by sufficient deputies. In 1369
Desmond was superseded by Sir William de
Windsor. In the same vear Desmond was

lefeated near Nenagh and taken prisoner by
3rien O'Brien, king of Thomond, whose vic-
orious army now plundered and destroyed
" imerick (Annals of Loch Ce, ii. 43 ; Annals
if the Four Masters, iii. 649). It was one of
he greatest victories ever won by the Irish
if Munster. In 1370 Windsor led an ex-
jedition to effect Desmond's release, but in
.372 O'Brien was again in arms and threaten-
ng Limerick (Cal. Rot. Pat. et Claus. Hib.
p. 846).

In 1377 Desmond was at war with Richard
de Burgh (ib. p. 103 b\ In 1381 he was ap-
pointed to t repress the malice of the rebels ;
n Munster, where no justiciar ventured to
show his face after the death of the Earl of
March (ib. pp. 114, 115). In 1386 he again
acted as deputy of the justiciar in Munster
[ib. p. 127 6). In 1393 he obtained from the
council an order compelling the town of Cork
;o pay him a rent already granted ' consider-
ng the great expenses which he continually
sustains in the king's wars in Munster ' (King's
Council in Ireland, 16 Richard II, p. 126,
Rolls Ser.) During the latter part of his life
tie was constantly at war with his hereditary
foes, the Butlers (ib. p. 261 ; cf. Cal. Rot. Pat.
et Claus. Hib. pp. 121, 122 6).

Desmond is generally described in the re-
cords as the chief upholder of the king's cause
in Munster. Yet his policy was to set the law
at defiance and adopt Irish customs and sym-
pathies. He obtained in 1388 a royal license
to allow his son James to be fostered among
his old enemies, the O'Briens, notwithstanding
the statute of Kilkenny (Cal. Rot. Pat. et
Claus. Hib. p. 139). The Irish annalists are
enthusiastic in his praises. The ' Four Masters '
describe him as ' a cheerful and courteous
man, who excelled all the English and many
of the Irish in the knowledge of the Irish
language, poetry, and history ' (iv. 761, cf.
note on p. 760). He was a man of some cul-
ture and refinement. He was called ' Gerald
the poet,' and some short French verses attri-
buted to him still survive in the ' Book of
Ross or Waterford,' in Harl. MS. 913, f. 15 b,
with the title ' Proverbia Comitis Desmond/
' The point of these is not very evident beyond
an ingenious play on words ' (CROKER, Popular
Songs of Ireland, p. 287). He is also de-
scribed as a mathematician and magician.
He died in 1398, but the Munster peasantry
long believed that he had only disappeared
beneath the waters of Lough Air, near Lime-
rick, and that every seven years he revisited
its castle.

By his wife, Eleanor Butler, who died in
1392, and is described as a ' charitable and
bountiful woman ' (Annals of Loch Ce, ii. 75),
Desmond left several children. The eldest

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Fitzgerald

son, John, the fifth earl, according to the ordi-
nary reckoning, was drowned in the river
Suir, within a few months of his father's death
{Four Masters, iv. 761). The next son, Mau-
rice, died without male issue in 1410. The
third son, James, the O'Brien's foster-son,
usurped the earldom from his nephew Tho-
mas, the sixth earl, son of John. James was
the father of Thomas Fitzgerald, eighth earl
of Desmond [q. v.] Two daughters of Gerald
and Eleanor are also mentioned (' Pedigree
of the Desmonds,' in GRAVES, Unpublished
Geraldine Documents, pt. ii.)

[Chartularies, &c., of St. Mary's Abbey, Dub-
lin ; Annals of Loch Ce, both in Eolls 'Series;
Calendar of the Patent and Close Eolls of Ireland,
Eecord Coram.; Annals of the Four Masters;
Clyn's Annals and Grace's Annals (Irish Archaeo-
logical Soc.) ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, vol. i.
(Archdall) ; Graves's Unpublished Geraldine
Documents, first printed in Journal of Kilkenny
Archaeological Society, and then separately ; Gil-
bert's Viceroys of Ireland ; and the other autho-
rities referred to in the text.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, eighth EARL
OF KILDARE (d. 1513), was son of Thomas
Fitzgerald, seventh earl of Kildare [q. v.],
by his wife Joan, daughter of James, earl of
Desmond. Gerald became Earl of Kildare
on the death of his father in 1477, and was
elected by the council at Dublin to succeed
him as deputy-governor in Ireland. Ed-
ward IV, however, nominated Henry, lord
Grey, to that office. In connection with the
appointment serious complications arose. Kil-
dare and Grey respectively asserted rights
as governors, and presided over rival parlia-
ments of the English settlement in Ireland.
After the termination of the contest Kildare
was, in 1481, appointed as deputy in Ireland
for the viceroy, Richard, duke of York, and
during the closing years of Edward IV
advanced much in wealth and influence.
He married Alison, daughter of Sir Row-
land Fitzeustace, baron of Portlester, and
formed alliances with the most important
Irish and Anglo-Irish families. Richard III,
on his accession, laboured to secure the in-
terest of Kildare, and appointed him deputy-
governor in Ireland for his son, Prince Ed-
ward. Kildare identified himself prominently
with the Yorkist movement in Ireland, which
led to the battle at Stoke. In 1488, through
the medium of Sir Richard Edgecombe, Kil-
dare was taken into favour by Henry VII, and
received pardon under the great seal. As
lord deputy he acted energetically against
some of the hostile Irish, but was subse-
quently suspected of favouring the claims
of Perkin Warbeck. Kildare deferred com-
pliance with a royal mandate for his appear-

ance in England. His messengers, sent with
despatches to the king, were imprisoned at
London, for which no explanation was ac-
corded to him. In a letter to the Earl of
Ormonde Kildare complained of this treat-
ment, and mentioned that he understood that
he had been falsely accused of having favoured
Perkin Warbeck. He declared that he had
never aided or supported him, and that his
loyalty had been certified to the king by the
principal lords of Ireland. At the same time
the Earl of Desmond, and other chief per-
sonages in Ireland, by letter entreated the
king not to require Kildare to attend on him
in England, as they alleged that the English
interest in Ireland would be severely preju-
diced by his absence, and they assured the
king that he was a true and faithful subject.
Kildare was attainted in a parliament con-
vened by Sir Edward Poynings at Drogheda
in November 1494, and sent as prisoner to
the Tower of London. After a detention
there for two years the earl was pardoned,
and appointed lord deputy in 1496. In that
year he married, as his second wife, Eliza-
beth St. John, first cousin to Henry VII.
In 1498 Kildare presided at the first parlia-
ment held in Ireland under Poynings' law.
The statutes enacted on that occasion were
afterwards officially declared to have been
lost, but they have been brought to light and
published by the writer of the present notice.
Of Kildare's military operations the most
important was that in 1504 at Cnoctuagh,
near Galway, in which he obtained a victory
over forces commanded by some of the chief
nobles of Connacht and Munster. He was
installed as a knight of the Garter in May
1505, and continued as deputy in Ireland in
the early years of the reign of Henry VIII.
Kildare died in September 1513 of a wound
which he received in an engagement with a
sept of Leinster. He was interred in a
chapel which he had erected in the convent
of the Holy Trinity, now known as Christ
Church, Dublin. Contemporary chroniclers
styled him ' the great earl,' and described him
as l a mighty made man, full of honour and
courage, soon hot and soon cold, somewhat
headlong and unruly towards the nobles
whom he fancied not.' His son Gerald suc-
ceeded as ninth earl [q. v.] A covenant in
the Irish language, executed about 1510, be-
tween Kildare and the sept of MacGeoghegan,
extant in the British Museum, has been re-
produced in the third part of ' Facsimiles of
National MSS. of Ireland/ London, 1879.

[Archives of the Duke of Leinster; Unpub-
lished Statute Eolls of Ireland ; Patent Eolls,
Henry VII ; State Papers, Public Eecord Office,
London; Harleian MS. 433; Holinshed's Chro-

Fitzgerald

118

Fitzgerald

nicies, 1586 ; Obits of Christ Church, Dublin,
1844; Papers of Richard in, 1861 ; Earls of
Kildare, 1862; Hist, of Viceroys of Ireland,
1865 ; Eeport of Hist. MSS. Commission, 1883.]

J. T. G.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, ninth EAEL
or KILDARE (1487-1534), son of Gerald Fitz-
gerald, eighth earl [q. v.], by his first wife,
Alison Eustace, daughter and coheiress of
Rowland, baron of Portlester, was born in
1487. Sent into England in 1493 as a pledge
of his father's loyalty, his youth was spent
at court, where he was treated as befitted his
rank. In 1 503 he married Elizabeth, daughter
of Sir John Zouche of Codnor in Derbyshire,
* a woman of rare probity of mind and every
way commendable.' Shortly after his mar-
riage he was allowed to return to Ireland,
and on 28 Feb. 1504 was appointed lord high
treasurer. In the same year he accompanied
his father, the lord deputy, on an expedition
against Mac William of Clanricarde and
(JBrien of Thomond. In the battle of Knock-
doe on 19 Aug. he commanded the reserve,
but ' seeing the battle joining, could not stand
still to wait his time as was appointed/ and
by his indiscreet valour allowed the Irish
horse to capture the baggage train, together
with a number of English gentlemen (An-
nals of the Four Masters, ed. O'Donovan, v.
1277 ; Book of Howth, p. 185 ; HARDIM AN,
Galway, p. 76). The account in the ' Book of
Howth ' must be received with caution ; Ware
prudently remarks regarding Mac William and
O'Brien : ' De particulari eorum machinatione
non possum aliquid pro certo affirmare' (An-
nales, p. 71). In May 1508 he was again in
England, but for what purpose is not clear
(BERN AUDI ANDREW Annales, p. 115). On
9 Nov. 1610 he obtained from Henry VIII a
grant during pleasure, afterwards confirmed
in tail male, of the manor of Ardmolghan, co.
Meath. His father dying on 30 Sept. 1513,
he was elected lord justice by the council
pending his appointment as lord deputy. In
the following year he undertook an expedi-
tion against the O'Moores and O'Reillies, and
having slain Hugh O'Reilly he returned to
Dublin laden with plunder. For this and
other services done against the ' wild Irish '
he was rewarded with the customs and dues
of the ports of Strangford and Ardglass.
As yet nothing had happened to mar the
friendly relations between him and his bro-
ther-in-law, Piers Butler. In 1514 he pre-
sented Sir Piers with a chief horse, a grey
hackney, and a haubergeon, and about the
same time united with him to frame regula-
tions for the government of the counties of
Kilkenny and Tipperary. In June 1515 he
crossed over into England to confer with the

king about the affairs of the kingdom, and in
October he was authorised to summon a par-
liament, which met in January 1516. At
the same time (October 1515) he was, by
license of the king, permitted to carry into
execution a scheme, originated by his father,
for the foundation and endowment of a col-
lege in honour of the Virgin at Maynooth,
co. Kildare, which, however, was shortly
afterwards suppressed with other religious
houses in 1538. In 1516 he conducted an
expedition against the O'Tooles, who by
their constant depredations considerably an-
noyed the citizens of Dublin. Marching west
he next invaded Ely O'Carroll, where he was
joined by several noblemen of Munster and
Leinster, including Piers, earl of Ormonde,
and James, eldest son of the Earl of Desmond.
Having captured and razed the castle of
Lemyvannan (Leim-Ui-Bhanain, i.e. O'Ba-
nan's leap) he marched rapidly on Clonmel,
which having surrendered on conditions he
returned to Dublin in December ' laden with
booty, hostages, and honour.' In March 1517
he held a parliament at Dublin, after which
he invaded Lecale, where he stormed and re-
captured the castle of Dundrum. Thence he
marched against Phelim Magennis, whom he
defeated and took prisoner, and having cap-
tured the castle of Dungannon and laid waste
Tyrone, l he reduced Ireland to a quiet condi-
tion.' Shortly after his return, in October,
his wife, whom he dearly loved, died at Lucan,
and was by him buried with great pomp near
his mother in the monastery of the Friars
Observant at Kilcullen, co. Kildare. Hitherto
there had been no question made of his loyalty.
In 1515, however, Sir Piers Butler [q. v.]
succeeded to the earldom of Ormonde, and
shortly afterwards the old hereditary feud
between the two houses broke out with re-
doubled violence. (There is a judicious account
of this quarrel in the ' History of St. Canice's
Cathedral.' Mr. Froude's narrative is dis-
torted by his extreme partiality for Ormonde.
On the other hand, the story in Stanihurst,
manifestly derived from Geraldine sources,
must be received with caution. One notice-
able feature is the vehement animosity of the
Countess of Ormonde towards her brother.)
At the instigation of Ormonde a charge of
maladministration was preferred against him
in 1518, and early in the following year he
sailed for England. The investigation of the
charges against him was committed to Wol-
sey, but Wolsey, either from policy or pres-
sure of other business, continually postponed
the inquiry. In 1520 Kildare married the
Lady Elizabeth Grey, fourth daughter of
Thomas, marquis of Dorset, granddaughter
of Elizabeth Woodville, queen of Edward IV

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Fitzgerald

and first cousin of Henry VIII. The same
year he was removed from office and the Earl
of Surrey appointed lord-lieutenant. Poly-
dore Vergil was perhaps not an unprejudiced
observer, but he undoubtedly expressed the
general feeling when he remarked that in
making this change Wolsey was actuated
rather by hatred of Kildare than by any love
for Surrey (Historia Anglica, lib. xxvii.) In
June Kildare accompanied Henry to the
Field of the Cloth of Gold, where he was dis-
tinguished for his gallant bearing. Fretting,
however, under his detention, he seems to
have entered into treasonable negotiations
with the wild Irish to invade the Pale, but
the charge was never brought home to him,
and it ought to be noted that the chief wit-
ness against him, O'Carroll, was a kinsman
of Ormonde's. He was placed under restraint,
and though shortly afterwards released, it
was not till July 1523 that he was allowed
to return to Ireland. In 1521 Ormonde had
been appointed deputy to the Earl of Surrey.
For a brief period peace prevailed between
the two rivals, but in October the feud broke
out afresh. In November they consented to
a treaty of peace ' for one year only.' But
the murder of Robert Talbot, a retainer of
Ormonde's, suspected of spying upon Kildare,
by James Fitzgerald, in December, at once
led to further acts of hostility on both sides.
A new charge of treason was preferred against
Mm, but by the influence of the Marquis of
Dorset the commission of investigation was
appointed to sit in Ireland, with the result
that in August 1524 Ormonde was removed
from office and Kildare established in his
stead. Immediately afterwards he was or-
dered to arrest the Earl of Desmond, believed
to be engaged in treasonable negotiations
with Francis I, ' but whether willingly or
wittingly he omitted the opportunity, as being
loath to be the minister of his cousin Des-
mond's ruin, or that it lay not in his power
and hands to do him hurt or harm, he missed
the mark at which he aimed ' (RussEL, Nar-
rative). On his return he advanced into
Ulster to the assistance of his son-in-law, Con
O'Neill, assailed on one side by O'Donnell
and on the other by his rival, Hugh O'Neill.
In May 1525 he held a parliament at Dublin,
and shortly afterwards * crucified ' Maurice
Kavanagh, archdeacon of Leighlin, for the
murder of his kinsman, Maurice Doran, bishop
of Leighlin (DowLiNG, Annals'). The same
year the charge of treasonable practices was
renewed against him by the Earl of Ossory
{he had recently resigned the earldom of Or-
monde to Sir Thomas Boleyn [q. v.]) on the
ground that he had wilfully neglected to ar-
rest the Earl of Desmond and that he had

connected himself by marriage with the 'Irish
enemy.' Accordingly, in compliance with a
summons from Henry he passed over next
year into England, and was immediately
clapped in the Tower. As to the story told
by Stanihurst of his trial before the council
and of Wolsey 's abortive attempt to have him
secretly executed, it can only be said that
there is perhaps a grain of truth in it. But
that Wolsey's hatred should have led him to
commit such an egregious piece of folly is
incredible, if indeed it is not absolutely dis-
proved by state documents (State Papers,
Hen. VIII, ii. 138). However this may have
been, he was shortly liberated on bail and
went to reside at Newington in Middlesex,
a seat of the Duke of Norfolk's. His deten-
tion proving irksome, he, in July 1528, sent
his daughter Alice, lady Slane, to instigate
his Irish allies to invade the Pale ; but his
intrigues being suspected he was again con-
fined to the Tower, and the office of deputy
transferred to Ossory. In 1530, on the ap-
pointment of Sir W. Skeffington, he was
allowed to return to Ireland, and in 1531 ac-
companied him on an expedition against
O'Donnell. But he regarded the appointment
with unconcealed dislike, and Ossory, ever
ready to strike a blow at him, combined with
the deputy. Once again was he compelled
to appear in England, but this time he ac-
quitted himself so successfully as to obtain
Skeffington's removal and his own appoint-
ment. On his return in August 1532 he re-
ceived an ovation from the populace of Dub-
lin and forthwith proceeded with little cere-
mony to remove his enemies from office. In
May 1533 he held a parliament at Dublin,
and afterwards went to the assistance of his
son-in-law, O'Carroll (son of Mulrony), whose
position was challenged by the sons of John
O'Carroll ; but during the siege of Birr Castle
he received a bullet wound in his side, which
partially deprived him of the use of his limbs
and speech (Cox's assertion that he was
wounded in the head is without foundation
in fact). Meanwhile Ossory, Archbishop
Allen, and Robert Cowley were busily com-
plaining of his conduct to the king, and in
consequence of their representations he was
again summoned to England. Suffering
acutely from his wound he, on 3 Oct., sent
his wife to make his excuses, but the king
was resolved on his coming, and gave him
permission to appoint a vice-deputy. Ac-
cordingly, having held a council at Drogheda
in February 1534, at which he delivered up
the sword of state to his son and heir, Tho-
mas, lord Oflaly [q. v.], he shortly afterwards
set sail on his last and fatal voyage (his
speech before the council recorded by Stani-

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hurst, has every appearance of being apocry-
phal). On his arrival in April he was ex-
amined before the council, and his reply being
deemed unsatisfactory, he was committed to
the Tower, though so ill both in brain and
body, according to Chapuys, that he could
do nothing either good or evil. He would
have been put there immediately on his
arrival, says the imperial ambassador, * had
it not been that the king always hoped to
bring over and entrap his son.' On being in-
formed of Lord Thomas's rebellion he did not
care to blame him, but showed himself very
glad of it, ' only wishing his son a little more
age and experience.' About the beginning of
September he was allowed somewhat greater
liberty, his wife being permitted to visit him
freely, there being some proposal when he
got a little better to send him into Ireland
to influence his son ; but he died before the
month expired, and was buried in St. Peter's
Church in the Tower. Valiant even to rash-
ness, beloved by his friends and dependents,
a faithful husband, a lover of hospitality, he
was by no means a match for his rival in
diplomacy, and whatever of treason there
may have been in his actions it was due rather
to imprudence than to premeditated dis-
loyalty. The office of deputy he regarded as
the prerogative of his house. By the admis-
sion of his enemies he was ' the greatest im-
prover of his lands ' in Ireland. Methodical
in his habits he in 1518 commenced an im-
port ant book called 'Kildare's Rental' (edited
by H. Hore in ' Kilkenny Arch. Soc. Journal,'
1859, 62,66),which affords us a curious glimpse
of the peculiar relations existing between
landlords and their tenantry at this period.
His picture, painted in 1530 by Holbein, is
preserved in the library at Carton, Maynooth,
co. Kildare.

[There is a serviceable but rather uncritical
life in The Earls of Kildare, by C. W. Fitzgerald,
late Duke of Leinster. The chief authorities are
the State Papers (printed), Henry VIII, vol. ii.,
supplemented by Mr. Gairdner's admirable ca-
lendars ; Sir James Ware's Annals ; Annals of
the Four Masters ; Annals of Loch Ce ; Lodge's
Peerage (Archdall).] E. D.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, fifteenth
EARL OF DESMOND (d. 1583), was the son
of James, fourteenth earl [q. v.], whom he
succeeded in 1558, doing homage before the
lord deputy, Sussex, at Waterford (28 Nov.)
Shortly afterwards, attended by ' one hundred
prime gentlemen,' he crossed over into Eng-
land, where he was graciously received by
Elizabeth, and confirmed by her (22 June
1559) in all the lands, jurisdictions, seignories,
and privileges that were held in times past
by his predecessors. Already, during the life-

time of his father, he had become notorious
for his turbulent disposition, and for his prone-
ness to private war. In 1560 a dispute arose^
between him and Thomas Butler, tenth earl
of Ormonde [q. v.], about the prize wine
of Youghal and Kinsale, which the latter
claimed, and certain debatable lands on th&
river Suir, into which Desmond swore Or-
monde had entered by force . The dispute, con-
ducted in the usual Irish fashion, obliged the
government to intervene, and the two earls-
were accordingly summoned to submit their
claims in person to Elizabeth. Ormonde alone-
showed any willingness to obey ; but at last,
after alleging many frivolous pretexts for his.
non-compliance, Desmond appeared at court
about the beginning of May 1562, attended b j
a numerous retinue. Being charged before-
the council with openly defying the law ia
Ireland, he answered contumaciously, and re-
fusing to apologise was forthwith committed
into the custody of the lord treasurer, st,
slight confinement, as the queen wrote to his-
countess, which would do him no harm, and
which Sir William Fitzwilliam hoped would
have the effect of bringing him to such senses
as he had. Though soon released, he was not
allowed to return to Ireland till the begin-
ning of 1564, after he had consented to such
stipulations as were deemed essential to the*
public peace (MoKRiN, Patent Rolls, i. 485).
Almost immediately after his return he in-
volved himself in a quarrel between the-
Earl of Thomond and his rival Sir Don-
nell O'Brien. In October he and Ormonde-
were again on evil terms with one another,
and in November the latter complained to*
Cecil that he was continually invading his
territories, killing the queen's subjects, and
carrying off his cattle, and that in self-de-
fence he must retaliate. The death of the-
Countess Joan, the wife of Desmond, and
the mother of Ormonde, early in 1565, re-
moved the last restraint on his conduct, and
on 1 Feb. he entered the territories of Sir Mau-
rice Fitzgerald, viscount Decies, and baron of
Dromana, with a considerable body of men in
order to enforce his claim to certain disputed
arrears of rents and services. The Baron of Dro-
mana, however, being anxious to liberate him-
self from his feudal superior, had meanwhile-
enlisted the support of the Earl of Ormonde^
who, nothing loth, under this plausible pretext
of maintaining the peace to revenge himself on
his rival, immediately assembled his men and?
marched southwards. The two armies met
at the ford of Affane on the Blackwater ; a
bloody skirmish followed, in which Desmond
was wounded in the thigh with a bullet and'
taken prisoner. The queen, enraged at thi
fresh outbreak, summoned both earls to ap-

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pear before her. On Easter Tuesday Desmond
arrived at Liverpool in custody of Captain
Nicholas Heron, having suffered much from
sea-sickness. Ormonde was already at court.
Charges and counter-charges of high treason
followed. Eventually the two earls sub-
mitted, and consented to enter into recogni-
sances of 20,000/. each to stand to such order
for their controversies as her majesty should
think good. On 7 Jan. 1566 the lord deputy
was informed that the earls were reconciled
and licensed to depart into Ireland, but Des-
mond was not to leave Dublin until he had
paid what debts he had incurred. The ori-
ginal controversy between them, however,
remained, and seemed likely to remain, un-
decided. ' I will never,' wrote Sir H. Sidney
to Cecil on 27 April, ' unpressed, upon my
allegiance, deal in the great matters of my
lord of Ormonde, until another chancellor
come, or some other commissioner out of
England, to be joined with me for hearing
and determining of that cause ; for how in-
differently soever I shall deal, I know it will
not be thought favourably enough on my lord
of Ormonde's side.' He protested that he was
not prejudiced against Ormonde, only the
case had been ' forejudged.' On 12 Dec. he
renewed his request, and soon afterwards
(27 Jan. 1567) began a tour of inspection
through Munster, in consequence of which
he was most unfavourably impressed with
Desmond's character. At Youghal he entered
into an examination of the controversy be-
tween the earls, and having found that the
disputed lands were in the possession of Or-
monde ' at the time of the fray-making,' he
gave judgment accordingly, < whereat the Earl
of Desmond did not a little stir, and fell into
some disallowable heats and passions.' 'From
this time forward, nor never since,' he wrote
to Elizabeth, t found I any willingness in
him to come to any conformity or good order,'
but, on the contrary, found him to be ' a man
void of judgment to govern and will to be
ruled,' the cause in short of the turbulent
state of Munster. He therefore arrested him
at Kilmallock, and, carrying him to Dublin,
locked him up in the Castle, leaving his bro-
ther, Sir John of Desmond, of whose capa-
bilities he seems to have had a higher opinion,
seneschal or captain of the country. In
August 1567 Sidney left Ireland, and during
his absence, as he himself said, Sir John was
by the lord justices inveigled up to Dublin,
taken prisoner, sent over to England with
the earl, and both of them committed to the
Tower. ' And truly, Mr. Secretary,' said he,
* this kind of dealing with Sir John of Des-
mond was the origin of James Fitzmaurice's
rebellion.' The earl and Sir John landed at

Graycoite, near Beaumaris, on 14 Dec., and
on their arrival in London they were con^-
fined to the Tower, where they remained
until midwinter 1570, when the state of Sir
John's health necessitated his removal. They
were then placed under the supervision of
Sir Warham St. Leger, at his house at South-
wark. In August 1571 St. Leger complained
to the council that the earl had refused to
accompany him into Kent, and that during
his absence he had rashly ranged abroad into
sundry parts of London. Next summer he
tried to bribe Martin Frobisher, who revealed
the plot to Burghley, to assist him to escape
by sea. Meanwhile, on 30 June 1569, the
question of the prize wines had been settled
in Ormonde's favour. In the following year
Eleanor, countess of Desmond (the earl's
second wife), came to England, where she
remained with her husband till his release.
The government was undecided what to do
with him. Sir John Perrot, then president
of Munster, strenuously urged that he should
be detained for another year or two, but that
Sir John should be allowed to return. How-
ever, in March 1573, after signing articles
for his future good conduct {Cal. Carew
MSS. i. 430), he was permitted to return to
Ireland, to Perrot's disgust, who marvelled
much that her majesty should so act in re-
gard to ' a man rather meet to keep Bedlam
than to come to a new reformed country/
The Irish government thought with Perrot,
and on his arrival in Dublin on Lady-day
they rearrested him ; but on 16 Nov. he
managed to escape, and within a month after-
wards he had destroyed almost every trace of
Perrot's government in the province. Eliza-
beth was now anxious to recapture him, and
a certain Edward Fitzgerald, brother of the
Earl of Kildare, and -presumably persona grata,
was in December commissioned to remonstrate
with him. The attempt failed, as did also the
intervention of the Earl of Essex in June 1574.
Desmond was profuse in his protestations of
loyalty, but refused to surrender uncondi-
tionally. Eequired to consent to the aboli-
tion of coyne and livery, the surrender of
certain castles and other things embodied in
the articles of 8 July, he declined, and his
conduct was approved by his kinsmen, who
bound themselves by oath (18 July) ' to
maintain and defend this our advice against
the lord deputy or any others that will covet
the earl's inheritance ' (this combination,
printed in MORRIN'S Patent Rolls, ii. 109, and
the deed of feoffment that followed, have an
interesting history. See Wallop to Burghley,
Ham. Cal. iii. 63). Thereupon he was pro-
claimed, a price set on his head, and in
August Fitzwilliam and Ormonde advanced

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into Munster, attacked Derrinlaur Castle, cap-
tured it, and put the garrison to the sword.
Convinced of the necessity of temporising,
Desmond appeared at Cork and humbly sub-
mitted himself (2 Sept.) ; but on 10 Sept. he
made over all his lands to Lord Dunboyne,
Lord Power, and Sir John Fitzedmund Fitz-
gerald of Cloyne [q. v.], in trust for himself
and his wife during their joint lives, with
provision for his daughters and remainder
to his son James (Carew MSS. i. 481). This
feoffment, though suspicious, does not neces-
sarily imply that he had, when he made it,
any premeditated intention of rebelling. In
March 1575 James Fitzmaurice [q. v.] left
Ireland for the express purpose of soliciting
foreign aid, but whether he did so, as Mac-
Geoghegan asserts, with the connivance of
the earl is extremely doubtful. Certain it is
that during the government of Sir H. Sidney
(1575-8) he manifested no rebellious inten-
tions, though occasionally resenting Presi-
dent Drury s arbitrary conduct, and he even
revealed to the deputy the nature of Fitz-
maurice's negotiations on the continent.
' This and other good shows in the Earl of
Desmond,' wrote Sidney to the queen/ maketh
demonstration that his light and loose deal-
ings (whereunto he runneth many times
rashly) proceedeth rather of imperfection of
judgement, than of malicious intendment
against your majesty/ ' I hold him,' he added,
' the least dangerous man of four or five of
those that are next him in right and succes-
sion . . . being such an impotent and weak
body, as neither can he get up on horseback,
but that he is holpen and lift up, neither
when he is on horseback can of himself alight
down without help, and therefore, in mine
opinion, the less to be feared or doubted, if
he would forget himself, as I hope now he
will not.' Sidney's is probably the most cor-
rect, as it is the most charitable, explanation
of his subsequent foolhardy conduct. On the
arrival of Fitzmaurice (17 July 1579) Des-
mond rejected his overtures to join with him
in re-establishing the old religion, notified the
fact to Drury, protested his own loyalty, de-
clared his intention of marching against the
invader, and did what he could in that direc-
tion. The death of Fitzmaurice, of whom
he seems to have been extremely jealous, and
the representations of Sanders exercised a
prejudicial effect upon him. His conduct
aroused the suspicion of Drury, who on 7 Sept.
' restrained him from liberty ' for two days,
until he promised to send his son as hostage
for his conduct to Limerick. Fascinated by
the rhetoric of Sanders and yet unwilling to
risk everything by openly rebelling, he En-
deavoured to temporise. Warned by Malby

that he was suspected, he refused to take the
only safe course open to him, and on 1 Nov.
he was proclaimed a traitor. Compelled to
act, he marched against Youghal, which he
sacked, while the Earl of Clancar did the
same for Kinsale. This did little to add to
his strength. In March 1580 Pelham cap-
tured the castle of Carrigafoyl, and in April
Askeaton and Ballyloughan, his last fort-
resses, shared the same fate. On 14 June
he and Sanders narrowly escaped being sur-
prised by Pelham, and in August he was re-
duced to such extremities that he sent his
countess to the lord justice to intercede for
him. About the same time he applied to
Admiral Winter, who was cruising in Kin-
sale waters, to transport him to England to
beg his pardon personally from the queen.
After the destruction of the Spaniards in
Fort-del-Ore the government of Munster was
entrusted to the Earl of Ormonde, while
Captain Zouche with 450 men was deputed
to hunt him down. On 15 June 1581 he
was surprised in the neighbourhood of Castle-
mange and obliged to fly in his shirt into the
woods of Aharlow. During the winter he
was compelled to keep his Christmas in Kil-
quegg wood, near Kilmallock, where he was
nearly captured by the garrison stationed
there. In September 1582 he was reported
to have two hundred horse and two thousand
foot under his command. In January 1583
he had two remarkable escapes. All attempts
to capture him seemed useless. The Munster
officials were at their wits' end. Fenton sug-
gested that he should be assassinated, while
St. Leger advised the queen to adopt a policy
similar to that which her father had found
useful in the case of ' Silken Thomas.' Mean-
while Ormonde, by more legitimate means,
was bringing him to the end of his resources.
On 5 June his countess left him, and a pro-
clamation of pardon deprived him of most of
his followers. Deserted by all except a priest,
two horsemen, one kerne, and a boy, he wan-
dered about helplessly from one place to an-
other. On 19 Sept. he was nearly captured
on the borders of Slievloghra. On Monday,
11 Nov., just as day was breaking, he was
surprised in a cabin in the wood of Glana-
ginty by five soldiers of the garrison of Castle-
mange, led on by Owen MacDonnell O'Mo-
riarty, whose brother-in-law had just been
plundered by the earl. Fearing a rescue, his
head was cut off by Daniel O'Kelly and sent
into England. His body was conveyed, ac-
cording to tradition, through the byways of
the hills to the little mountain churchyard
of Kill-na-n-onaim, or the l Church of the
Name.' In 1586 an act of parliament de-
clared his estates forfeited to the crown.

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123

Fitzgerald

He married (1) Joan, daughter and heiress
of James, eleventh earl of Desmond, widow
of James, ninth earl of Ormonde, and mother
of his rival, Thomas, tenth earl ; (2) Eleanor,
daughter of Edmund Butler, lord Dunboyne,
by whom he had James, called ' the Queen's
Earl ' [q. v.], Thomas, and five daughters.

SIK JOHN OF DESMOND, who had imme-
diately on his landing joined Fitzmaurice,
signalising his adhesion by the murder of
Captain Henry Davells at Tralee, became, on
the death of Fitzmaurice and till the acces-
sion of the earl, head of the rebel army.
Sharing with his brother in the vicissitudes
of the war, he was in December 1581, after
having been wounded on several occasions,
entrapped by Captain Zouche in the neigh-
bourhood of Castlelyons. His body was sent
to Cork and 'was hanged in chaynes ouer
the citty gates, where it hanged up for 3 or
foure yeares togeather as a spectacle to all
the beholders to looke on, vntill at length
a greate storme of wynd blew it off, but the
head was sent to Dublin, and there fastened
to a pole and set over the castle wall.'

[The chief authorities are Hamilton's Calen-
dar of State Papers, vols. i. and ii. ; Collins's Syd-
ney State Papers, vol. i. ; Calendar of Carew MSS.
vols. i. and ii. ; O'Daly's Initium, incrementa, et
exitus familise Geraldinorum ; O'Sullevan's His-
torise Catholicae Ibernise Compendium; Annals
of the Four Masters ; Annals of Loch Ce ; Morrin's
Calendar of Patent Rolls, vols. i. and ii. ; Un-
published G-eraldine Documents, ed. Hayman
and Graves; Thomas Churchyard's A Scourge
for Rebels ; Bishop Carleton's A Thankful Re-
membrance of God's Mercy ; Kerry Mag. vol. i.,
where, under the title 'Antiquities of Tralee,'
will be found a most excellent discussion on that
part of Desmond's life which relates to his re-
bellion, said to be by the late Archdeacon Rowan ;
Cox's Hibernica Anglicana, vol. i. ; Bagwell's
Ireland under the Tudors, vol. ii.] R. D.

r FITZGERALD, GERALD, eleventh
EARL OF KILDAKE (1525-1585), was son of
Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth earl of Kildare [q. v.],
by his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of
Thomas Grey, marquis of Dorset. In 1537
Gerald's father was executed for high treason
and attainted, with forfeiture of title and
estates. Mainly through the exertions of his
tutor, Thomas Leverous, subsequently bishop
of Kildare, Gerald was conveyed to France,
whence he went to Rome, where he was re-
ceived by his relative, Cardinal Pole. He
subsequently took part with knights of Rhodes
in expeditions against the Moors, and entered
the service of Cosmo de' Medici at Florence.
After the death of Henry VIII Gerald came
to England, and married Mabel, daughter of
Sir Anthony Browne, knight of the Garter.

Edward VI, in 1552, restored to him some
of his paternal estates. In 1554 he served
against Sir Thomas Wyatt. Queen Mary
conferred upon Gerald the earldom of Kil-
dare, with possessions of his father, which,
under the attainder, had been confiscated.
The original grant for the re-establishment
of the earldom is in the possession of the
Duke of Leinster, now the chief representa-
tive of the earls of Kildare. The document
has, with autographs of the eleventh earl,
been reproduced in the fourth part of ' Fac-
similes of National MSS. of Ireland.' Gerald
conformed to the protestant religion early in
the reign of Elizabeth. He sat in parliament
in Ireland in 1559. The attainder of his
family was annulled by statute in 1568. In
1577 he attended before the privy council in
England in relation to complaints made con-
cerning the assessment imposed upon land-
holders in Ireland. He took an active part
in the warfare against hostile Irish and the
Spaniards who had landed in Munster. In
1582, on suspicion of treason, the earl's es-
tates were placed under sequestration, and
he, his son Henry, and his son-in-law Lord
Delvin, were imprisoned in the Tower of
London. After examinations before the lord
chancellor of England and other judges,
the earl was released from the Tower on
giving a bond for 2,000/., in June 1583, to
remain within twenty miles of London and
not to come within three miles of her ma-
jesty's court. In the following year the
queen granted him permission to wait upon
her, and to return to Ireland, where he sat
in the parliament at Dublin in April 1585.
He died in London on 16 Nov. following, and
was interred at Kildare. He is stated by
contemporaries to have been an expert horse-
man, valiant, small of stature, slender of
person, very courteous, but hard and angry
at times, a great gatherer of money, and ad-
dicted to gambling.

[Archives of the Duke of Leinster; Patent
and Statute Rolls ; State Papers, Public Record
Office, London; Carew MSS., Lambeth; Carte
Papers, Bodleian Library ; The Earls of Kil-
dare, 1862 ; Report of Hist. MSS. Commission,
1883.] J. T. G.

FITZGERALD, JAMES FITZ JOHN, four-
teenth EARL OF DESMOND (d. 1558), second
son of Sir John Desmond [see FITZGEKALD,
JAMES Fitzmaurice, thirteenth earl], de facto
thirteenth earl of Desmond, and More, daugh-
ter of Donogh O'Brien of Carrigogunnell, co.
Limerick, lord of Pobble O'Brien, imme-
diately on the death of his grandfather in
June 1536 assumed the position and title of
Earl of Desmond, and in order to support it

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124

Fitzgerald

united himself with the head of the discon-
tented party in Ireland, O'Brien of Thomond.
Naturally the government, which had just
suppressed the rebellion of Thomas, earl of
Kildare, could not brook such insolence, and
accordingly on 25 July the lord deputy, Grey,
marched against him, and having come to
the border of Cashel encamped in the field
three days expecting his coming, as he had
promised the chief justice, with the intention
of separating him from O'Brien, ' so as we
might have entangled but with one of them
at once.' Not keeping his appointment, the
deputy marched forward and took possession
of his castle in Lough Gur, the doors and
windows of which had been carried away
and the roof burnt by the rebels themselves,
which was then entrusted to Lord James
Butler, who made it defensible. But Fitz-
gerald had no intention of imitating his un-
fortunate kinsman Thomas, earl of Kildare,
and, although he refused to place his person
within the power of the deputy, 'he showed
himself in gesture and communication very
reasonable,' offering to deliver up his two
sons as hostages for his loyalty, and to sub-
mit his claims to the earldom to the decision
of Lord Grey. Though renewed in Decem-
ber nothing for the nonce came of the pro-
posal. ' And as far as ever I could perceive,'
wrote Grey to Cromwell in February 1537,
' the stay that keepeth him from inclining
to the king's grace's pleasure is the fear and
doubt which he and all the Geraldines in
Munster have in the Lord James Butler,
both for the old malice that hath been be-
twixt their bloods, and principally for that
he claimeth title by his wife to the earldom of
Desmond ' (State Papers, Hen. VIII, ii. 404).
Grey argued in favour of the acknowledgment
of his claims, and in August Anthony St.
Leger, who was at the time serving on the
commission ' for the order and establishment
to be taken and made touching the whole
state of Ireland,' was advised by Cromwell
* to handle the said James in a gentle sort.'
Accordingly on 15 Sept. he was invited to
submit his claims to the commissioners at
Dublin ; but suspecting their intention he de-
clined to place himself in their power, though
signing articles of submission and promising
to deliver up his eldest son as hostage for his
good faith. The negotiations continued to
hang fire. In March 1 538 the commissioners
wrote that ' he hath not only delivered his
son, according to his first promise, to the
hands of Mr. William Wyse of Waterford to
be delivered unto us, but also hath affirmed
by his secretary and writing all that he afore
promised ' (ib. p. 550). Nor was he without
good reason for his cautious conduct. The

Ormonde faction in the council, violently op-
posed to Grey and St. Leger, were assidu-
ously striving to effect his ruin by entangling
him in rebellious projects. In July 1539
John Allen related to Cromwell how the
' pretended Earl of Desmond ' had confede-
rated with O'Donnell and O'Neill ' to make
insurrection against the king's majesty and
his subjects, not only for the utter exile and
destruction of them, but also for the bringing
in, setting up, and restoring young Gerald
(the sole surviving scion of the house of Kil-
dare) to all the possessions and pre-eminences
which his father had ; and so finally among
them to exclude the king from all his re-
galities within this land ' (ib. iii. 136). In
April 1540 the council informed the king thai
' your grace's servant James Fitzmaurice, who
claimed to be Earl of Desmond, was cruelly
slain the Friday before Palm Sunday, of un-
fortunate chance, by Maurice Fitzjohn, bro-
ther to James Fitzjohn, then usurper of the
earldom of Desmond. After which murder
done, the said James Fitzjohn immediately
resorted to your town of Youghal, where he
was well received and entertained, and ere
he departed entered into all such piles and
garrisons in the county of Cork as your ma-
jesty's deputy, with the assistance of your
army and me, the Earl of Ormonde, obtained
before Christmas last ' (ib. p. 195). Ormonde
was sent to parley with him, but he refused
to trust him. On the arrival of St. Leger, as
deputy, however, he again renewed his offer
of submission, and promised, upon pledges
being given for his safety, to meet him at
Cashel. This he did, and on bended knees
renounced the supremacy of the pope. ' And
then,' writes St. Leger, ' considering the great
variance between the Earl of Ormonde and
him, concerning the title of the earldom of
Desmond ... I and my fellows thought it
not good to leave that cancer remain, but
so laboured the matter on both sides, that we
have brought them to a final end of the said
title.' St. Leger assured the king ' that sith
my repair into this your land I have not
heard better counsel of no man for the refor-
mation of the same than of the said Earl of
Desmond, who undoubted is a very wise and
discreet gentleman,' for which reason, he said,
he had sworn him of the council and given
him ' gown, jacket, doublet, hose, shirts, caps,
and a riding coat of velvet, which he took
very thankfully, and ware the same in Lime-
rick and in all places where he went with
me ' (ib. p. 285). By such conciliatory con-
duct did St. Leger, in the opinion of Justice
Cusack, win over to obedience the whole pro-
vince of Munster (Cal. Carew MSS. i. 245).
In July 1541 he was appointed chief executor

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

of the * ordinances for the reformation of Ire-
land ' in Munster, and in token of the renun-
ciation of the privilege claimed by his ances-
tors of not being obliged to attend the great
councils of the realm, he took his seat in a
parliament held at Dublin. In June 1542 he
visited England, where, being admitted to the
presence of the king, he was by him graci-
ously received, his title acknowledged, and
the king himself wrote to the Irish council
* that the Earl of Desmond hath here sub-
mitted himself in so honest, lowly, and humble
a sort towards us, as we have conceived a very
great hope that he will prove a man of great
honour, truth, and good service.' Nor did he,
during the rest of his life, fail to justify this
opinion. On 9 July 1543 he obtained a grant
of the crown lease of St. Mary's Abbey, Dub-
lin, 'for his better supporting at his repair'
to parliament. By Edward VI he was created
lord treasurer on the death of the Earl of
Ormonde (patent 29 March 1547), and on
15 Oct., when thanking him for his services
in repressing disorders in Munster, the king
offered to make a companion of his son. Dur-
ing the government of Bellingham he was
suspected of treasonable designs, and having
refused a peremptory order to appear in Dub-
lin, the deputy swooped down upon him un-
expectedly in the dead of winter, 1548, and
carried him off prisoner. He was soon re-
leased and continued in office by Mary. In
the summer of 1558 he was attacked by a
serious illness, and died at Askeaton on Thurs-
day 27 Oct. He was buried in the abbey of
the White Friars, Tralee. < The loss of this
good man was woful to his country ; for there
was no need to watch cattle, or close doors
from Dun-caoin, in Kerry, to the green bor-
dered meeting of the three waters, on the
confines of the province of Eochaidh, the son
of Lachta and Leinster' (Annals of the Four
Masters). He married four times : first, Joan
Roche, daughter of Maurice, lord Fermoy, and
his own grandniece, for which reason she was
put away, and her son, Thomas Roe (father
of James Fitzthomas Fitzgerald, the Sugan
Earl [q. v.]), known as Sir Thomas of Des-
mond, disinherited ; secondly, More, daughter
of Sir Maolrony McShane O'Carroll, lord of
Ely O'Carroll, by whom he had Gerald, his
heir, also John and four daughters she died
in 1548 ; thirdly, Catherine, second daughter
of Piers, earl of Ormonde, and widow of
Richard, lord Power she died at Askeaton,
17 March 1553; and fourthly, Ellen, daugh-
ter of Donald MacCormac, MacCarthy Mor,
"by whom he had a son, Sir James-Sussex
Fitzgerald, and a daughter, Elinor.

[State Papers, Hen. VIII, vols. ii. and iii. ;
Lodge's Peerage (Archdall); Ware's Annales;

Stanihurst's Chronicle; Cal. Carew MSS. vol i -
Hamilton's Cal. vol. i.; Liber Hibernise, ii 41 '
O'Clery's Book of Pedigrees, Kilkenny Arch.' Soc!
Journal, 1881, p. 413-1 E. D.

FITZGERALD, JAMES FITZMAFEICE,
thirteenth EARL or DESMOND (d. 1540), was
the son of Maurice Fitzthomas, only son
and heir-apparent of Thomas, twelfth earl of
Desmond, and Joan, daughter of John Fitz-
gibbon, the White Knight. Immediately on
the death of his grandfather, Thomas, twelfth
earl, in 1534, the succession was disputed by
John Fitzthomas, brother of the twelfth earl,
and fourth son of Thomas, eighth earl [q. v.l
on the ground of the invalidity of the marriage
of Maurice Fitzthomas with the daughter of
the White Knight. Whether it was so or not
was never determined, but John Fitzthomas
having taken forcible possession remained earl
de facto during his life, and after his death
in 1536 the earldom was seized by his son
James, fourteenth earl [q. v.], the title being
cleared by the ' accidental ' death of James
Fitzmaurice, thirteenth earl de jure, at the
hand of Maurice a totane, brother of the
fourteenth earl. Lodge, who correctly de-
scribes James Fitzmaurice as thirteenth earl,
incorrectly states that he was succeeded by
his uncle, John Fitzthomas, which was im-
possible, John having died in 1536. This
alteration makes Lodge's fifteenth and six-
teenth earls, fourteenth and fifteenth respec-
tively (cp. Unpublished Geraldine Docu-
ments, edited by Hayman and Graves, pt. ii.
pp. 103-17).

James Fitzmaurice, thirteenth earl, being
in England at the time of his grandfather's
death was, at the suggestion of the Irish
council, who had their own purposes to serve
(State Papers, Hen. VIII, iii. 106), allowed
to return home, being ' sufficiently furnished
with all things fitting and necessary for such
a journey and enterprise ' by the bounty of
the king. Landing at Cork, he was proceed-
ing through the territory of Lord Roche,
when he was waylaid and slain by Sir'
Maurice of Desmond on 19 March 1540 (ib.
p. 195). He married Mary, daughter of his
great-uncle, Cormoc Og MacCarthy, but had
no male issue (LODGE, Peerage, Archdall).
She remarried Daniel O'Sullivan Mor, and
died in 1548.

[Authorities cited above.] E. D.

^FITZGERALD, JAMES FITZMAFRICE
(d. 1579), 'arch traitor,' was the second
son of Maurice Fitzjohn a totane, i. e. of the
burnings, and Julia, second daughter of Der-
mot O'Mulryan of Sulloghade, co. Tipperary,
nephew of James, fourteenth, and cousin of

^

For some important corrections and
additions see ' Notes and Queries,' clii. 6 1-2.

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126

Fitzgerald

Gerald, fifteenth earl of Desmond Earl
James had shown his appreciation of the ' ac-
cident' that had removed his competitor,
James Fitzmaurice, the so-called thirteenth
earl [q. v.J, from his path, by rewarding his
brother, Maurice a totane, with the barony of
Kerry kurrihy. But the cordial relations thus
established between the two families came to
an end with the accession of Gerald, fifteenth
earl [q. v.], who appears to have regarded his
uncle with jealousy, and to have treated him
in a way that was resented by Maurice and
his sons, who were soon at 'hot wars' with
him. During the detention of the earl and
his brother Sir John in England (1565-73),
Fitzmaurice assumed the position of captain
of Desmond, in which he was confirmed by
the warrant of the earl himself, though not
without protest on the part of Thomas Roe
Fitzgerald. His conduct gave as little satis-
faction to the government as had that of the
earl. In July 1568 he entered Clanmaurice,
the country of Thomas Fitzmaurice, lord of
Lixnaw, nominally to distrain for rent, and,
having captured two hundred head of cattle
and wasted the country, was returning home-
wards when he was met by Lord Lixnaw
himself (29 July), and utterly defeated "by
him. Hitherto he had lived on fairly good
terms with the earl his cousin ; but about
the end of 1568 the earl granted to Sir War-
ham St. Leger, in return probably for services
rendered or to be rendered to him during his
confinement, a lease of the barony of Kerry-
kurrihy. This he naturally regarded as an
act of base ingratitude, and from that moment
he seems to have entered on a line of conduct
which could only have for its ultimate object
the usurpation of the earldom of Desmond.
' James Fitzmaurice,' wrote Sir H. Sidney,
* understanding that I was arrived, and had
not brought with me neither the earl nor Sir
John his brother, which he thought I might
and would have done, assembling as many of
the Earl of Desmond's people as he could,
declared unto them that I could not obtain
the enlargement either of the earl or of his
brother John, and that there was no hope or
expectation of either of them but to be put
to death or condemned to perpetual prison.
And therefore (say ing that that country could
not be without an earl or a captain) willed
them to make choice of one to be their earl
or captain, as their ancestors had done. . .
And according to this his speech, he wrote
unto me, they forthwith, and as it had been
with one voice, cried him to be their captain '
(Cal. Carew MSS. ii. 342). Eleanor, coun-
tess of Desmond, was a shrewd woman, and
she wrote to her husband (26 Nov. 1569)
that Fitzmaurice had rebelled in order to

bring him into further displeasure, and to
usurp all his inheritance ' by the example of
his father.' In June 1569 he and the Earl
of Clancarty invaded Kerrykurrihy, spoiled
all the inhabitants, took the castle-abbey of
Tracton, hanged the garrison, and vowed
never to depart from Cork unless Lady St.
Leger and Lady Grenville were delivered up
to him. His policy, even now, seems to have
been to create a strong Roman catholic and
anti-English sentiment, and to make an al-
liance with him as the head of the Irish ca-
tholic party an object of importance to the
catholic powers of Europe. And here perhaps
we may trace the finger of Father Wolf, the
Jesuit. To this end he seduced the brothers
of the Earl of Ormonde, and entered into a
bond with the Earl of Thomond and John
Burke, son of the Earl of Clanricarde. On
12 July he wrote to the mayor and corpora-
tion of Cork, ordering them to ' abolish out
of that city that old heresy newly raised and
invented.' When Sidney took the field about
the end of July the rebellion had extended
as far as Kilkenny, while at Cork Lady St.
Leger and the English inhabitants were in
instant danger of being surrendered to the
enemy. By the end of September the deputy
had practically broken the back of the re-
bellion, and, leaving Captain (afterwards
Sir) Humphrey Gilbert to suppress Fitzmau-
rice, he returned to Dublin. Gilbert soon
brought him ' to a very base estate,' compelling
him to seek safety in the woods of Aharlow.
No sooner, however, had Gilbert departed
than he succeeded in collecting a new force,
with which he spoiled Kilmallock (9 Feb.
1570). On 1 March a commission was given
to Ormonde ' to parley, protect, or prosecute '
the Earl of Thomond, James Fitzmaurice,
and others, but without leading to any re-
sult. On 27 Feb. 1571 Sir John Perrot landed
at Waterford as lord president, and prepared
to put him down with a strong hand. But
tie, we are told, f knowing that the lord presi-
dent did desire nothing more than the finish-
ing of those wars,' proposed to terminate
them by a duel, ' believing that the presi-
dent's longing for a speedy issue, and his ex-
pectation thereof, would keep him for a time
? rom further action.' He had, indeed, no
.ntention of fighting, ' not so much,' he said,
' for fear of his life, but because on his life
did depend the safety of all such as were of
lis party.' When Perrot at last discovered
:he artifice he was so enraged that he vowed
to hunt the fox out of his hole ' without
delay. This he eventually did, but not with-
out undergoing enormous fatigue, for his foe
was a past master in the art of Irish strategy.
After holding out for more than a year he

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Fitzgerald

was forced to sue for pardon, l which at
length the lord president did consent to, and
James Fitzmaurice came to Kilmallock,where
in the church the lord president caused him
to lie prostrate, taking the point of the lord
president's sword next his heart, in token
that he had received his life at the queen's
hands, by submitting himself unto her mercy.
And so he took a solemn oath to be and
continue a true subject unto the queen and
crown of England ' (23 Feb. 1573). He gave
up one of his sons as hostage, and Perrot
wrote to Burghley that from his conduct he
almost expected him to prove ' a second St.
Paul.' On the return of the Earl of Desmond
he exerted himself to induce that nobleman
to assume a position of irreconcilable enmity
to England, but, finding him more inclined
to submit to ' reasonable terms,' he deter-
mined to retire to the continent. His object
in so doing, he said to some, was to obtain
pardon from Elizabeth through the media-
tion of the French court ; to others he de-
clared that he was compelled to leave Ireland
by the unkindness of his cousin. One excuse
was probably as good as another. In March
1575, accompanied by the White Knight and
the seneschal of Imokilly, he and his family
sailed on board La Arganys for France, and
a few days afterwards landed at St. Halo,
where they were all cordially received by the
governor. From St. Halo he proceeded to
Paris, where he had several interviews with
Catherine de' Medici. He promised largely,
we are told, offering in return for assistance
to make Henry III king of Ireland. During
1575-6 he remained in the neighbourhood of
Paris, and received a pension of five thousand
crowns, which, considering the scarcity of
money, Dr. Dale shrewdly conjectured was
not ' pour ses beaux yeux.' But finding that
he was merely a pawn in the delicate game
that Elizabeth and Catherine were playing,
he, early in 1577, left France to try his for-
tunes at the Spanish court. Here the crown
of Ireland was offered to Don John ; but
Philip, with the Netherlands and Portugal
on his hands, had no inclination to break
openly with England ; so, leaving his two
sons Maurice and Gerald under the protection
of Cardinal Granvelle, who had taken a fancy
to them, he went on to Italy, where he met
with a much more satisfactory reception from
Gregory XIII. At the papal court he fell
in with Stukely, and a plan was soon on foot
for the invasion of Ireland, the crown this
time being promised to the pope's nephew.
Leaving Stukely to follow with the main
body of the invading force, Fitzmaurice, ac-
companied by Dr. Sanders, papal nuncio, and
Matthew de Oviedo, sailed from Ferrol in

Galicia on 17 June 1579 with a few troops
which he had gathered together, having with
him his own vessel and three Spanish shal-
lops. In the Channel two English vessels
were captured, and on 16 July they arrived
in the port of Dingle in Kerry, where they
took possession of the Fort del Ore. On the
18th they cast anchor in Smerwick harbour,
where on the 25th they were joined by two
galleys with a hundred soldiers. Four days
later, however, their ships were captured by
the English fleet. Fitzmaurice's first concern
was to despatch an urgent but ineffectual
exhortation to the Earls of Desmond and
Kildare, as heads of the Geraldines, to join
with him in throwing off the yoke of the
heretic, and then, leaving his soldiers in the
Fort del Ore to await the arrival of Stukely,
he went to pay a vow at the monastery of
the Holy Cross in Tipperary. On his way
thither he was slain in a skirmish (the merits
of which are somewhat uncertain) by his
cousin, Theobald Burke. He married Katha-
rine, daughter of W. Burke of Muskerry, by
whom he had two sons, Maurice and Gerald,
and a daughter.

[The chief authorities for his life are Hamil-
ton's Irish Calendar ; Crosby's Foreign Calendar ;
Geraldine Documents, ed. Hayman and Graves ;
Rawlinson's Life of Sir John Perrot; Hogan's
Ibernia Ignatiana; Moran's Catholic Archbishops
of Dublin ; Calendar of Carew MSS. i. 397 ;
Kerry Magazine, No. 31 ; O'Daly's Initium,
incrementa, et exitus familise Geraldinorum ;
O'Sullevan's Historiae Catholicse Iberniae Com-
pendium ; Annals of the Four Masters ; Annals
of Loch Ce; Cox's Hibernia Anglicana; Bagwell's
Ireland under the Tudors, vol. ii. In the Kil-
kenny Archaeological Society's Journal, July
1859, will be found a collection of Irish letters
by Fitzgerald, translated and edited by Dr.
O'Donovan.] K. D.

FITZGERALD, JAMES, commonly called
the TOWEE EAEL, or the QUEEN'S EARL OF
DESMOND (1570P-1601), was elder son of
Gerald Fitzgerald, fifteenth earl of Desmond
(d. 1583) [q. v.], by his second marriage with
Eleanor, daughter of Edmund Butler, lord
Dunboyne. He was born in England about
1570, and the queen was his godmother.
When his father renounced his allegiance to
the English crown in 1579, the child seems
to have been resident in Ireland. His mother,
to dissociate him from his father's ill fortune,
delivered him up to Sir William Drury, an
acting lord justice, who sent him to Dublin
Castle. On 28 Aug. 1582 the countess bit-
terly complained to Lord Burghley that his
education was utterly neglected, and peti-
tioned for better treatment (HAYMAN and
GEAVES,91). On 17 Nov. 1583, and on 9 July

Fitzgerald

128

Fitzgerald

1584 his gaolers applied to the English autho-
rities for his removal to the Tower of London.
Their second petition was successful, and
before the close of 1584 the lad was carried
to the Tower, to remain a prisoner there for
sixteen years. On 17 June 1593 he wrote
pathetically to Cecil that ' only by being born
the unfortunate son of a faulty father, [he]
had never since his infancy breathed out of
prison.' Between 1588 and 1598 innumer-
able accounts are extant detailing payment in
behalf of * James Garolde,' as the prisoner
was called, for medicines, ointments, pills,
syrups, and the like, particulars which suggest
a very feeble state of health. The ' wages '
of the youth's schoolmaster appear in the ac-
counts, and many letters are extant to testify
to the thoroughness of the teaching as far as
it went.

Fitzgerald's condition underwent a great
change in the autumn of 1600. Tyrone's re-
bellion was still unchecked. In Munster the
Geraldine faction was united by Tyrone's in-
fluence against the English government, in
the support of James Fitzthomas Fitzgerald,
the Sugan Earl [q. v.], who, being the heir
of the disinherited elder son of James, four-
teenth earl of Desmond, had been put forward
by the rebel leaders as the only rightful earl
of Desmond. To break the union between
the Geraldine faction and the other rebels,
Sir George Carew, president of Munster, sug-
gested that the imprisoned James Fitzgerald
should be sent to the province, and paraded
as the genuine earl of Desmond. It was con-
fidently expected that the Geraldine faction
would at once transfer their allegiance to the
youthful prisoner. Elizabeth disliked the
scheme. Cecil doubted its wisdom, but finally
gave way. Fitzgerald was to assume the title
of Earl of Desmond, and a patent passed the
great seal, with the proviso that if the earl
Lad an heir, the heir should bear the title of
Baron Inchiquin. The new earl was to have
none of his father's lands restored to him,
and was to be in the custody of a governor,
Captain Price, together with a gentleman
named Crosbie, and the protestant archbishop
of Cashel, Miler Magrath. Captain Price
was ordered to indoctrinate his charge with
the necessity of supporting the queen, of ad-
hering to the protestant religion, and of main-
taining a very frugal household. Cecil di-
rected Carew to leave Fitzgerald all the ap-
pearances of liberty, but he was to be closely
watched and placed under restraint if he
showed the slightest sign of sympathy with
the government's enemies. The party left
Bristol for Cork on 13 Oct. 1600. The earl
suffered terribly from sea-sickness, and was
landed at Youghal. The Geraldines wel-

comed him with enthusiasm, although the
mayor of Cork was not very courteous. The
earl travelled quickly to Carew's headquarters
at Mallow, and thence to the centre of the
Geraldine district at Kilmallock (18 Oct.),
where Sir George Thornton, the English com-
mander, provided him with lodging. The
people still treated him with favour, and al-
though he found his position irksome, he faith-
fully preached to them Elizabeth's clemency
and the desirability of making peace with
her. But on Sunday, the 19th, while his fol-
lowers were expecting him to join them at
worship in the catholic chapel, he ostenta-
tiously made his way to the protestant church.
This act broke the spell, and the people's ac-
clamations changed to hooting. On 14 Nov.,
however, Thomas Oge, an officer in the ser-
vice of the Sugan Earl, who held a fortress
called Castlemang, surrendered it to the new
earl, and the latter dwelt with pride on the
victory in a letter to Cecil (18 Dec.) But
this was Desmond's only success. Cecil saw
that his presence in Ireland had no effect on
the rebellious population, and his guardians
found him difficult to content with the narrow
means at their command. He resented living
on 500/. a year, the allowance made him
by the government, and desired to marry a
certain widow Norreys, to which Cecil ob-
jected. Cecil held out hopes that a more
suitable marriage could be arranged in Eng-
land. At the end of March 1601 he came to
London with a letter from Carew highly re-
commending him for a grant of land and a set-
tled income in consideration of his loyalty.
On 31 Aug. 1601 he appealed to Cecil for aid,
and for some of the lands lately held by the
Sugan Earl. He described himself as penni-
less, despised, and without the means to pre-
sent himself at court. Chamberlain, writing
to Carleton, 14 Nov. 1601, says that ' the
young earl of Desmond died here [i.e. Lon-
don] the last week ' (Letters temp. Eliz., Camd.
Soc., 122) ; but it was not until 14 Jan.
1601-2 that the privy council formally an-
nounced his death, and released the persons
who had accompanied him to Ireland from the
charge of attendance upon him. On 17 Jan.
1601-2 one of these persons, named William
Power, appealed for pecuniary assistance in
behalf of the earl's four sisters, who were
suffering greatly from poverty. Irish writers
suggest that the earl was poisoned, but there
is nothing to support the suggestion.

[Hayman and Graves's Unpublished Geraldine
Documents, pt. ii. pp. 80 et seq. ; Pacata Hi-
bernia, 1633, i. cap. 14, p. 800 ; Gent. Mag. 1863
pt. ii. 414-25, 1864 pt. ii. 28-39 ; Cal. State
Papers (Domestic), 1601-3, pp. 13, 134; Cal.
Carew MSS. 1600-1.] S. L. L.

Fitzgerald

129

Fitzgerald

FITZGERALD, JAMES FITZTHOMAS,
the SUGAN EARL OF DESMOND (d. 1608), was
the eldest son of Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, com-
monly called Thomas Roe or Red Thomas.
Thomas Roe had been bastardised and disin-
herited by his father, James Fitzjohn Fitz-
gerald, fourteenth earl of Desmond [q. v.], and
though inclined to dispute the claim of his
younger brother Gerald, fifteenth earl [q. v.],
to the earldom of Desmond, circumstances
had proved too strong for him, and he had
sunk into obscure privacy. By his wife
Ellice, daughter of Richard, lord Poer, he
had two sons, James and John, and a daugh-
ter, who married Donald Pipi MacCarthy
Reagh. When of an age to understand his
position James Fitzthomas repaired to court
to petition Elizabeth for a restoration of his
rights. His petition was regarded with favour,
some slight encouragement held out to him,
and a small yearly allowance promised him.
Consequently, during the rebellion of his uncle
Gerald, both he and his father remained
staunch in their allegiance to the crown, and
after the death of the earl and the suppres-
sion of the rebellion in 1583 they naturally
looked for their restoration to the earldom.
But their petitions no longer found favour at
court, for Munster was to be ' planted ' with
Englishmen, and for ever to be made loyal
to England. So matters remained until 1598,
when Munster, in the words of the Irish an-
nalists, again became ' a trembling sod.' In-
stigated by his brother John and by Hugh
O'Neill, earl of Tyrone, James Fitzthomas
assumed the title of Earl of Desmond, and
before long found himself at the head of eight
thousand clansmen. To the expostulations
of the Earl of Ormonde he replied, on 12 Oct.
1598, by a statement of his grievances, and
by an avowal of his intention, seeing he could
obtain no justice, 'tomaintain his right, trust-
ing in the Almighty to further the same.'
The struggle lasted for three years. But in
October 1600, while withdrawing his forces
from the open into the woods of Aharlow,
he was surprised by Captain Greame and the
garrison of Kilmallock. From that day the
G'eraldines never rallied again to any pur-
pose. Dismissing his followers the earl took
to the woods for safety, where, in May 1601,
Sir George Carew was informed that he was
living' in the habit of a priest,' but determined
* to die rather than to depart the province, re-
taining still his traitorly hopes to be relieved
out of Ulster or out of Spain' (Cal. Carew
MSS. iv. 55). Carew made several attempts
to procure his capture or death, but without
success, for ' such is the superstitious folly
of these people, as for no price he may be
had, holding the same to be so heinous as no

VOL. XIX.

priest will give them absolution' (id. iii. 471).
Eventually, on 29 May 1601, he was captured
by Edmund Fitzgibbon, the White Knight
[q. v.], while hiding in 'an obscure cave many
fathoms underground' in the neighbourhood
of Mitchelstown. He was placed in irons
to prevent a rescue, ' so exceedingly beloved
of all sorts ' was he, and conveyed to Shan-
don Castle, where he was immediately ar-
raigned and adjudged guilty of treason. For
a time Carew hoped to make use of him
against a still greater rebel, Hugh O'Neill ;
but finding him to be after all but a l dull-
spirited traitor,' he on 13 Aug. handed him
over to Sir Anthony Cooke, who conveyed
him to England, where, on his arrival, he was
placed in the Tower. Of his life in prison
there remains only the following pathetic
notice : i The demands of Sir John Peyton,
Lieutenant of Her Majesty's Tower of Lon-
don, for one quarter of a year, from St. Mi-
chael's day 1602 till the feast of our Lord God
next. For James M'Thomas. Sayd tyme at
31. per week, physicke, sourgeon, and watcher
with him in his Lunacy.' He is said to have
died in 1608, and to have been buried in the
chapel of the Tower. He married Ellen,
widow of Maurice, elder brother of Edmund,
the White Knight, but had no issue.

John Fitzthomas, his brother, who had
shared with him in the vicissitudes of the
rebellion, and who indeed seems to have been
the prime instigator of it, after his brother's
capture, escaped with his wife, the daughter
of Richard Comerford of Dangenmore, Kil-
kenny, into Spain, where he died a few years
afterwards at Barcelona. His son Gerald,
known as the Conde de Desmond, entered
the service of the Emperor Ferdinand II, and
was killed in 1632. As he left no issue, in him
ended the heirs male of the four eldest sons
of Thomas, eighth earl of Desmond [q. v.]

[The principal references to the life of the
Sugan Earl will be found collected together in
the Unpublished G-eraldine Documents, edited
by Hayman and Graves, pt. ii.] E. D.

FITZGERALD, JAMES, first DUKE OP
LEINSTEE, (1722-1773), was the second but
eldest surviving son of Robert, nineteenth
earl of Kildare, and head of the great family
of the Geraldines, by Lady Mary O'Brien,
eldest daughter of William, third earl of In-
chiquin. He was born on 29 May 1722, and,
after receiving his preliminary education at
home, travelled on the continent from Fe-
bruary 1737 to September 1739. In the fol-
lowing year he became heir-apparent to the
earldom of Kildare, on the death of his elder
brother, and on 17 Oct. 1741 he entered the
Irish House of Commons as member for Athy,

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130

Fitzgerald

with the courtesy title of Lord Offaly. On
20 Feb. 1744 he succeeded his father as
twentieth earl of Kildare, and in the rebellion
of the following year he offered to raise a
regiment at his own expense to serve against
the Pretender. He was sworn of the Irish
privy council in 1746, and on 1 Feb. 1747 he
received a seat in the English House of Lords
as Viscount Leinster of Taplow, Buckingham-
shire, an estate belonging to his uncle, the Earl
of Inchiquin. This peerage was conferred on
Kildare on the occasion of his marriage with
Lady Emily Lennox, second daughter of
Charles, second duke of Richmond, and sister
of Lady Holland, Lady Louisa Conolly, and
Lady Sarah Napier, which took place on 7 Feb.
1747. Kildare after his marriage took an
active part in Irish politics ; he built Leinster
House in Dublin, and exercised a princely hos-
pitality ; and from his wealth, high birth, and
influential family connections, soon formed
a powerful party. This party followed im-
plicitly all the directions of Kildare, who
pursued an intermediate policy between the
radical ideas of Speaker Boyle (afterwards
Earl of Shannon) [see BOYLE, HENKY, 1682-
1764] and his friends, and the ministerialists,
headed by the primate, George Stone, arch-
bishop of Dublin. Stone was an especial ob-
ject of hatred to Kildare, who in 1754 sent a
most violent protest to the king, attacking
the primate's nomination to be a lord deputy
during the absence of the lord-lieutenant, and
declaring the inalienable right of the Irish par-
liament to dispose of unappropriated sums of
money when voted in excess of the ministerial
demands. Stone's chief supporter, the Duke of
Dorset, was at once recalled j the primate was
struck out of the Irish privy council; and the
Marquis of Hartington, a personal friend of
Kildare's,was appointed lord-lieutenant. The
Irish people, or perhaps it is more correct to
say the population of Dublin, were delighted
at the earl's behaviour ; a medal was struck
in his honour, and he remained until the day
of his death one of the most popular noblemen
in Ireland. He justified the confidence of
the English ministry by bringing round the
speaker and Richard Malone, the chancellor
of the Irish exchequer, to the support of the
Irish administration, and in 1756 he accepted
the post of lord deputy. In 1758 he was made
master-general of the ordnance in Ireland,
in March 1760 he raised the Royal Irish regi-
ment of artillery, of which he was appointed
colonel, and on 3 March 1761 he was created
Earl of Offaly and Marquis of Kildare in the
peerage of Ireland. Five years later he re-
ceived the final step in the peerage. There
were at that time no Irish dukes, and the
marquis was eager to maintain his precedence

over all Irish noblemen. The king promised
that he should be created a duke whenever
an English duke was made, and in compliance
with this promise, when Sir Hugh Smithson-
Percy, Earl Percy, was promoted to be Duke of
Northumberland, Kildare was created Duke of
Leinster in the peerage of Ireland on 16 March
1766. After this last promotion he began to
take less part in politics, but in 1771 he drew
up and signed a protest in the Irish House of
Lords against the petition of the majority
of the Irish parliament for the continuance of
Lord Townshend in the office of lord-lieu-
tenant. The duke died at Leinster House,
Dublin, on 19 Nov. 1773, and was buried at
Christ Church in that city. He left a large
family, among whom the most notable were
William Robert [q. v.], who succeeded as
second duke of Leinster ; Charles James, a
distinguished naval officer, who was created
Lord Lecale in the peerage of Ireland ; Lord
Henry Fitzgerald, who married Charlotte,
baroness De Ros in her own right ; Lord Ed-
ward Fitzgerald, the rebel [q. v.] ; and Lord
Robert Stephen Fitzgerald, a diplomatist of
some note, who was minister ad interim in
Paris during the early years of the French
revolution, and afterwards British representa-
tive at Berne.

[The Marquia of Kildare's Earls of Kildare
and their Ancestors from 1057 to 1773, Dublin,
1858.] H. M. S.

FITZGERALD, JAMES (1742-1835),
Irish politician, descended from the family of
the White Knight [see FITZGIBBON, EDMUND
Fitzjohn], was younger son of William Fitz-
gerald, an attorney of Ennis, and younger
brother of Maurice Fitzgerald, clerk of the
crown for Connaught. He was born in 1742,
and educated at Trinity College, Dublin,where
he greatly distinguished himself. In 1769
he was called to the Irish bar, and he soon
obtained a large practice, and won a great
reputation both as a sound lawyer and an
eloquent pleader. In 1772 he entered the
Irish House of Commons as member for
Ennis ; in 1776 he was elected both for Kil-
libegs and Tulsk in Roscommon, and pre-
ferred to sit for the latter borough ; in 1784
and 1790 he was re-elected for Tulsk, and
in 1798 he was chosen to represent the county
of Kildare in the last Irish parliament. His
eloquence soon made him as great a reputa-
tion in the Irish parliament as at the Irish
bar, and he was recognised as one of the
leading orators in the days of Grattan and
Flood. Though an eloquent speaker, Fitz-
gerald was not much of a statesman ; he,
however, supported all the motions of the
radical party, and in 1782 he made his

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

most famous speech in proposing a certain
measure of catholic relief. In that year he
married Catherine, younger daughter of the
Rev. Henry Vesey, who was grandson of
John Vesey, archbishop of Tuam, and cousin
of Lord Glent worth, ancestor of the Vis-
counts de Vesci. Fitzgerald never sought
political office, but he eagerly accepted profes-
sional appointments, which helped him at the
bar. He thus became in rapid succession
third Serjeant in 1 779, second Serjeant in 1784,
and prime Serjeant in 1787. In all the de-
bates which preceded the final abolition of
the independent Irish parliament Fitzgerald
distinguished himself. He opposed the pro-
ject of the union with all his might, and
he was certainly disinterested in his cause,
for in 1799 he was dismissed from his post
of prime serjeant to make way for St. George
Daly, who had been converted to the unionist
policy. The Irish bar insisted on showing
their respect for him, and continued to give
him the precedence in court over the attor-
ney-general and solicitor-general which he
had held as prime serjeant. When the union
was carried Fitzgerald accepted it, and he
sat in the imperial parliament for Ennis from
1802 to February 1808, when he resigned the
seat to his son, William Vesey Fitzgerald. He,
however, was re-elected in 1812, but again re-
signed in January 1813, when he finally re-
tired from politics. His name, like his son's
[see FITZGERALD, WILLIAM VESEY, 1783-
1843], was unfortunately mixed up in the
Mary Anne Clarke scandal with the Duke
of York. This son, who was thoroughly re-
conciled to the union, held many important
political offices, and in recognition of his ser-
vices his mother was created Baroness Fitz-
gerald and Vesey on 31 July 1826, when
James Fitzgerald himself refused a peerage.
James Fitzgerald died at Booterstown, near
Dublin, on 20 Jan. 1835, aged 93 ; the baro-
ness had predeceased him 3 Jan. 1832. His
youngest son, HENRY VESEY FITZGERALD,
was dean of Emly (1818-26), and dean of
Kilmore from 1826 till his death, on 30 March
1860. He succeeded his eldest brother as
third Lord Fitzgerald and Vesey in 1843.

[Gent. Mag. March 1835; Blue Book of the
Members of the House of Commons ; Blacker's
Booterstown, pp. 241-3 ; Sir John Barrington's
Memoirs of the Union ; Grattan's Life of Henry
Grattan; Hardy's Life of the Earl of Charle-
mont.] H. M. S.

FITZGERALD, JOHN, first EARL OF
EJLDARE. [See FITZTHOMAS, JOHN", d. 1316.]

FITZGERALD, JOHN FITZEDMUND

(d. 1589), seneschal of Imokilly, was the son
of Edmund Fitzmaurice Riskard, seneschal of

Imokilly and Shylie, daughter of Maolrony"
O'Carroll. He was a prominent actor in the
two great rebellions that convulsed Munster
during 1563 to 1583. In 1569, being ' a prin-
cipal communicator with James Fitzmaurice/
' arch traitor ' [q. v.], he was besieged in his
castle of Ballymartyr by Sir Henry Sidney ;
but after a stout defence, in which several of
the besiegers were wounded, finding the place
untenable, he ' and his company in the dead
of night fl.ed out of the house by a bog, which
joins hard to the wall where no watch could
have prevented their escape.' He continued
to hold out with Fitzmaurice in the woods
of Aharlow till February 1573, when he
humbly submitted himself before Sir John
Perrot in the church of Kilmallock, and was
pardoned. In 1575 he accompanied Fitz-
maurice to France, but returned to Ireland
a few weeks afterwards. From that time till
the date of Fitzmaurice's landing we hear
nothing of him with the exception that on
16 Nov. 1576 he complained to the president
of Munster, Sir William Drury, that the Earl
of Desmond was coshering sixty horses and
a hundred horse-boys on Imokilly, an inci-
dent quite sufficient to show how the wind
was blowing meanwhile. Instantly on the
arrival of Fitzmaurice in July 1579 he went
into rebellion. An adept in all the strata-
gems of Irish warfare, and personally brave
in carrying his schemes into execution, he
became, after the death of the ' arch traitor/
the unquestionable, though not nominal,
head of the rebellion. It was against him,
and not the Earl of Desmond, that Or-
monde mainly directed his efforts. More than
once during that terrible struggle he was re-
ported to have been slain. He was, indeed,
once severely wounded and his brother killed,
but he manifested no intention of submitting.
In February 1581 he narrowly missed captur-
ing Sir Walter Raleigh. In May 1583 his aged
mother was taken and executed by Thomas
Butler, tenth earl of Ormonde [q. v.] But it
was not till 14 June, when he was reported
to have not more than twenty-four swords and
four horse, that he consented to recognise the
hopelessness of his cause. His submission
was accepted conditionally; but Ormonde,
who greatly respected him for his bravery,
pleaded earnestly with Burghley for his par-
don. He was, he declared, a man ' valiant,
wise, and true of his word.' Ever since his
submission ' he and his people had been em-
ployed in order and husbandry.' Ormonde's
intervention was successful so far as his life
was concerned ; but as for his lands, that was
to be left an open question. Thirty-six thou-
sand acres of good land, which the under-
takers had come to regard as their property,

Fitzgerald

132

Fitzgerald

were not to be surrendered by them with-
out & struggle. He was represented as the
most dangerous man in the province, as ' hav-
ing more intelligence from Spain than any
one else.' Their representations were not
without their calculated effect on Elizabeth,
who had at first been inclined to treat him
leniently. Not suspecting any attack, he was
in March 1587 arrested by Sir Thomas Nor-
reys and confined to Dublin Castle, where he
died in February 1589 (Ham. Cal. iv. 126, but
cf. p. 253), a few days after it had been finally
decided that he should enjoy the profit of his
lands. He married Honora, daughter of
James Fitzmaurice, by whom he had Ed-
mund and Richard, seven weeks old in 1589,
and two daughters, Catherine and Eleanor.
His son and heir, Edmund, at the time of
his father's death being a year and a half old,
was found by inquisition to be heir to Bally-
martyr and other lands in co. Cork, and was
granted in wardship to Captain Moyle. He
obtained livery of his lands on coming of age,
and in 1647 defended Ballymartyr against
his nephew, Lord Inchiquin, when the castle
was burnt and himself outlawed.

[The principal references to Fitzgerald's life
contained in the State Papers will be found in the
Unpublished Geraldine Documents, edited by
Hayman and Graves, pt. ii. pp. 1 18-36.] K. D.

FITZGERALD, SIR JOHN FITZEDMFIO)
(1528-1612), dean of Cloyne, son of Edmund
Fitzjames,bornin 1528, was a devoted loyalist,
being almost the only gentleman of note who
refused to join in the rebellion of James Fitz-
maurice Fitzgerald [q. v.] in 1569, whereupon
he was appointed sheriff of the county of Cork,
and for his good services in that office was
1 so maliced and hated of the rebels, as they
not only burned all his towns and villages to
the utter banishing of th' inhabitants of the
same, but also robbed and spoiled and con-
sumed all his goods and cattle, and thereby
brought him from a gentleman of good ability
to live to extreme poverty, not able to main-
tain himself and his people about him in the
service of her majesty as his heart desired.'
His petition for compensation was supported
by Sir Henry Sidney, who declared that he
well deserved the same both for the losses
he had sustained as also for his honesty and
civility. On the outbreak of Desmond's re-
bellion he again threw in his lot with the
government, and was again exposed to the
attacks of the rebels, insomuch that he was
obliged to take refuge in Cork. In January
1581 his condition was described to Burghley
as truly pitiful, and in May 1582 the queen
gave order that he should receive an annuity
of one hundred marks and a grant of one

hundred marks land of the escheats in Mun-
ster. In 1586 he strenuously opposed the-
bill for the attainder of the Earl of Desmond,
and by trying to maintain the legality of the-
earl's feoffment almost made shipwreck in
one moment of the reputation gained by a
long life of loyalty. Being charged with con-
niving at the marriage of Florence MacCarthy
(whose godfather he was) and Ellen, daugh-
ter of the Earl of Clancar, he denied it, de-
claring to Burghley that on the contrary he-
had done his best to prevent it ; while, as for
his action in regard to Desmond's deed of
feoffment, it was with him a thing of con-
science and honesty before God and the-
world, and not a thing desired by him. His-
loyalty was confirmed by Justice Smythes,
who wrote that he was a gentleman ' wise-
and considerate in all his doings, of great
learning in good arts, and approved loyalty
in all times of trial, just in his dealings, and
may serve for a pattern to the most of this--
country ' (Ham. Cal. iv. 46).

During the rebellion of the Sugan Earl
[see FITZGERALD, JAMES Fitzthomas] he more-
than once proved himself 'the best subject
the queen had in Munster,' and in order ' to
requite his perpetual loyalty to the crown
of England, as also to encourage others,''
Lord Mountjoy, while visiting him at Cloyne
(7 March 1601), on his way from the siege of
Kinsale to Dublin, knighted him. The castle-
of Cloyne had originally been the palace of
the bishops of Cloyne. The way in which
it came into the possession of Fitzgerald very
well illustrates the general laxity in ecclesi-
astical matters prevailing during Elizabeth's-
reign. In order to make leases of bishops'"
lands valid it was necessary to have them
confirmed by the dean and chapter, the church
thus having, as it were, double security that
its estates should not be recklessly given
away. In order to obviate this difficulty Fitz-
gerald, though a layman, got himself appointed
to the deanery of Cloyne, after which he filled,
the chapter with his dependents. Thereupon
Matthew Shehan, bishop of Cloyne, in con-
sideration of a fine of 40/., leased out on
14 July 1575, at an annual rent of five
marks for ever, the whole demesne of Cloyne
to a certain Richard Fitzmaurice, one of Fitz-
gerald's dependents. The dean and chapter
confirmed the grant, and Fitzmaurice handed
over his right and title to his master. Ther
castle, which stood at the south-east angle of
the four crossways in the centre of the town of
Cloyne, was repaired by Fitzgerald, and only
disappeared in 1797, having been recovered
for the church in 1700. He married Honor
O'Brien, niece of the Earl of Thomond, by
whom he had three sons : Edmund, who

Fitzgerald

133

Fitzgerald

married the widow of John Fitzedmund Fitz-
gerald [q. v.], seneschal of Imokilly ; Thomas
(d. 1628), who married Honor, daughter of
O'Sullivan Beare; James (o.s.p.), and two
daughters, Joan and Eleanor. He died on
15 July 1612, and was buried with his ances-
tors in the cathedral of Cloyne. Two months
later he was followed by his eldest son. ' In
the N.-E. angle of the north transept of the
cathedral,' says the late Kev. James Graves,
' was erected, doubtless during his lifetime,
a very fine monument in the renaissance style,
originally consisting of an altar-tomb, above
which was reared a pillared superstructure
crowned by an ornamented entablature ;
whilst, from the fragments still remaining,
it would appear that two kneeling armed
figures surmounted the first-named part of the
monument.' According to the epitaph he was
* hospitio Celebris, doctrina clarus et armis.'

[The principal references to Fitzgerald's life
contained in the State Papers have been collected
together in the Unpublished Geraldine Docu-
ments, ed. Hayman and Graves, pt. ii. He must
be carefully distinguished from his relative the
*eneschal of Imokilly. See also the Life and
Letters of Florence MacCarthy Keagh, by Daniel
MacCarthy, bishop of Kerry, and Dr. Brady's
Clerical and Parochial Kecords of Cork, Cloyne,
and Eoss, vol. iii.] E. D.

FITZGERALD, SIR JOHN FORSTER

(1784P-1877), field marshal, colonel 18th
royal Irish foot, was a younger son of Ed-
ward Fitzgerald of Carrigoran, co. Clare, who
sat for that county in the Irish parliament,
was a colonel of Irish volunteers in 1782,
and died in 1815, by his second wife, the
daughter and coheiress of Major Thomas Bur-
ton, 5th dragoon guards, and granddaughter
of Right Hon. John Forster, lord chief jus-
tice of Ireland [q. v.], and consequently was
younger brother of the first two baronets of
Carrigoran. The date of his birth is va-
riously given as 1784 and 1786. On 29 Oct.
1793 he was appointed ensign in Captain
Shee's independent company of foot in Ire-
land, and became lieutenant in January 1794.
In May 1794 he was given a half-pay com-
pany in the old 79th (royal Liverpool volun-
teers) regiment of foot, which had been dis- |
banded before he was born. After seven
years as a titular captain on the Irish half-
pay list, on 31 Oct. 1800 he was brought
into the 46th foot, and joined that corps, then
consisting of two strong battalions of short-
service soldiers, in Ireland. The regiment
was much reduced by the discharge of the
latter at the peace of Amiens, and young
Fitzgerald was again placed on half-pay, but
the year after was brought on full pay again
in the newly raised New Brunswick fencibles,

in which he was senior captain and brevet
major. In 1809 he was promoted major in
the 60th royal Americans, afterwards known
as the 60th rifles, and in 1810 became brevet
lieutenant-colonel. He joined the 5th or
Jager battalion, 60th, in the Peninsula, and
was present at the storming of Badajoz,
where he was among the regimental com-
manding officers specially commended by Sir
Thomas Picton (GrjRwooD, Well. Desp. v.
379), at Salamanca, Vittoria, the Pyrenees,
and many minor affairs. Part of the time he
was in command of a provisional battalion
of light companies, and in the Pyrenees com-
manded a brigade and was taken prisoner by
the French, but exchanged (ib. vii. 237).
At the end of the war he was made C.B.
and received the gold cross given to com-
manding officers of regiments and others of
higher rank who had been present in four
or more general actions entitling them to a
gold medal for each, which medals were re-
placed by the cross. He accompanied the
5th battalion, 60th, from the south of France
to Ireland in 1814, and thence in 1816 to
the Mediterranean. In 1818 it was brought
home from Gibraltar and disbanded, Fitz-
gerald, then senior major, with most of the
other officers and men, being transferred to
the 2nd battalion, 60th, at Quebec, which
then became the 1st battalion and was made
rifles. Fitzgerald, who became brevet colonel
in 1819, remained some years in Canada,
most of the time as commandant of Quebec,
and afterwards of Montreal. On 5 Feb. 1824
he exchanged with Lieutenant-colonel Bun-
bury to the command of the 20th foot in
Bombay, which he held until promoted to
major-general in 1830. He was made K.C.B.
the year after. In 1838 he was appointed
to a divisional command at Madras, but was
afterwards transferred to Bombay, and com-
manded a division of the Bombay army until
his promotion to lieutenant-general in No-
vember 1841. He was appointed colonel of
the 62nd foot in 1843, transferred to the
colonelcy 18th royal Irish 1850, became a
general 1854, G.C.B. 1862, and received his
field marshal's baton 29 May 1875. He re-
presented Clare county in parliament, in the
liberal interest, in 1852-7.

Fitzgerald married first, in New Bruns-
wick, in 1805, Charlotte, daughter of the
Hon. Robert Hazen of St. John's, New
Brunswick, by whom he had a son, John
Forster Fitzgerald killed as a captain 14th
light dragoons in the second Sikh war and
two daughters. He married secondly, in
1839, Jean, daughter of Hon. Donald Ogilvy
of Clova, formerly of the Madras army, and
afterwards colonel Forfarshire militia (see

Fitzgerald

134

Fitzgerald

DEBRETT, Peerage, under ' Earl of Airlie '),
and by her had a family.

Fitzgerald, who some short time before
had been received into the Roman catholic
communion, died at Tours on 24 March 1877,
being at the time the oldest officer in the
British army. By order of the French minis-
ter of war, the garrison of Tours paid him
the funeral honours prescribed for a marshal
of France.

[Foster's Baronetage, under 'Fitzgerald of Car-
rigoran ; ' Debrett's Peerage, under ' Cunningham '
and 'Airlie;' Wallace's Chronicle King's Royal
Rifles (London, 1879); Times, 4 April 1877.
The records of the old 5th or Jager battalion,
60th, with which Fitzgerald served in the Penin-
sula, were arranged by the late Major-general
Gibbes Rigaud, and have been published in the
'Maltese Cross,' the regimental newspaper of the
1st battalion king's royal rifles, in 1886-7.1

H. M. C.

FITZGERALD, KATHERINE (d.

1604), the ' old ' COUNTESS OF DESMOND, was
daughter of Sir John Fitzgerald, lord of
Decies, and became the second wife of Tho-
mas Fitzgerald, twelfth earl of Desmond,
some time after 1505. The first wife of the
earl was Sheela, daughter of Cormac Mac-
Carthy. To her (under the equivalent name
of Gilis ny Cormyk), as ' wife to Sir Thomas
of Desmond,' on 9 June 20 Henry VII, i.e.
1505, Gerald (son of Thomas) Fitzgerald,
eighth earl of Kildare, granted a lease of
lands for five years, a copy of which is pre-
served in the rental-book of the ninth earl,
now in the possession of the Duke of Leins-
ter. On its first discovery it was supposed by
some to be dated 20 Henry VIII, i.e. 1528 ;
but the earlier date is shown to be correct
not only by a facsimile given in the ' Journal
of the Kilkenny Archseological Society,' but
also by the fact (unnoticed by those who
have commented on the document) that
the Earl of Kildare who granted it died in
1513. The Earl of Desmond who was the
husband of Sheela and Katherine died in
1534, at the age of eighty. As he left a
daughter by his second wife, it may safely
be assumed that 1524 is the latest date at
which his marriage to her could have taken
place, while, as we have seen, 1506 is the
earliest. The tradition, therefore, preserved
by Sir Walter Raleigh, to which Horace
Walpole gave its popular currency, that this
second wife was married in the time of Ed-
ward IV, is at once disposed of; but it may
very probably be true of her predecessor.
In the same way the further tradition of her
having danced with Richard III may be
accounted for. Mr. Sainthill, in his ' Inquiry,'
referred to at the end of this article, endea-

voured to support these traditions by the
theory that Thomas of Desmond might have
divorced his first wife and married his second
long before 1505, but this was a mere sug-
gestion, opposed to such evidence as exists.
That the ' old countess ' was living in 1589,
1 and many years since,' is asserted by Sir W.
Raleigh in his ' History of the World ' (bk. i.
ch. 5, 5) ; and he had good reason for know-
ing the truth of this, inasmuch as in that year
and in the year preceding he granted leases
of lands in Cork at a reduced rent pending the
life of 'the ladieCattelyn, old countess dowa-
ger of Desmond,' who had some life-interest in
them. It appears from the terms of these leases-
that her life was not supposed to be likely
to last more than five years from their date.
That her death occurred in 1604 is stated in a
manuscript of Sir George Carew's, preserved
in Lambeth Library (No. 626). From these
data it follows that, at the lowest computa-
tion, she can hardly have been less than 104
years old at the time of her decease ; and it
has been thought by some that the traditional
140 may possibly have had its rise in an
accidental transposition of these figures. It
is in Fynes Morison's ' Itinerary,' published
in 1617, that the number 140 is first given.
He visited Youghal, near which the Castle
of Inchiquin, in which the countess resided,
is situated, in 1613, and states that ' in our
time ' she had lived to the age of ' about '
140 years, and was able in her last years to
go on foot three or four miles weekly to the
market town, and that only a few years
before her death all her teeth were renewed.
From him Bacon appears to have derived
the notices which he gives in his ' Hist. Vitse
et Mortis ' and his ' Sylva ; ' and from Bacon
and Raleigh^ and a Desmond pedigree, Arch-
bishop Ussher makes mention of the countess
in his 'Chronologia Sacra/ where he says
that ' meo tempore ' she was both living and
lively. A diary kept by the Earl of Leicester
some thirty years later also records the stories
which he had heard. One additional and
original witness has, however, been recently
found, not known to previous writers on the
subject, whose evidence corroborates the
general account. Sir John Harington, who
was twice for some time in Ireland, for the
first time soon after 1584, and for the second
time in 1599, speaking in 1605 of the whole-
someness of the country, says: 'Where a
man hath lived above 140 year, a woman,
and she a countess, above 120, the country is
like to be helthy.' Of the case of the man
whom he mentions nothing is known, but
his allusion to the case of the countess evi-
dently implies that her story, as well as that
of the former, was then a familiar one. On

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

the whole, it may be concluded that the
countess reached at least the age of 104, and
that, until some further evidence, such as
the date of her marriage, be forthcoming, it
may further reasonably be conjectured that
the addition of ten years would very pro-
bably be a nearer approximation to the truth.
The stories of her death being caused by a
fall from an apple, a walnut, or a cherry tree,
may be dismissed as fictions ; while that of
her journey to London to beg relief from
Queen Elizabeth or James I has been shown
by Mr. Sainthill to belong to the Countess
Elinor, widow of Gerald, the fifteenth and
attainted earl of Desmond. Nine or ten
portraits of the old countess are said to be
in existence ; but only two of these, respec-
tively at Muckross Abbey and Dupplin Castle,
with possibly a third at Chatsworth, are sup-
posed to represent her, the others being pic-
tures of other persons by Rembrandt and
Gerard Douw.

[Article in the Quarterly Review for March
1853, pp. 329-54; Archd. A. B. Kowan's Olde
Countesse of Desmonde, 1860; Richard Saint-
hill's Old Countess of Desmond, an Inquiry, 2 vols.
(privately printed), 1861-3; article (by J. Gough
Nichols) in the Dublin Review, 1862, li. 51-91 ;
Journal of the Kilkenny Archseol. Soc., new ser.
iv. Ill, 1864 ; W. J. Thoms's Longevity of Man,
1879 ; Sir J. Harington's Short View of the State
of Ireland, 1879, p. 10 ; see also Notes and
Queries, 2nd ser. vii. 313, 365, 431, 3rd ser. i.
301, 377, 5th ser. xi. 192, 332.] W. D. M.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE (d. 1176),
English conqueror of Ireland, was the son

Nesta, daughter of Rhys the Great, king
of South Wales (Exp. Hib. p. 229). 'He
was thus half-brother to Robert Fitzstephen
[q. v.] and Meiler Fitzhenry [q. v.], and bro-
ther of David II [q. v.], bishop of St. David's
(ib. ; GIEALD. Itin. Cambr. p. 130 ; Earls of
Kildare, p. 3). His father Gerald, according
to later genealogists, was grandson of Walter
Fitzother, who figures in ' Domesday ' as a
tenant at Windsor and elsewhere, and lord
of manors in Surrey, Hampshire, Berkshire,
Middlesex, and Buckinghamshire. In the
early years of the twelfth century his father
was steward of Pembroke Castle. He was pro-
bably dead by 1136, in which year the Welsh
annals show that Nesta's second husband,
Stephen, and the ' sons of Gerald' were
fighting against the Welsh prince, Owen
(Domesday, 30 1, 36 a 1, 61 b 1, 130 a 1,
151 a 1 ; Ann. Cambr. pp. 30, 34, 40).

In 1168, when Dermot, king of Leinster,
was in South Wales seeking for aid to re-
establish himself in his kingdom, Rhys ap
Griffith had just released his three-year
prisoner, Robert Fitzstephen, on condition

an
of

that he should help him against Henry II.
Robert's half-brother, Maurice Fitzgeraldj
now petitioned that he might carry his kins-
man to Ireland instead; for Dermot had
promised to give the two knights Wexford
and the two adjoining ' cantreds ' in return
for their services (Exp. Hib. p. 229 ; Ann.
Cambr. p. 50). Robert crossed at once (May
1169), but Maurice did not land till some
months later, when he reached Wexford with
140 followers. Here Dermot came to meet
him, and led him to his royal city of Ferns.
In the expedition against Dublin, Maurice
commanded the English contingent, while
Robert Fitzstephen stayed behind to fortify
the rock of Carrick, near Wexford (Exp. Hib.
pp. 229, 233, 245 ; REGAN, p. 56 ; cf. Ann.
Cambr. p. 52 ; Annals of the Four Masters,
sub 1169, 1170 ; Annals of Boyle, p. 28).
Dermot had already fulfilled his promise as
regards Wexford, and when the Earl of Clare
did not come according to his engagement,
he offered his daughter, with the succession
to the kingdom, to Robert or Maurice, an offer
which both declined on the plea that they
were already married (Exp. Hib. p. 246).
Earl Richard at last landed at Waterford,
24 Aug. 1170. The town was taken next
day, Maurice and Robert arriving with Der-
mot in time to save the lives of the nobler
captives (ib. p. 255).

Next year Maurice was present at the great
siege of Dublin. His anxiety for the safety
of his half-brother Robert, whom the Irish of
Wexford were besieging in the turf fort of
Carrick, led him to propose the famous sally
from the city, when some ninety Norman
knights routed King Roderic's army of thirty
thousand men. Though the English started
southwards on the day after the victory, they
were too late to relieve Robert Fitzstephen,
who had surrendered on receiving false news
as to the fall of Dublin (ib. p. 266, &c.)

Henry IPs arrival seems to have brought
the temporary downfall of the Geraldines.
The men of Wexford attempted to curry
favour with the king by giving him their pri-
soner ; and, though Robert was soon set free,
he and Maurice were seemingly deprived of
Wexford and the neighbouring cantreds (ib. p.
278). Henry kept Wexford in his own hands,
entrusting it to William Fitzaldhelm before he
left the country, but now, or a little later, Earl
Richard gave Maurice 'the middle cantred of
Ophelan,' i.e. the district about Naas in Kil-
dare (ib. pp. 286, 314; REGAN, pp. 146-7).
On leaving Dublin, Henry charged the two
brothers, at the head of twenty knights, to
support the new governor of this city, Hugh
de Lacy; and it must have been shortly after
this that Maurice, forewarned by his nephew's

Fitzgerald

136

Fitzgerald

dream, saved his leader's life from the ambush
set for his destruction at his interview with
O'Rourke, the 'rex monoculus' of Meath
(Exp. Hib. pp. 286, 292-4).

The remainder of Maurice's life is obscure.
During the great rebellion of the young
princes (1173-4) Henry had to withdraw the
greater part of his own retainers from Ire-
land ; but there seems to be no evidence that
Maurice accompanied his half-brother Robert
to the king's assistance in England and Nor-
mandy. When Earl Richard was restored to
power, an attempt was made to consolidate
the English interests by a system of inter-
marriage. It was now that Maurice's daughter
Nesta wedded Hervey of Mountmaurice, the
great enemy of the Irish Geraldines ; while
Maurice's son took Earl Richard's daughter,
Alina, to wife. This alliance procured a grant
of Wicklow Castle and the restoration of Naas,
which had seemingly been confiscated, but
which was henceforward held as a fief of
the earl. The rest of Ophelan in North Kil-
dare was divided between Maurice's kinsmen,
Robert Fitzstephen and Meiler Fitzhenry (ib.
p. 314 ; REGAN, pp. 146-7).

Some three years later, Maurice Fitz-
gerald died at Wexford (c. 1 Sept. 1176),
* not leaving a better man in Ireland.' The
death of Earl Richard and the appointment
of William Fitzaldhelm as governor caused
the momentary downfall of the Geraldines,
who soon forced Maurice's sons to give up
Wicklow Castle in exchange for Ferns (Exp.
Hib. pp. 336-7).

Giraldus Cambrensis has described Mau-
rice's personal appearance and his character.
His face was somewhat highly coloured but
comely, his height moderate, ' neither too
short nor too tall,' and his body well propor-
tioned. In bravery no one surpassed him,
and as a soldier he struck the happy mean
between rashness and over-caution. He
was sober, modest, and chaste, trustworthy,
staunch, and faithful ; ' a man not, it is true,
free from every fault, but not guilty of any
rank offence.' He was little given to talk,
but when he did speak it was to the point.
It would seem that when he crossed over to
Ireland he was fairly advanced in life, since
the same author applies to him the epithets
' venerabilis et venerandus ' (ib. p. 297). He
was buried in the Grey Friars monastery out-
side Wexford, where, in Hooker's days (1586),
his ruined monument was still to be seen
' wanting some good and worthy man to re-
store so worthy a monument of so worthy a
knight ' (HOLINSHED, vi. 198).

Maurice Fitzgerald left several sons and
a daughter, Nesta. His wife is said to have
been Alice, granddaughter of Roger de Mont-

gomery, who led the centre of the Norman
army at Hastings (Earls of Kildare, p. 10).
She was living in 1171, as Giraldus tells us
that she and some of Maurice's children were
with Fitzstephen when the Irish were lay-
ing siege to Carrick (Exp. Hib. p. 266). Of
his sons two, Gerald (d. 1204) [q. v.] and Alex-
ander, greatly distinguished themselves in the
sally from Dublin (ib. pp. 268-9). Alexander
seems to have left no issue (Nat. MSS. of Ire-
land, pp. 125-6), and Gerald, ' a man small of
stature, but of no mean valour and integrity/
succeeded to his father's estates, and became,
through his heir, Maurice Fitzgerald II [q. v.],
the ancestor of the Fitzgeralds of OfFaly and
Kildare (Exp. Hib. p. 354). Nesta married
Hervey of Mountmaurice ; William, another
son, must have died before, or not long after
his father, as he can hardly be the William
Fitzmaurice who died about 1247 A.D. (SwEET-
MAN, i. No. 2903, cf. Nos. 89, 94). The Irish
genealogists, however, make him succeed his
father in Naas, but die without a son. They
also assign Maurice another son, Thomas the
Great, who, marrying Eleanor, daughter of
Sir William Morrie, acquired extensive pro-
perty in Munster, and became the ancestor
of the earls of Desmond, the White Knight,
the Knight of Kerry, &c. (Earls of Kildare,
p. 10). A Thomas Fitzmaurice (d. 1210-1215)
appears not unfrequently in the Irish rolls
(SWEETMAX, i. Nos. 406, 529 ; cf. Earls of
Kildare, p. 10, where his death is assigned to
1213) [see FITZTHOMAS, MAURICE, first EAEL
OF DESMOND].

[G-iraldus Cambrensis, Expugnatio Hibernica,
ed. Dimock (Eolls Series, vol. v.) ; Anglo-Norman
poem on the Conquest of Ireland, ed. Thomas
Wright, London, 1841, cited as Regan; Annales
Cambriae, ed. Williams ab Ithel (Rolls Series) ;
Annals of the Four Masters, ed. O'Donovan ; The
Earls of Kildare and their Ancestors, by the
Marquis of Kildare (Dublin, 1858), represents the
popular genealogy, &c., of the Geraldine family
at the time the book was written. See also Sir
William Bethel's Pedigree of the Fitzgeralds,
printed in the Journal of the Hist, and Archseolog.
Society of Ireland for 1868-9 (3rd ser. vol. i.) ;
Holinshed, ed. 1808; Calendar of Documents re-
lating to Ireland, ed. Sweetman, vol. i. ; Sweet-
man's Cal. of Documents, vol. i. ; Annals of Boyle,
ap O'Conor, vol. ii. ; Nat. MSS. of Ireland, ed.
Gilbert.] T. A. A.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE II, BARON

OF OFFALY (1194 P-1257), justiciar of Ireland,
was born about 1194 (SWEETMAN, i. 91, 118).
His father, Gerald (d. 1204) [q. v.], through
whom he was grandson of the great Irish ( con-
quistador,' Maurice Fitzgerald [q. v.], died to-
wards the end of 1203 (ib. No. 195). His
mother is said to have been' Catherine, daugh-

Fitzgerald

137

Fitzgerald

ter of Hamo deValois, lord justice of Ireland
in 1197 ' (Earls of Kildare, p. 11 ; LODGE, i. 59).
Though ordered seisin of his father's lands on
5 July 1215, he had not entered into full pos-
session on 19 July 1215, by which time he was
already a knight. In December 1226 he was
engaged in a lawsuit with the Irish justiciar,
Geoffry de Mariscis. In 1232 he was himself
appointed to this office (2 Sept.), in succes-
sion to Kichard Burke, the head of the great
house, which for over a century was to be
the most powerful rival of the Fitzgeralds
(SWEETMAN, Nos. 793, 1458, 1977).

These were the days of popular discontent
against Peter des Roches and the foreign
favourites. Maurice, though a vassal of the
great constitutional leader, Richard the Earl
Marshal, laid waste the earl's Irish lands at
the instigation of the king or his councillors.
The earl crossed the Channel, induced, so ran
the scandal of the day, by forged letters to
which Maurice had attached the royal seal.
The justiciar, at a conference held on the
Curragh of Kildare, offered such terms that
the earl preferred battle, though he had but
fifteen knights against a hundred and fifty.
A desperate attempt on the justiciar's life
failed. Earl Richard was defeated, and carried
to his own castle at Kildare, then in Maurice's
hands (1 April 1234). He died a fortnight
later of his wounds, aggravated, says Roger
of Wendover, by a physician hired for this
purpose by Maurice the justiciar, who was
summoned to England to defend his honour.
The Archbishop of Canterbury became surety
for his safety (24 July), but a reconciliation at
Marlborough (21 Sept. 1234) with the new
Earl Gilbert was only apparent. Next year
the feud was further embittered by the mur-
der, attributed to Earl Gilbert, of Henry
Clement, who represented the accused Irish
nobles in London. The two barons were not
reconciled till the summer of 1240, when
Maurice Fitzgerald, hearing that the earl had
made his peace with the king, came to Lon-
don offering to prove his innocence by the
judgment of his peers. At Henry's interces-
sion, Gilbert Marshal reluctantly accepted
this declaration. Maurice engaged to found
a monastery for the soul of the dead man,
and in acquittance of his vow is said to
have founded the Dominican abbey at Sligo.
Matthew Paris's words, when chronicling his
death, show that his innocence was never be-
lieved (MATT. PARIS, iii. 265-6, 273-6, 327,
iv. 56-7, v. 62 : Annals of the Four Masters,
ii. 272-3 ; Loch Ce, p. 319; SWEETMAN,!. 313,
317, 374; Earls of Kildare, p. 12; Oseney
Annals, p. 78 ; WYKES, p. 78 ; Royal Letters,
i. 448, 470, 480 ; cf. art. BURGH, RICHARD
DE, d. 1243).

Roderic O'Conor (d. 1198), king of Con-
naught, had been succeeded by his brother,
Catnap Crobdherg (d. 28 May 1224). On
Cathal's death the succession was disputed
between the sons of Roderic O'Conor, Tur-
lough and ^Edh, and those of Cathal, ^Edh,
and Felim. After various changes of fortune,
in which Richard de Burgh, made justiciar
of Ireland 13 Feb. 1228, played a great part,
^Edh O'Conor was placed on the throne in
1232. Before the end of 1233 he was dis-
placed by Felim, who destroyed the castles
built by Richard de Burgh. In 1235 Maurice
and Richard led an army to ravage Con-
naught, but turned aside to attack Donnchadh
O'Briain, prince of Munster. Felim was
driven off to O'Domhnaill, while Maurice the
justiciar was mustering the spoil at Ardcarna,
launching his fleet on the eastern Atlantic,
and storming the rock of Loch Ce. The ex-
pedition closed when Felim made peace with
the justiciar, and was granted the five ' king's
cantreds.' Next year Maurice banished Felim
again, and supplanted him by his cousin,
Brian O'Conor. A great victory at Druim-
raithe restored Felim to the throne ; he once
more received the 'king's cantreds' (1237)
(Loch Ce, pp. 203-347 ; Annals of Boyle,
p. 44 ; Ann. Four Masters, sub an.)

In 1238 Maurice was warring in Ulster.
With Hugh de Lacy he deposed Domhnall
MacLochlainn (d. 1241) from his lordship
over the Cenel Eoghain, and Cenel-Conaill
in favour of Brian, son of ^Edh O'Neill.
Domhnall recovered his office next year and
maintained it, despite the justiciar's efforts,
till his death in 1241. Meanwhile Felim, who
had long been suffering from the depreda-
tions of the De Burghs, appealed to Henry III
for protection. At London (1240) his request
was granted, and he returned with orders that
Maurice should see that he had justice. Next
year Maurice and Felim forced Maelsechlainn
O'Domhnaill and the Cenel-Conaill to give
hostages. In 1246 he was again in Tir-Co-
naill, half of which he now gave to Cormac
O'Conor. Maelsechlainn renewed his hos-
tages for the other half, but on All Saints*
day took his revenge by burning the town
near Maurice's castle of Sligo. In 1247 he
led an army as far as Sligo and Assaroe (on
the Erne), and his retreat was cut off by
Maelsechlainn with the Cenel-Conaill and
Cenel-Eoghain (3 July). Maurice, by a skilful
manoeuvre, won a great victory, in which
Maelsechlainn was slain (Loch Ce; Ann. Four
Masters}.

During the years of his office Maurice had
been largely occupied in the attempt to sup-
ply Henry III with funds. His salary as
justiciar was 500/. a year ; but he seems to

Fitzgerald

138

Fitzgerald

have left office in debt. In 1233 he was or-
dered to seize Miloc Castle from Richard de
Burgh, and distrain for this noble's debts to
the king (February 1234), and was afterwards
empowered to take further measures (Royal
Letters, i. 410-14). In May 1237 he was
bidden to let the earl's friends buy their par-
don. The marriage of Henry's sister, Isa-
bella, to the emperor Frederic II brought
with it fresh demands, and Maurice was ex-
pected to wring a scutage of two marks and
a thirtieth from his Irish subjects. He was
granted safe-conducts to England in May
and July 1234, as well as in 1237 and 1242.
He seems to have actually been in England
late in 1234 or early in 1235, and perhaps in
1244. He was ordered to provide men, money,
provisions, and galleys for the Gascon expe-
dition of 1242. In January 1245 he was
bidden to build four wooden towers for the
expedition against Wales (SwEETMAN,i. 302,
304, 313, &c. ; GRACE, p. 31). Accompanied
by Felim he took a part in this war, in which
he seems to have incurred the king's dis-
pleasure by putting some of his Irish followers
to death in Anglesey. In 1237 the king sent
over a commissioner to audit his accounts, and
on 4 Nov. 1245 he resigned his office to John
Fitzgeoffrey, the son of a previous justiciar
(SWEETMAN, i. 408, 440, &c. ; GRACE, p. 31 ;
CAMPION, pp.76-7; IlANMER,p.l91,&c.) Mat-
ters were finally compromised by the infliction
of a fine of four hundred marks (2 July 1248).
This fine Maurice was at first permitted to
pay off by instalments ; later the payments
were respited (29 April 1250), and finally
(10 June 1251) in a great measure remitted
(September 1252). In August 1248 Mau-
rice had gone to Gascony on the king's ser-
vice. In December 1253 he was again sum-
moned to Gascony to take part in the medi-
tated war with the king of Castile. A later
brief seems, however, to show that the new
justiciar crossed the sea (Loch Ce, p. 405),
leaving Maurice as his deputy in Ireland
(SWEETMAN, vol. i. Nos. 305-7, 356-7).

Meanwhile, though no longer justiciar, he
had been equally active in Ireland. In 1248
he expelled Roderic O'Canannan from Tir-
Conaill. Next year he invaded Connaught
to avenge the death of Gerald Mac Feorais,
and a little later led an expedition from Mun-
ster and Connaught to meet another under
the justiciar at Elphin. The united armies
deposed Felim O'Conor, setting up his nephew
Turlough in his place. Felim was restored
by Brian O'Neill and the Cenel-Eoghain in
1250. In the same year, probably in return
for Brian's interference in Connaught, Mau-
rice invaded the land of the Cenel-Eoghain,
but failed to reduce its lord. In 1253 he made

another futile attack upon Brian O'Neill and
the Cenel-Eoghain, and two years later he
crossed over ' to meet the king of the Saxons '
at about the same time as Felim's envoys.
The 'Four Masters ' represent him as in 1257
accompanying the new lord justice against
Godfrey O'Domhnaill, and distinguished him-
self in a single combat with Godfrey. Mat-
thew Paris, however, seems to put Maurice's
death in the beginning of 1257, whereas the
'Irish Annals' date Godfrey's death, which
was due to wounds received in this expedition,
in 1258. The State Papers show conclusively
that he was alive on 8 Nov. 1256, but dead
by Christmas 1257 (Loch Ce ; Ann. Four
Masters ; MATT. PARIS, v. 642 ; SWEETMAN,
ii. 524, 563 ; cf. DOWLING, p. 15).

Fitzgerald had served the king long and
faithfully. In 1255 Henry wrote to thank
him for his strenuous defence of the country.
As justiciar he was vigorously engaged in
fortifying castles against the Irish ; by 2 Nov.
1236 he had already fortified three, and was
bidden to build two more in the coming sum-
mer. For their construction he was allowed
to draft workmen from Kent (Royal Letters,
i. 400 ; SWEETMAN, p. 352, &c.) On Richard
de Burgh's resignation he was empowered to
take over all the royal castles, even including
the great stronghold of Miloc. When the
same noble died his castles were put in Mau-
rice's charge (23 Aug. 1243), and ten years
later (3 Aug. 1253) Richard's son, Walter,
brought an assize f mort d'ancestor ' against
the warden. His deposition from the jus-
ticiarship was due to his remissness on the
Welsh expedition of 1245; but, adds the
chronicler, he bore the disgrace patiently, as
since his son's death he had learned to de-
spise the honours of earth (SWEETMAN; MATT.
PARIS, iv. 488). In character Maurice was
1 miles strenuus et facetus nulli secundus.'
1 He lived nobly all his life.' His piety may
be seen from his religious foundations : Sligo
(Dominican), Ardfert (Franciscan, 1253),
and Youghal (Franciscan, 1224) (MATT.
PARIS, v. 642 ; Loch Ce; Ann. Four Masters,
sub an. ; Earls of Kildare). In 1235, when
his soldiers were laying Connaught waste^
Maurice protected the canons of Trinity on
the island of Loch Ce. Later he presented
(1242) the hospital of Sligo to the same
foundation (Loch Ce, pp. 329, 359), and, ac-
cording to Clyn (p. 8), he died in the habit
of a Franciscan.

Fitzgerald is reckoned the second or third
baron of Offaly. This barony he held of the
Earl of Pembroke (to whom on 30 May 1240
he was ordered to do homage) or of his heirs.
He appears as Lord of Maynooth and Gallos
in Decies. According to the later genealogists

Fitzgerald

139

Fitzgerald

(Earls of Kildare,}). 15) Fitzgerald's wife was
Juliana, daughter of John de Cogan. His
eldest son seems to have been Gerald, who
predeceased him probably in 1243, and had a
son Maurice, who is noticed below. The justi-
ciar's eldest surviving son was Maurice Fitz-
maurice [q. v.] (SWEETMAN, vol. ii. No. 563).
Another was probably Thomas MacMaurice
(d. 1271, cf. Loch Ce, p. 469), father of John
Fitzthomas, the first earl of Kildare [q. v.]
Robert Fitzmaurice, who figures so frequently
in the Irish documents of the latter half of the
thirteenth century, may possibly have been
another son.

MATJEICE FITZGEKALD (d. 1268), son of
Gerald, the eldest son, inherited the barony
of Offaly (SWEETMAN, vol. ii.) He married
Agnes, daughter of William de Valence, uncle
of Edward I, and appears to have been
drowned in crossing between England and
Ireland, 28 July 1268 (CLYN, p. 9 ; Annals of
Ireland, ii. 290, 316 ; Loch Ce, p. 459 ; Ann.
Four Masters, ii. 404). He must be distin-
guished from his uncle Maurice Fitzmaurice
Fitzgerald (d. 1277) [q. v.] He left an infant
heir, GEKALD FITZMAURICE, aged three and
a half years (SwEETMAtf, Nos. 1106, 2163, p.
467, &c. ; Book ofHowth, p. 324 ; DUGDALE,
i. 776). This child was the" ward of Thomas
de Clare, brother to the Earl of Gloucester,
and, by purchase, of William de Valence.
In 1285 he, as baron of Offaly in succession
to his father, was attacked by the native
Irish of the barony. We find this Gerald
Fitzmaurice coming of age about 1286
(SWEETMAN, vol. ii. Nos. 866-7, 957, 970,
1039, &c. ; vol. iii. Nos. 29, 238, 456, p. 75,
&c.; Abbrev. Plac. pp. 263, 283), and it is
probably he to whom Clyn refers (p. 10) in
his crucial passage on the Geraldine succes-
sion where he says that * Gerald, films Mau-
ricii, capitaneus Geraldinorum ' died in 1287
and left his inheritance to his grand-uncle's
son John Fitzthomas [q. v.] Some genealo-
gists contend that Gerald Fitzmaurice was son
of Maurice Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald (d. 1277)
[q. v.], the justiciar. But he was clearly that
justiciar's grand-nephew.

[The principal authorities for the life of
Maurice Fitzgerald are the English State Docu-
ments and the contemporary English chroniclers.
The Irish documents may be found in Sweet-
man's Calendar of Irish Documents, vols. i. and
ii. (Rolls Series) ; Rymers Fcedera, ed. 1720,
vol. i. The chief contemporary English chroni-
clers are Roger of Wendover, ed. Coxe (Engl. Hist.
Soc.) ; Matthew Paris, ed. Luard, vols. iii. iv. v.
(Rolls Series) ; Thomas Wykes, the Oseney An-
nals, the Dunstable Annals, ap. Riley's Annales
Monastic! (Rolls Series), vols. iii. iv. Other im-
portant contemporary documents are to be found
in the Royal Letters, ed. Shirley, vol. i. (Rolls

Series); Documents of the Anglo-Normans in
Ireland, ed.. Gilbert, vol. i. (Rolls Series). The
chief Irish Annals are the Annals of Loch Ce
(Rolls Series), vol. i. ed. Hennessy; Annals of
Boyle ap. O'Conor's Scriptores Rerum Hiberni-
carum, vol. ii. ; and the collection known as the
Annals of the Four Masters, ed. O'Donovan, vol.
ii. Then come the Latin-writing Irish chroni-
clers : Clyn (fl. 1348) (Irish Archseol. Soc.), ed.
R. Butler; a fourteenth-century Annales Hiber-
nise, with its fifteenth-century continuation and
expansion, both cited above as Annals of Ireland,
ap. Chartulary of St. Mary's, Dublin, ed. Gilbert,
vol. ii. (Rolls Series); the Annals of Jas. Grace
(fl. 1537) (Irish Arch. Soc.), ed. Butler. Han-
mer's Chronicle of Ireland (c. 1571) and Campion's
History of Ireland (1633) may be found reprinted
in the Ancient Irish Histories (Dublin, 1809),
but are very untrustworthy, as also are Ware's
Annals (English edition, 1705) ; and Cox's Hi-
bernia Anglicana (ed. 1 689). The Earls of Kil-
dare, by the Marquis of Kildare (Dublin, 1857),
represents the current genealogy of the Fitz-
geralds, and is a careful compilation of facts.
See, too, Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, ed. Arch-
dall, 1789, vol. i. ; Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland
(Dublin, 1865); and Archdall's Monasticon Hi-
bernicum (editions 1786 and 1873). See also the
Book of Howth, ed. Brewer and Bullen, and
Hist, and Municipal Documents of Ireland, ed.
Gilbert (Rolls Series).] T. A. A.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE FITZ-
MATJEICE (1238 P-1277 ?), justiciar of Ire-
land, was the son and heir of Maurice Fitz-
gerald (d. 1257) [q. v.], the justiciar (SWEET-
MAIST, vol. ii. No. 563). His mother is said to
have been Juliana de Cogan (Earls of Kildare,
p. 15). Being still a minor at his father's
death he was claimed as the ward of Margaret
de Quinci, countess of Lincoln, the widow of
Walter Marshall, of whom the elder Maurice
had held the barony of Offaly (SwEETMAtf,
vol. ii. No. 563 ; DOYLE, ii. 376, iii. 7 ; DUG-
DALE, i. 102, 607). He had perhaps come of
age two years later (7 Nov. 1259), when he
was granted Athlone Castle and the shrievalty
of Connaught (SWEETMAN, vol. ii. No. 631).
Next year he was defeated in an expedition
against Conor O'Brian at Coill-Berrain in
Munster, but succeeded in plundering the
O'Donnells, who retaliated on Cairpre (Car-
bery, co. Sligo) in North Ireland (Loch Ce,
pp. 435-7 ; Ann. Four Masters, sub an.)
He led another expedition against Brian
Ruadh O'Brien in 1272 or 1273. For the
expenses of this campaign he received a hun-
dred marks ; and it was perhaps on this oc-
casion that he borrowed from the Dublin
citizens the 86/. 19s. which they asked the
king to repay in June 1275. This expedition
of 1273 was a success, and, according to the
Irish annals, Maurice 'took hostages andob-
! tained sway over the O'Briens '

Fitzgerald

140

Fitzgerald

id. 170, No. 1139 ; Loch Ce, p. 473). He is
aid on this occasion to have been aided
by Theobald Butler (WAKE, from Earls of
Kildare, p. 16 ; but cf. WARE, ed. 1705, pp.
57-8).

Fitzgerald was summoned to England in
1262, and in 1264 was ordered to secure for
the young Earl of Gloucester seisin of his
Irish lands. The new justiciar, Richard de
Rochelle (1261-^. May 1265),was at feud with
the Geraldines, and within a short time the
island was in arms (DOWLING, p. 16 ; CAM-
PION, p. 77 ; GRACE, p. 37 ; HANMER, ii. 401-
402 ; CLYN, p. 8; Earls of Kildare, p. 16).
The quarrel extended to the De Burghs, and
in 1264 Maurice took the justiciar Theobald
Butler and John Cogan prisoners, and in-
carcerated the former at his castle of Leigh
(Annals of Ireland, ii. 290 ; GRACE, p. 37 ;
'Book of Howth, p. 323). With the justiciar
it is said that Walter de Burgh, earl of Ulster,
was also taken (Earls of Kildare, p. 16). But
this statement seems due to a confusion with
the reported action in 1294 of Fitzgerald's
nephew, John Fitzthomas, first earl of Kil-
dare [q. v.] Next year he and his nephew,
Maurice Fitzgerald [see FITZGERALD, MAU-
RICE, d. 1257, ad fin.~\, on whose behalf the
feud with the De Burghs may have originated,
received royal letters exhorting them to peace ;
in April 1266 he was twice granted letters of
protection to England (SWEETMAN, Nos. 727,
795, 798). About August 1272 he was ap-
pointed justiciar of Ireland in the place of
James Audeley. On Henry Ill's death he
was renewed in the office and received the
oaths of succession from the Irish nobles to
the new king. About August 1273 he was
supplanted by Geoffrey de Geneville (id. vol.
ii. Nos. 924, 927, &c. ; RYMER, ii. 2). Ac-
cording to the Earl of Kildare, quoting from
Ware, in 1273 ' he invaded Offaly, but was
betrayed by his own people into the hands of
the O'Conors ' (Earls of Kildare, p. 16, but cf.
WARE, p. 57). With this may be connected
a later statement that about 23 Aug. 1273 he
was deprived of part of the barony of Offaly.
But this story seems altogether erroneous.
Fitzmaurice, although often reckoned one of
the Barons Offaly, never held the barony,
which passed on his father's death in 1257 to
his nephew (son of his elder brother Gerald)
Maurice (d. 1268), and thence to Maurice's
eon Gerald Fitzmaurice. The latter Gerald
was attacked by the native Irish in 1285,
and it is probably this incident which has
found its way disguisedly into our Fitz-
maurice's biography [see FITZGERALD, MAU-
RICE, d. 1257 ? adf,nJ\ An entry in the Irish
treasury accounts of 1276-7 shows that he led
an expedition to Glendory (Glenmalure, co.

Wicklow). On24 July 1276 he was ordered to
England to do fealty for his wife's inheritance
(SWEETMAN, ii. 258, Nos. 1249, 1321-2; cf.
CLYN, p. 9 ; Cox, p. 73). Later in the same
year (1277) he accompanied his son-in-law
against Brian Ruadh O'Brien, king of Tho-
mond. Brian was taken prisoner and be-
headed ; but a little later the two kinsmen
were besieged in Slow-Banny, and reduced
to such straits that they had to give hostages
for their lives and yield up the castle of Ros-
common (HANMER, ii. 406 ; WARE, p. 58 ;
Cox, p. 73 ; Earls of Kildare, pp. 16, 17 ; cf.
Loch Ce, i. 481 ; Annals of Ireland, p. 318).
Maurice is said to have died shortly after
(1277) at Ross (Earls of Kildare, p. 17 ; cf.
SWEETMAX, vol. ii. No. 1527).

Maurice Fitzmaurice married Emelina,
daughter and heiress of Emelina de Riddles-
ford, the wife of Hugh de Lacy (d. 1242), and
Stephen Longs word (Abbrev. Plac. p. 227 ;
SWEETMAN, vol. ii. No. 1249,vol. iii. No. 1028 ;
DUGDALE, Monast. vi. 443 ; MATT. PARIS, iv.
232). This Emelina was probably born

c. 1252 A.D. ( Cal. Gen. i. 236). He is wrongly
said to have been succeeded by a son Gerald
Fitzmaurice, an assertion due to a confu-
sion noted under MAURICE FITZGERALD (d.
1257 ?) (Earls of Kildare, p. 18 ; SAINTHILL,
ii. 47 ; cf. CLYN, p. 10). He left two daugh-
ters : (1) Juliana, who married Thomas de
Clare (d. 1286), brother of Gilbert de Clare,
earl of Gloucester, and, secondly, Adam de
Cretinge (Cal. Gen. i. 448, ii. 431 ; SWEET-
MAN, vol. ii. No. 2210, vol. iii. Nos. 940,
1142 ; CLYN, p. 40) ; (2) Amabilia, who
seems to have died unmarried, and to have
enfeoffed her cousin, John Fitzthomas [q. v.],
of part of her estates (SWEETMAN, vol. iii.
No. 940; Earls of Kildare, p. 17).

In the complicated genealogy of the Ge-
raldines, some of the entries ascribed to this
Maurice Fitzmaurice properly belong to his
nephew MAURICE FITZGERALD (d. 1268), who
is noticed under MAURICE FITZGERALD II
(1194 P-1257).

[See authorities cited in text. For editions
and value of the various chroniclers see MAUKICK
FITZGERALD II.] T. A. A.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE, first EARL
or DESMOND. [See FITZTHOMAS, MAURICE,

d. 1356.]

FITZGERALD, MAURICE, fourth
EARL OF KILDARE (1318-1390), justiciar of
Ireland, born in 1318, was the youngest son
of Thomas Fitzgerald, the second earl [q. v.],
and his wife, Joan de Burgh, and was gene-
rally called Maurice Fitzthomas. He lost his
father in 1328, and became earl on his brother
Earl Richard's death in 1331. His lands re-

Fitzgerald

141

Fitzgerald

mained in the custody of Sir John D' Arcy, his
mother's second husband. Kildare was in-
volved in the opposition led by Maurice Fitz-
thomas, earl of Desmond [q. v.], to the new
policy which the justiciar, Ralph D'UfFord,
endeavoured to enforce, of superseding the
' English born in Ireland ' by ' English born in
England.' In 1345 Ufford sent a knight named
William Burton to Kildare with two writs,
one summoning him to an expedition to Mun-
ster, the other a secret warrant for his arrest.
Burton was afraid to carry out the latter in the
earl's own estates, but enticed him to Dublin,
where he was suddenly arrested while sitting
in council at the exchequer (Ann. Hid. Laud
MS. p. 386). Next year Kildare was released,
on 23 May, on the surety of twenty-four
manucaptors (ib. p. 389). He at once in-
vaded the O'More's country, and compelled
that chieftain to submit. In 1347 he was
present with Edward III at the siege and
capture of Calais (CLYN, Annals, p. 34). He
was then knighted by the king, and married
to a daughter of Sir Bartholomew Burghersh
(GKACE, Annals, p. 143). There are pre-
served in the archives of the Duke of Leinster
some interesting indentures of fealty of various
Irish chieftains to Kildare (Hist. MSS. Comm.
9th Rep. ii. 270-1).

On 30 March 1356 Kildare was appointed
justiciar of Ireland (Fcedera, iii. 326), but he
was almost at once succeeded by Thomas de
Rokeby. On 30 Aug. 1357, however, Kildare
was made locum tenens for Almaric de St.
Amand, who had been appointed justiciar on
14 July, until the arrival of the latter in
Ireland (ib. iii. 361, 368). In 1358 his Lein-
ster estates were invaded by the De Burghs,
and in the same year he and his county made
a liberal grant for the war against the
'O'Morthes' (Cal. Rot. Pat. et Glaus. Hib.
pp. 69, 75). In 1359 his mother, the Countess
Joan, died (Ann. Hib. Laud. MS. p. 393).

In 1359 Kildare was made locum tenens
for James Butler, earl of Ormonde, justiciar
of Ireland, and continued in office in 1360,
being on 30 March 1361 definitely appointed
as justiciar (Ann. Hib. Laud. MS. p. 394).
He resigned, however, on Ormonde's return
from England. In 1371 Kildare was made
justiciar, and again in 1376, in succession
to Sir William de Windsor ; but on neither
occasion did he hold the post for any time.
On the latter occasion he was specially in-
structed to remain in Leinster, while the
custody of Munster was more particularly
entrusted to Stephen, bishop of Meath. He
refused, however (GILBERT, Viceroys, p. 243),
to take office again in 1378. In 1386 he was
one of the council of De Vere, the marquis
of Dublin (ib. p, 551). He died on 25 Aug.

1390, and was buried in the church of the-
Holy Trinity, now called Christ Church, in
Dublin.

By his wife, Elizabeth Burghersh, he left
four sons, of whom the eldest, Gerald, became*
the fifth earl, and died in 1410. He was
succeeded by his son John, the sixth earl
(d. 1427), the father of Thomas Fitzgerald,
the seventh earl [q. v.]

[Chartularies, &c., of St. Mary's Abbey, Dub-
lin (Rolls Ser.); Rymer's Fcedera ; Clyn's Annals
and Grace's Annals (Irish Archseol. Soc.) ; Calen-
dar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Ireland ;
Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland ; Kildare's Earls of
Kildare, pp. 31-5.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE (1774-
1849), hereditary Knight of Kerry and Irish
statesman, was the elder son of Robert Fitz-
gerald, knight of Kerry, by his third wife,
Catherine, daughter of Launcelot Sandes of
Kilcavan, Queen's County. The dignity of
Knight of Kerry was first borne in the four-
teenth century by Maurice, son of Maurice
Fitzgerald of Ennismore and Rahinnane.
The latter was third son by a second mar-
riage of John Fitzthomas Fitzgerald (d. 1261)
[cf. FITZTHOMAS, MAUKICE, first EARL OF
DESMOND], stated to be grandson of Maurice
Fitzgerald (d. 1176) [q. v.], the founder of the
Geraldine family in Ireland. Maurice Fitz-
gerald was born 29 Dec. 1774, and entered
public life almost before he was legally com-
petent to do so. On the representation of his
native county suddenly becoming vacant in
1794, Fitzgerald was elected to fill it. He then
wanted some months of coming of age, and
could not take his seat in parliament, but
when he eventually made his appearance in
the parliament house at Dublin he gave high
promise. For thirty-seven years uninter-
ruptedly he continued to represent Kerry in
the Irish and imperial parliaments. The
Knight of Kerry entered public life at the
same period as two of his personal friends.,
the Duke of Wellington and Lord Castle-
reagh. Up to the time of the union Fitz-
gerald sat in the Irish parliament, and he
voted in favour of that measure. He out-
lived all his colleagues, and with him ex-
pired Hhe last commoner of the last Irish
parliament.' For four years, 1799-1802,
Fitzgerald acted as a commissioner of excise
and customs in Ireland. In 1801 he was
returned for the county of Kerry to the im-
perial parliament. Soon after he entered
the House of Commons he was called to a
seat in the privy council, and at the board"
of the Irish treasury. The latter office-
he resigned at the dissolution of the whig-
ministry in 1806. While he had not much
general sympathy with the whigs, he agreed

Fitzgerald 142

Fitzgerald

with them on the catholic question. The
partial fusion of parties in the Canning
ministry called him to office as lord of the
English treasury (July 1827). The passing
of the Catholic Emancipation Act, which
had always been warmly supported by Fitz-
gerald, removed the only barrier between
him and the tories. Feeling himself bound,
as an emancipationist, to support the Duke
of Wellington, he again took office in 1830
as vice-treasurer of Ireland. Shortly after-
wards his active political career terminated,
for although he once more held office as a lord
of the admiralty in Sir Eobert Peel's short-
lived administration of December 1834, he
never again recovered his seat in parliament,
which he lost in the struggle attendant on
the Reform Bill. He was defeated at the
Kerry election of 1831, and again in 1835.
He was frequently invited to seek the suf-
frages of an English constituency,but declined.
In 1845 Fitzgerald addressed a * Letter to
Sir Robert Peel on the Endowment of the
Roman Catholic Church of Ireland.' The Duke
of Wellington and the writer were the only
survivors of those who professed Pitt's poli-
tics in the Irish parliament, and Fitzgerald's
letter, while partly explanatory of Pitt's
views and pledges, also established the fact
that this great statesman was the originator
of the ' treasonable and sacrilegious scheme '
of Peel. When Pitt left office he drew up
a paper explaining the causes of his resigna-
tion, which was delivered by Lord Corn-
wallis to the Knight of Kerry for circulation
among the leading Roman catholics. Pitt's
views were subsequently more fully re-
vealed in the ' Castlereagh Correspondence.'
Fitzgerald approved the means by which the
union was carried, declaring it to be a very
popular measure among the Munster and
Connaught population ; and with respect to
the parliament on College Green, with whose
inner workings he was intimately acquainted,
he stated that he was ' thoroughly disgusted
with its political corruption, its narrow bi-
gotry, and the exclusive spirit of monopoly
with which it misgoverned Ireland.' On the
passing of the Act of Union, Lord Castlereagh
addressed a confidential letter to Fitzgerald,
acknowledging the pledges given to the Irish
catholics, and announcing his intention to
support the endowment of their church.

In private Fitzgerald was an excellent friend
and landlord. He died at Glanleam,Valentia,
7 March 1849, having married (1), 5 Nov. 1801,
Maria (d. 1827), daughter of the Right Hon.
David Digges la Touche of Marlay, Dublin ;
and (2) Cecilia Maria Knight, a widow, who
died 15 Oct. 1859. By his first wife he had
six sons and four daughters. His four eldest

sons predeceased him, and he was succeeded
in his ' feudal ' honours by his fifth son, Peter
George Fitzgerald [q. v.]

[Gent. Mag. 1849; Cork Southern Reporter
and Kerry Post, March 1849.] G. B. S.

FITZGERALD, PAMELA (1776 ?-
1831), wife of Lord Edward Fitzgerald
[q. v.J, was described in her marriage contract
of 1792 as Anne Stephanie Caroline Sims,
daughter of Guillaume de Brixey and Mary
Sims, as a native of Fogo Island, New-
foundland, and as about nineteen years of
age. Though she has generally been regarded
as the daughter of JVladame de Genlis by the
Duke of Orleans (Egalite), this statement of
her Newfoundland birth is confirmed by in-
formation now obtained from Fogo. Henry
Sims, a respectable planter who died there in
1886, at the age of eighty-two, believed Pa-
mela to have been his cousin. Mr. James
Fitzgerald, the present magistrate of Fogo,
on arriving in the island in 1834, made the
acquaintance of Sims, who informed him that
his grandfather, an Englishman living at
Fogo in the latter part of last century, had
a daughter Mary, that she was delivered of
a child at Gander Bay, and in the following
summer sailed with her infant for Bristol, in
a vessel commanded by a Frenchman named
Brixey, and that the Simses heard nothing
more of mother or child until they learned
from Moore's book that Lord E. Fitzgerald
married a Nancy Sims from Fogo. New-
foundland had no parish registers at that
date, but Henry Sims's story may be true,
though there is the bare possibility of the
death of the child in infancy, and of the
transfer of her pedigree to a second child
placed under Mary's charge. It may be con-
jectured that when in 1782 she was sent over
by Forth, ex-secretary to the British em-
bassy at Paris, to be brought up with the
Orleans children, and familiarise them with
English, the object was to divert attention
from the arrival a little later of a child known
as Fortunee Elizabeth Hermine de Compton
(afterwards Madame Collard), who died in
1822 at Villers Helon. Hermine, who, un-
like Pamela, was recognised by the Orleans
family in after life as a quasi-relative, was in
all probability Madame de Genlis's daughter
by Egalite, and was perhaps born at Spa in
1776. In a scene between Madame de Genlis
and Pamela, witnessed by the latter's daugh-
ter, there was moreover a positive disclaimer of
maternity (Journal of Mary Frampton, letter
of Lady Louisa Howard to Mrs. Mundy,1876).
Un veracious, therefore, though the lady was,
her story may be credited that Forth casually
saw the child at Christchurch, that he sent

Fitzgerald

143

Fitzgerald

Orleans ' the handsomest filly and the pret-
tiest little girl in England,' that, enraptured
by the girl's beauty and talents, she had her
conditionally baptised, conferring on her her
own name, Stephanie, and the pet name,
Pamela, and that to guard against extortion
by the mother, she paid the latter in 1786
twenty-four guineas for a legal renunciation
of all claims. The belief of the Fitzgerald
family, in deference to which Moore retracted
his original acceptance of the Orleans-Genlis
parentage, and Louis-Philippe's opposite con-
duct to his two old playmates, strengthen this
conclusion. Against it must be set Pamela's
alleged likeness to the Orleans family ; the
rumour of 1785 (see GRIMM, Correspondence),
that Monsieur de Genlis had acknowledged
both Pamela and Hermine as his own chil-
dren, sent away in infancy to test the differ-
ence between children brought up with and
without knowledge of their status ; Egalite's
settlement on Pamela about 1791 of fifteen
hundred francs, increased on her marriage to
six thousand francs ; and Madame de Genlis's
statement in her memoirs (1825), assigning
the paternity to a legendary Seymour of good
family, who married a woman of low birth
named Sims, took her to Newfoundland, and
there died, whereupon widow and child re-
turned to England. Of winning manners,
though devoid of application or reflection,
Pamela was applauded by the mob on their
way to Versailles (Madame de Genlis had
sent her out, with grooms in Orleans livery,
to ride through the crowd), was the ornament
of her adoptive mother's political receptions,
and went with her to England in 1791, when
Sheridan is said to have offered her marriage,
and been accepted, he being struck by her
resemblance to his late wife. IJo that resem-
blance is also attributed her conquest of Lord
Edward Fitzgerald, who, objecting to ' blue
stockings/ had refused to meet the Genlis
party in England, but saw Pamela at a Paris
theatre, was immediately introduced to her,
was invited to dinner next day, joined the
party on the road, on their expulsion from
Paris as 6migrees, accompanied them to
Tournai, and there married her, 27 Dec. 1792.
The Tournai register, which, like the marriage
contract, overstates her age by at least three
years, gives her father's name as Guillaume
Berkley, and London as her birthplace, but
this may be imputed to the carelessness of
the officiating priest. The future Louis-Phi-
lippe was present at the ceremony. Arrived
at Dublin, Pamela indulged her passion for
dancing, but failed to win popularity. Mean-
while the Paris revolutionists, misled by a
report of her travelling in Switzerland with
her adoptive mother, issued a warrant against

her. She gave birth to a son in Ireland, and
in 1796 her second child, Pamela, was born
at Hamburg. Madame de Genlis, then stay-
ing there, represents herself as remonstrating
against Lord Edward's political vehemence,
and Pamela as replying that she avoided dis-
cussing politics with him for obvious reasons.
Their domestic happiness seems to have been
unalloyed. Her third child was born while
her husband was in concealment and paying
her secret visits. On his arrest she was or-
dered to quit Ireland, and after his death
repaired to Hamburg, whence she had had
an invitation from her old companion, Hen-
riette de Sercey, Madame de Genlis' niece.
Henriette had married a Hamburg merchant,
Mathiesson, and Pamela hoped there to be
able to recover the Orleans annuity. Her
children seem to have stayed behind. She
shortly afterwards married Pitcairn, the Ame-
rican consul at Hamburg, by whom she had
a daughter (who was married and living at
New York in 1835), but a separation soon
ensued. She is next heard of as encounter-
ing, about 1812, in a Dover hotel, Casimir,
another of Madame de Genlis's adopted chil-
dren, and as giving her English creditors the
slip by accompanying him to Paris. Re-
suming the name of Fitzgerald, she first lived
at the Abbaye-aux-Bois, next lodged with
Auber, the composer's father, and then went
to Montauban to lodge with the Due de
la Force, commandant of Tarn-et-Garonne.
There she is said to have had the freak of
acting as a shepherdess in the costume of
Fontenelle's pastoral heroines. She appears
to have paid at least one visit to Paris about
1820, when Madame de Genlis forgave her
abrupt departure from Paris and cessation of
correspondence. At this period her home
was at Toulouse. After the revolution of
1830 she revisited Paris, apparently in the
hope of royal favour, but received little notice,
and died eleven months after her adoptive
mother, in November 1831, in a small hotel
in the rue Richepance. Though enjoying a
pension of at least ten thousand francs, she
is said to have left nothing, so that Louis-
Philippe had to be applied to probably by
Talleyrand, who attended it to provide a
proper funeral at Montmartre. In 1880, a
legal informality necessitating the removal of
her remains, they were interred by her grand-
children at Thames Ditton.

[Information through Sir Gr. W. Des Vceux
from Mr. James Fitzgerald, J.P., Fogo ; Me-
moires de Madame de Genlis ; Tournai register ;
Moore's Life of Lord E. Fitzgerald ; Madden's
United Irishmen ; Memoires d'Alexandre Dumas ;
Parisot's article in Biographic Universelle;
Times, 25 Aug. 1880.] J. G. A.

Fitzgerald

144

Fitzgerald

FITZGERALD, SIR PETER GEORGE
(1808-1880), nineteenth Knight of Kerry,
eldest surviving son of the Right Hon. Mau-
rice Fitzgerald [q. v.] of Glanleam, by Maria,
daughter of the Right Hon. David la Touche
of Marlay, co. Dublin, was born 15 Sept. 1808.
He began life in the banking-house of his
maternal grandfather at Dublin. He subse-
quently entered the public service, and was
appointed vice-treasurer of Ireland in the last
ministry of Sir Robert Peel. Succeeding his
father in 1849, from that period he resided
almost constantly on the island of Valentia, de-
voting himself indefatigably to the duties of an
Irish landlord, the improvement of his estates,
and the welfare of his tenantry. He especially
earned the thanks of the people by the erec-
tion of substantial homesteads in place of
the wretched cabins with which the middle-
man system had covered the west of Ireland.
Fitzgerald manifested a keen interest in all
questions which had a practical bearing on
the progress or prosperity of Ireland ; and in
able contributions to the ' Times ' he depre-
cated the censure which at that time and
since was cast indiscriminately upon all Irish
landlords. His own admirable personal quali-
ties, his hatred of abuses, his engaging man-
ners, and his generous nature, made him a
great favourite with the Irish peasantry. His
hospitality at Glanleam was enjoyed by the
Prince of Wales and other distinguished
guests. The Atlantic cable had its British
termination on his estates, and he evinced
much public spirit and energy in connection
with the successful laying 1 of the cable. He
married in 1838 Julia Hussey, daughter of
Peter Bodkin Hussey of Farranikilla House,
co. Kerry, a lineal descendant of the Norman
family of Hoses, which settled on the promon-
tory of Dingle in the thirteenth century. By
this lady he had four sons and seven daugh-
ters. Fitzgerald was a magistrate and de-
puty-lieutenant for co. Kerry, and was high
sheriff of Kerry in 1849, and of co. Carlow
in 1875. On 8 July 1880 the queen conferred
upon him a baronetcy. Fitzgerald was then,
however, suffering from a dangerous malady,
and he died on 6 Aug. following. He was
succeeded in the title and estates by his eldest
son, Captain Maurice Fitzgerald, who served
with distinction in the Ashantee war, being
present at the battles of Amoaful, Becquah,
and Ordahau, and at the capture of Coo-
massie.

[Times, 9 Aug. 1880; Guardian, vol. xxxv. ;
Kerry Evening Post, 11 Aug. 1880.] G-. B. S.

FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, surnamed
(LE GROS< 1182), was the son of William, the
elder brother of Maurice Fitzgerald, d. 1176

[q. v.], and Robert Fitzstephen [q. v.] (Ex*
pugnatio Hibernica, pp. 248, 310), who pre-
ceded him in the invasion of Ireland, whither
he was sent as Strongbow's representative in
April 1170 [see CLARE, RICHARD DE, d. 1176],
He landed at Dundunnolf, near Waterford (c.
1 May), at the head of ten knights and seventy
archers, and at once entrenched himself behind
a turf fortification. Here he was besieged by
the Ostmen of Waterford in alliance with the
Irish of Decies and Idrone. A sudden sally
repelled the assailants with a loss of seventy
prisoners. Raymond spared their lives against
the advice of Ilervey de Mountmaurice, who
had represented Strongbow in Ireland before
he himself arrived, and a long feud arose from
this (Exp. Hib. pp. 250-3 ; REGAN, pp. 70-2 ;
Ann. Four Masters, i. 1177 ; Annals of Inisf.
p. 114).

Four months later Earl Strongbow reached
Ireland, and the fall of Waterford was due
to Raymond, who, in the words of Giraldus,
was * totius exercitus dux et tribunus mili-
tiaeque princeps ' (25 Aug. 1170). After the
earl's marriage to Dermot's daughter, Ray-
mond accompanied his lord to Ferns. In the
Dublin expedition he led the centre of the
army, having eight hundred ( companions "
under his orders. There Raymond and Miles
de Cogan, tired of negotiations, broke into the
place and drove its ruler Asculf to his shipsy
21 Sept. 1170 (Exp. Hib. pp. 256-8 ; REGAN,
pp. 73-82; Ann. Four Masters, p. 1177,-
Annals of Boyle, p. 28).

Raymond was soon afterwards sent by the
earl to place all his conquests at the disposal
of Henry II. Raymond seems to have met
Henry in Aquitaine (c. December 1170 to
January 1171). He led the first or second
squadron in the famous sally from Dublin
about July 1171. He probably returned to*
England with Henry II in April 1172, as he
was not one of those to whom the king gave
grants of Irish land on leaving the country.
A year later, when Strongbow's services in
Normandy were rewarded by permission to-
return to Ireland, he insisted upon taking
Raymond with him (Exp. Hib. pp. 256-98 - r
REGAN, pp. 73-8).

During the earl's absence Henry de Mount-
maurice had apparently occupied his post.
The Irish had revolted, the earl's soldiers
were unpaid, and threatened to return to
England or join the Irish unless Raymond
became their constable. The earl yielded,
and Raymond led his old troops on a plun-
dering expedition against Offaly ; Dermofc
MacCarthy was routed near Lismore, and
four thousand head of cattle were driven into
Waterford. Three or four years before the-
earl had given the constableship of Leinster

Fitzgerald

145

Fitzgerald

to Robert de Quenci, along with his sister's
hand. Robert was soon slain, leaving an
infant daughter ; and Raymond now wished
to marry the widow, and thus become the
.guardian of the baby heiress. When his peti-
tion was refused Raymond made the death
-of his father an excuse for crossing over into
"Wales, and Hervey once more became the
acting constable. An unfortunate expedition
into Munster was the signal for a general
Irish rising. Strongbow was besieged in
IVaterford (1174) ; Roderic of Connaught
had burst into Meath, and was laying every-
thing waste as far as Dublin (Exp. Hib.
pp. 308-11 ; REGAN, pp. 130-7 ; Ann. Four
Masters, ii. 15-18 ; Annals of Boyle, p. 29 j
Annals of Inisf. p. 116).

The earl now offered his sister's hand to
Raymond in reward for help. Raymond and
his cousin Meiler hurried over to Wexford
just in time to save the town, marched to
VVaterford, and brought back the earl to
Wexford. The marriage took place a few
days later, and on the morrow Raymond
starred for Meath. Roderic retreated before
him and peace was restored, though the new
constable did not leave this province until
"he had repaired the ruined castles of Trim
and Duleek (Exp. Hib. pp. 310-14 ; REGAN,
/ pp. 142-3 ; cf. Ann. Four Masters ; Boyle ;
Inisfalleri). A short calm followed. Ray-
mond took part in promoting the alliances
T)y which the Normans solidified their inte-
rests. His cousin Nesta married Hervey de
Mountmaurice, and his influence brought
about the union of William Fitzgerald and
Alina, the earl's daughter (Exp. Hib. p. 314).

In the summer of 1175 Donald O'Brien,
Idng of Munster, threw off his allegiance to
Xing Henry, and Raymond was despatched
with some eight hundred men against Lime-
rick. There he found the Irish drawn up on
the opposite bank of the river (Shannon sic)
in such strength that his soldiers feared to
cross until Meiler Fitzhenry passed over
alone, and Raymond, going to his rescue, was
at last followed by the army. The town was
taken, provisioned and garrisoned, and the
constable turned back towards Leinster (ib.
pp. 320-3; REGAN, pp. 160-4 ; cf. Ann. Four
Masters, Boyle, and Inisf.}

Meanwhile Hervey de Mountmaurice had
accused Raymond before the king of en-
deavouring to supplant the royal authority
in Leinster and all Ireland. Henry recalled
Raymond, who was about to obey, when
Donald O'Brien again revolted. The earl's
household refused to march without Ray-
mond to command them. The king's envoys
consented, and the constable started for Li-
merick once more at the head of a mixed

VOL. XIX.

army of English and Irish. On Easter eve
(3 April 1176) he forced his way through the
pass of Cashel, and three days later entered
Limerick, upon which Donald and Roderic of
Connaught renewed their fealty to the king
of England (Exp. Hib. pp. 327-31). From
Limerick he set out for Cork to aid Dermot
Macarthy, prince of Desmond, who had been
expelled by his son Cormac. News of the
earl's death (c. 1 June 1176) called him back
to Limerick, which he now determined to
evacuate in order that he might have larger
forces for the defence of Connaught in the
event of a general rebellion among the Irish.
Donald O'Brien undertook to hold the town
for the king of England, but fired it as soon
as it was evacuated (ib. pp. 327-34 ; Ann.
Four Masters, p. 25 ; Inisf alien, p. 117).

Raymond now ruled Ireland till the coming
of William Fitzaldhelm, the new governor,
to whom he at once handed over the castles
in his possession. If we may trust Giraldus,
Fitzaldhelm, unmollified by this conduct,
set himself to destroy the whole power of
the Geraldines, who were soon despoiled of
their lands. Raymond now lost his estates
near Dublin and Wexford. Next year Hugh
de Lacy succeeded Fitzaldhelm, and a general
redistribution of Ireland among the English
adventurers took place in May 1177. It was
now that Robert Fitzstephen and Miles de
Cogan received the kingdom of South Mun-
ster (i.e. of Desmond or Cork) from Lismore
west (HovEDEN,ii. 134; cf.7ra's/a//ew,p.ll7).
A few years later, when Fitzstephen's sons
had perished (1182 according to the Irish
Annals) and the Irish seemed on the point of
winning back their land, Raymond hurried
from Waterford to the help of his uncle, who
was closely besieged in Cork. According to
Giraldus, who himself came to Ireland about
this time, Raymond succeeded to his uncle's
estates, became master of Cork, and reduced
the country to quiet (Exp. Hib. pp. 349-50,
&c.) The date of his death is not given by
the contemporary English chroniclers, but
the ' Irish Annals ' seem to assign it to 1182.
This is almost certainly a mistake, as the
latter writers associate his decease with that
of Fitzstephen's son (Ralph), while the words
of Giraldus are hardly compatible with such
a synchronism (Annals of Loch Ce, sub an.
1182, and the note, with quotations, from
the Annals of Ulster and Clonmacnoise ; cf.
Ann. of Boyle, p. 31). Raymond Fitzgerald
left no legitimate issue (Exp. Hib. pp. 345,
409).

Raymond Fitzgerald was a man ' big-bodied
and broad-set/ somewhat above the middle
height, and inclining to corpulence. His eyes
were large, full, and grey, his nose rather

L

Fitzgerald

146

Fitzgerald

prominent, and his features well-coloured and
pleasant. He would spend sleepless nights
in his anxiety for the safety of his troops".
Careless in the matters of food and drink,
raiment, or personal comfort, he had the art
to appear the servant rather than the lord of
his followers, to whom he showed himself
liberal and gentle. Though a man of un-
doubted spirit, he always tempered his valour
with prudence, and, ' though he had much
of the knight about him, he had still more of
the captain. He was specially happy in this,
that he rarely or never failed in any enter-
prise he took in hand through rashness or
imprudence ' (ib. pp. 323-4 ; cf. the quaint
englishing of this passage in HOLINSHED,
p. 190; and the Book of Howth, pp. 297-8).

[It is hardly possible to make G-iraldus's ac-
count of Raymond's movements harmonise com-
pletely with that of Began, and the Irish Annals
give little or no help in settling the details of
the chronology from 1172 to 1176. Griraldus
Cambrensis, Expugnatio Hibernica, ed. Dimock
(Kolls Series), vol. v. ; the Anglo-Norman poet
cited as Regan, ed. Michel and Wright (London,
1837) ; Annals of Loch Ce, ed. Hennessy (Rolls
Series) ; Annals of the Four Masters, ed. O'Dono-
van; Annals of Inisfallen and Boyle,ap. O'Conor's
Scriptores Rerum Hibernicarum, vol. ii. ; Hove-
den, ed. Stubbs (Rolls Series), vol. ii.]

T. A. A.

FITZGERALD, THOMAS, second EARL
OF KILDARE (d. 1328), twice justiciar of
Ireland, was the son of John Fitzthomas, the
first earl, and of his wife Blanche ' de Rupe '
[see FITZTHOMAS, JOH^, first EARL OP KIL-
DARE], and was therefore generally called
Thomas Fitzjohn. On 16 Aug. 1312 his
marriage at Greencastle, on Carlingford Bay,
with Joan, daughter of Richard de Burgh,
the ' red earl ' of Ulster, was the symbol of
the union of the two greatest Norman fami-
lies in Ireland (Ann. Hib. MS. Laud in
Chart. St. Mary's, ii. 341). On 8 Sept. 1316
he succeeded to the new earldom of Kildare
on his father's death (ib. p. 352). He at
once gathered a great army to fight against
Edward Bruce and the Scots, and served
against them. His free use of the system of
* bonaght,' or ' coigne and livery/ to support
these troops afterwards became a very bad
precedent. In 1317 he was thanked by
Edward II for his services against Bruce
(Faedera, ii. 327), and in the same year he
received from the king the office of heredi-
tary sheriff for his county of Kildare, which
involved full jurisdiction and liberties within
the earldom (ib. ii. 354). In 1319 and again
in 1320 he served on a commission to inquire
into the treasons committed during the Bruce
invasion (ib. ii. 396, 417). In 1320 he was

made justiciar of Ireland, though he only
acted as viceroy for a year (Ann. Hib. MS.
Laud, p. 361). During his tenure of office
Archbishop Bicknor [q. v.] attempted to found
a university in Dublin. Kildare received a
patent empowering him to subject to English
law such of his Irish tenants as chose to be
governed by it. In 1322 he was summoned
to serve against the Scots, but the truce pre-
vented his services being required (Fcedera,
ii. 501, 523). In 1324 he was at the Dublin
parliament, where the magnates of Ireland
pledged themselves to support the crown ( Rot.
Glaus. 1Kb. 18 Edw. II, p. 30 b, Record Comm.)
In 1324 he was accused of being an adherent
of Roger Mortimer and of corresponding with
him after his escape from the Tower of Lon-
don (Parl. Writs,vol. ii. pt. iii. p. 1052). This
seems probably true, for one of the first acts
of Mortimer's party after the accession of
Edward III was to reappoint Kildare justi-
ciar of Ireland. This was before 13 Feb. 1327
(Fcedera, ii. 688). He experienced some diffi-
culty before the partisans of Edward II would
accept him. In July several great barons,
including John de Bermingham [q. v.], were
still refractory (ib. ii. 710). But a local feud
which involved the Berminghams, the Butlers,
the Poers, and De Burghs in a private war
with the Geraldines of Desmond, because
Arnold le Poer had called Maurice Fitz-
thomas, first earl of Desmond [q. v.], a rhymer,
was probably at the bottom of this disobedi-
ence (Ann. Hib. MS. Laud, p. 365; cf. GIL-
BERT, Viceroys, pp. 163-4). However, Kil-
dare compelled the chief offenders to sue
for pardon at the parliament of Kilkenny.
During his viceroyalty a native 'king' of
Leinster ventured to set up his standard
within two miles of Dublin, but was soon
subdued. The burning of one of the O'Tooles
for heresy was another example of Kildare's
vigour (GRACE, pp. 107-8). In 1327 he
granted the advowson of Kilcullen to the
priory of Holy Trinity, Dublin (Hist. M8S.
Comm. 9th Rep. pt. ii. p. 269). He died, still
in office, on 9 April 1328 at Maynooth, and
was buried in the chapel of St. Mary which
he had built in the Franciscan convent at
Kildare (ARCHDALL, Monast. Hib. p. 312).
He is described as wise and prudent (GRACE,
p. 76). His wife, Joan de Burgh, remarried,
on 3 July 1329, his successor as justiciar, John
D'Arcy (Ann. Hib. MS. Laud, p. 371). He
had by her three sons, of whom John, the
eldest, died in 1323 or 1324 at the age of nine
(ib. p. 362), being then in the hands of the
king as a hostage for his father (CLTN",p. 16).
The second Richard succeeded his father as
third earl, but died in July 1331 (Hist. MSS.
Comm. 9th Rep. pt. ii. p. 268), aged 12. The

Fitzgerald

147

Fitzgerald

youngest son, Maurice Fitzgerald (1318-
1390) [q. v.], then became the fourth earl.

[Chartularies, &c. of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin
(Eolls Ser.), especially Annales Hibernise, MS.
Laud, in vol. ii. ; Grace's Annales Hib. (Irish
Archseol. Soc.) ; Calendar of Patent and Close
Eolls, Ireland (Eecord Comm.) ; Book of Howth;
Eymer's Fcedera, vol. ii., Eecord edit.; Gilbert's
Viceroys of Ireland ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland
(Archdall), vol. i. ; Marquis of Kildare's Earls
of Kildare ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Eep. pt. ii.
p. 263 sq.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, THOMAS, eighth EARL
OF DESMOND (1426 P-1468), deputy of Ire-
land, was the son of James, seventh earl, and
of his wife Mary, daughter of Ulick Burke
of Connaught (LODGE, Peerage of Ireland,
i. 67). In 1462 Thomas succeeded his father
to the earldom (Annals of Loch Ce, ii. 165,
says 1463, and speaks of him as 'the chief of
the foreigners of the south'). In 1463 he
was made deputy to George, duke of Cla-
rence, the lord-lieutenant of Ireland. He
showed great activity. He built border castles
to protect the Pale, especially in the passes
of Offaly, the ordinary passage of the O'Conors
in their invasions ; but the break-up of the
English power in Ireland was now so com-
plete that he had to sanction the parliamen-
tary recognition of the tax exacted by that
sept on the English of Meath, and to relax
the prohibition of traffic with the ' Irish
enemies.' He carried on the hereditary feud
with the Butlers, whose lands he devastated
in 1463. He was less successful in an expe-
dition against Offaly. In 1464 he quarrelled
with Sherwood, bishop of Meath, and both
went to England to lay their grievances before
the king (Ann. Ireland, 1443-68, in Irish
Archceol. Miscellany, p. 253). The Irish par-
liament certified that he had 'rendered great
services at intolerable charges and risks,' had
' always governed himself by English laws/
and had ' brought Ireland to a reasonable
state of peace.' But a Drogheda merchant
accused him of extorting ' coigne and livery,'
and of treasonable relations with the natives.
In the end Edward restored Desmond to office
and granted him six manors in Meath as a
mark of his favour.

The period of Desmond's government of
Ireland was one of considerable legislative
activity. But laws had little effect in re-
pressing the Irish. Two expeditions of Des-
mond against the O'Briens did not prevent
the border septs' attacks on Leinster. The
Irish of Meath called in a son of the lord of
Thomond to act as their ' king,' but his death
of a fever averted this danger. Yet Des-
mond's rule was so far successful, or his hold
over Munster so strong, that for the first

time for many years representatives of the
county of Cork appeared in the Irish par-
liament.

In 1467 Desmond was superseded as de-
puty by John Tiptoft, earl of Worcester [q.v.l
It was believed that he was a strong sup-
porter of Warwick in his hostility to Ed-
ward IVs marriage, and had incurred the
hostility of Queen Elizabeth in consequence.
Tiptoft convoked a parliament at Drogheda,
in which, on the petition of the commons,
Desmond was attainted, along with the Earl
of Kildare [see FITZGERALD, THOMAS, seventh
EAEL OF KILDARE] and Edward Plunket. The
charges brought against them were 'fosterage
and alliance with the Irish, giving the Irish
horses, harness, and arms, and supporting
them against the faithful subjects of the
king' ( Carew MSS.,' Book of Howth, &c. p.
483). On these charges Desmond was exe-
cuted at Drogheda on 14 Feb. 1468, at the
age of forty-two (CLYN, Annals, p. 46, Irish
Archaeol. Soc.) William Wyrcester (Annals
in Wars of English in France, n. ii. 789)
says that Edward was at first displeased
with his execution. This suggests that the
actual charges rather than secret relations
with English parties were the causes of
his fall. Desmond was soon looked on as
a martyr (GRACE, p. 165). It was soon be-
lieved that Tiptoft, with his usual cruelty,
had also put to death two infant sons of
Desmond (HALL, p. 286, ed. 1809 ; cf. Mirrour
for Magistrates, ii. 203, ed. 1815, and note
in GILBERT'S Viceroys, pp. 589-91), but there
is no native or contemporary evidence for
this. Richard III described Desmond as
'atrociously slain and murdered by colour
of the law against all manhood, reason, and
sound conscience ' (GAIRDNER, Letters, fyc. of
Richard III and Henry VII, i. 68). The
Munster Geraldines avenged his death by
a bloody inroad into the Pale. The Irish
writers celebrate Desmond for ' his excellent
good qualities, comely fair person, affability,
eloquence, hospitality, martial feats, alms-
deeds, humanity, bountifulness in bestowing
good gifts to both clergy and laity, and to all
the learned in Irish, as antiquaries, poets'
(Annals of Ireland, 1443-68, p. 263 j cf. Four-
Masters, iv. 1053). He founded a college at
Youghal for a warden, eight fellows, and
eight choristers (HAYMA^, Notes of the Re-
ligious Foundations of Youghal, p. xxxiii),
and procured an act of parliament allowing
the corporation to buy and sell of the Irishry
(HAYMABT, Annals of Youghal, p. 13). He
was buried at Drogheda, but Sir Henry Sidney
removed his tomb to Dublin (LODGE, i. 70).
The ' Four Masters ' (iv. 1053) say that his
body was afterwards conveyed to the burial-

L2

Fitzgerald

148

Fitzgerald

He mar-
ried Elizabeth or Ellice Barry, daughter of
Lord Buttevant, by whom he had a large
family. Four of his sons, James, Maurice,
Thomas, and John, became in succession
earls of Desmond.

[Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland; Annals of
Loch Ce ; Annals of Ireland in Irish Archaeolo-
gical Miscellany ; Annals of the Four Masters
(O'Donovan), with the note on iv. 1050-2 ; Carew
MSS., Book of Howth, &c. ; Hayman's unpub-
lished Geraldine Documents, i. 11-13; Lodge's
Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), vol. i.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, THOMAS, seventh EAEL
OF KILDARE (d. 1477), deputy of Ireland,
was son of John, sixth earl, and his wife,
Margaret de la Herne (LODGE, i. 82). He suc-
ceeded to his father in 1427, when he must
have been quite young. Between 1455 and
1459 he was deputy for Richard, duke of York,
the lord-lieutenant. In 1459 he warmly wel-
comed York on his taking refuge in Ireland.
The Lancastrian government in vain sought
to weaken his position by intriguing with
the native Irish against him. On 30 April
1461 Kildare was appointed deputy to George,
duke of Clarence (Cal. Rot. Pat. Hib. 1 Ed-
ward IV, p. 268) ; and on 5 July the confir-
mation of a grant of Duke Richard's was Ed-
ward IV's further reward for his fidelity to
the Yorkist cause (ib. p. 268 b). Next year
he was superseded by Sir Roland Fitzeustace,
but in January 1463 he was made lord chan-
cellor of Ireland. In 1464 he and his wife
Joan founded the Franciscan convent at
Adare in county Limerick (Annals of the
Four Masters, iv. 1035). In 1467 he incurred,
with his brother-in-law Desmond [see FITZ-
GERALD, THOMAS, eighth EARL OF DESMOND],
the hostility of the new deputy, John Tiptoft,
earl of Worcester. Both were attainted at
the parliament of Drogheda, but the reprisals
which followed the execution of Desmond
brought out so clearly the weakness of a
government deprived of the support of the
Fitzgeralds, that Kildare was respited. The
Archbishop of Dublin and other grandees be-
came his sureties, and on his promise of faith-
ful service the parliament of 1468 repealed
the attainder and restored him to his estates.
In the same year he was reappointed deputy,
but on the fall of Clarence, Tiptoft himself
became lord-lieutenant, and Edmund Dudley
his deputy. But on Clarence's reappointment
Kildare became deputy again, and remained
in office until 1475. By building a dyke to
protect the Pale, and by excluding ' disloyal
Irish ' from garrisons, he sought to uphold
the English rule. In 1472 eighty archers
were provided for him as the nucleus of a
permanent force, but he was expected to de-

fray half the cost. In 1474 the archers were
increased to 160, with 63 spearmen ; and in
1475 a * Brotherhood of St. George ' was es-
tablished for the defence of the Pale, of which
Kildare was president, while his son Gerald
was its first captain. This put a further force
of 120 mounted archers, 40 men-at-arms,
and 40 pages in his hands (' Carew MSS.,'
Book of Howth, &c., p. 403). His govern-
ment is an epoch of some importance in the
history of the Irish coinage. In 1475 he was
superseded by William Sherwood, bishop of
Meath. He died on 25 March 1477 and was
buried in the monastery of All Hallows
in Dublin. By his wife, Joan, daughter of
James, seventh earl of Desmond, and sister
of Thomas, the eighth earl [q.v.j, he is said
to have left four sons and two daughters
(LODGE, i. 83). He was succeeded by his
eldest son, Gerald Fitzgerald, the eighth earl
[q.T.]

[Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland ; Lodge's Peer-
age of Ireland, vol. i. ; Annals of the Four Mas-
ters; Carew MSS., Book of Howth, &c.; Marquis
of Kildare's Earls of Kildare, pp. 38-42.]

T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, THOMAS, LORD OF-
FALT, tenth EARL OF KILDARE (1513-1537),
son of Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth earl [q. v.j,
by his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
John Zouche of Codnor, Derbyshire, was born
in 1513. Like his father he spent a consider-
able portion of his life in England, but it was
not till 1534 that he began to play an im-
portant part in history. In February of that
year he was appointed deputy-governor of
Ireland on the occasion of his father's last
and ill-fated j ourney to England. About the
beginning of June a report obtained currency
in Ireland, through the machinations of the
Ormonde faction, that his father had been
summarily executed in the Tower, and that
his own death and that of his uncles had been
determined upon by his government. Full of
indignation at what he considered an act of
gross perfidy, he summoned the council to St.
Mary's Abbey, whither on 11 June he rode
through the city, accompanied by 140 horse-
men with silken fringes on their helmets
(whence his sobriquet ' Silken Thomas '), and
there, despite the remonstrances of his ad-
visers and the chancellor Cromer, he publicly
renounced his allegiance, and formally de-
clared war on the government. After which
he returned to Oxmantown, where he placed
himself at the head of his army. His enemies,
terrified by his decisive action, took refuge
in Dublin Castle, whence several of them
made their way to England. Archbishop
Allen was not so fortunate. By the aid of

Fitzgerald

149

Fitzgerald

his servant Bartholomew Fitzgerald, he ob-
tained a small vessel in which he hoped to
effect his escape ; but owing either to the
unskilfulness of the sailors, or the contrari-
ness of the winds, he was driven ashore near
Clontarf, whence he hastened to the neigh-
bouring village of Tartaine (Artane) to the
house of a Mr. Hothe. On the following
day, 28 July, a little before dawn, Offaly,
accompanied by his uncles, John and Oliver
Fitzgerald, and James Delahide, arrived
on the spot, when, it is said, he ordered
the trembling wretch to be brought before
him, and then commanded him to be led
away. But his servants, either misunder-
standing or disobeying him, slew him on the
spot. Whether Thomas was privy to the
murder it is impossible to say ; but it is cer-
tain that he shortly afterwards despatched
his chaplain to Rome to obtain absolution
for the crime (v. R. Reyley's Examination,
State Papers, Hen. VIII, ii. 100, and GAIBD-
NER, Cal. viii. 278, Dr. Ortez to Charles V).
Meanwhile he had been endeavouring by
every means within his power to strengthen
his position. On 27 July, Dublin Castle, his
chief object, was besieged, and those of the
nobility who declined to take an oath to sup-
port him clapped in the castle of Maynooth.
His overtures to the Earl of Ossory were re-
jected with scorn by that astute and prudent
nobleman, who, shortly after his return from
England in August, created a diversion by
invading and devastating Carlow and Kil-
dare. But an attempt made by his son,
Lord James Butler, to surprise Offaly re-
coiled on his own head, and he was only
rescued from his dilemma by the news that
the citizens of Dublin had turned on the be-
siegers of the castle and made prisoners of
them. Having concluded a short truce with
him, Offaly marched rapidly on Dublin. An
assault made by him on the castle was re-
pulsed with loss, and in a gallant sortie the
citizens succeeded in completely routing his
army. He himself narrowly escaped cap-
ture, being obliged to conceal himself in the
Abbey of Grey Friars in Francis Street. On
the same day Sir William Skeffington and an
English army set sail from Beaumaris ; but
encountering a storm in the Channel were
driven to take shelter under Lambay Island.
Intending himself to sail to Waterford, he
allowed Sir W. Brereton, with a portion of
the fleet, to make for Dublin, and shortly
afterwards landed a small contingent near
Howth to support him by land. It was,
however, intercepted by Offaly, who there-
upon retired to his principal fortress of May-
nooth. During the winter Skeffington re-
mained idle, but about the middle of March

1535 he concentrated his forces about May-
nooth, which he carried on the 23rd an im-
portant event from a military point of view
(FEOUDE, Hist, of England, ii. 317). The
garrison, including the commandant Parese,
who was charged by the Irish, but on insuffi-
cient evidence, with having betrayed the
place, were with one or two exceptions put
to the sword. The ' Pardon of Maynooth '
practically determined the fate of a rebellion
which at one time threatened to prove fatal
to the English authority in Ireland. Offaly,
or as he was now, since the death of his
father (though Stanihurst roundly asserts
that he never obtained recognition of his
title), Earl of Kildare, who was advancing
to the relief of the place with seven thousand
men, saw his army ' melt away from him like
a snow-drift.' Still he ventured to risk a
battle with Brereton near the Naas, but was
utterly defeated, and obliged to seek shelter
in Thomond, whence he meditated a flight
into Spain. From this he was dissuaded by
O'Brien, with whose assistance and that of
O'Conor Faly he managed for several months
to keep up a sporadic sort of warfare. He
had married Frances, youngest daughter of
Sir Adrian Fortescue, but he now sent her
into England, declaring that he would have
nothing to do with English blood. Seeing
his fate to be certain, his allies submitted
one by one to the government. On 28 July
Lord Leonard Grey arrived in Ireland, and
to him he wrote from O'Conor's Castle, apolo-
gising for what he had done, desiring pardon
' for his life and lands,' and begging his kins-
man to interest himself in his behalf. If
he could obtain his forgiveness he promised
to deserve it ; if not he l must shift for him-
self the best he could.' He was still for-
midable, and to reject his overtures might
prolong the war indefinitely. Acting on his
own responsibility, Grey guaranteed his per-
sonal safety, persuaded him to submit uncon-
ditionally to the king's mercy, and a few
weeks after his arrival had the satisfaction
of carrying him over into England. For a
few days he was allowed to remain at liberty,
but about the beginning of October was sent
prisoner to the Tower. ' Many,' wrote Cha-
puys,' doubt of his life, although Lord Leonard,
who promised him pardon on his surrender,
says that he will not die. The said Lord
Leonard, as I hear, has pleaded hard for his
promise to the said Kildare, but they have
stopped his mouth, the king giving him a
great rent and the concubine a fine chain
with plenty of money. It is quite certain,
as I wrote last, that the said Kildare, with-
out being besieged or in danger from his
enemies, stole away from his men to yield

Fitzgerald

150

Fitzgerald

himself to Lord Leonard, I know not from
what motive, inclination or despair ' (GAIKD-
NEB, Cal. Hen. VIII, ix. 197). The govern-
ment, though hampered by Grey's promise,
had no intention of pardoning him. ' Quod
defertur non aufertur,' said the Duke of Nor-
folk, when asked his opinion. After suffering
much from neglect, Earl Thomas and his five
uncles, whose capture and death reflected the
utmost discredit on the government, three
of them being wholly free from participation
in the rebellion, were on 3 Feb. 1537 executed
at Tyburn, being drawn, hanged, and quar-
tered. One member only of the family, his
half-brother, Gerald Fitzgerald, afterwards
eleventh Earl of Kildare [q. v.], managed to
escape. On 1 May 1537, at a parliament held
at Dublin, Gerald Fitzgerald, earl of Kildare,
Thomas Fitzgerald, his son and heir, Sir John
and Oliver Fitzgerald, with other their accom-
plices, were attainted for high treason. It is
curious that this act should have been directed
against Earl Gerald, who had not been con-
cerned in the rebellion. In the same year an
English act was passed for the attainder of
Thomas ' earl of Kildare,' his five uncles and
their accessories. Thomas is described as a man
of great natural beauty, ' of stature tall and
personable; in countenance amiable; a white
lace, and withal somewhat ruddy, delicately
in each limb featured, a rolling tongue and
a rich utterance, of nature flexible and kind,
very soon carried where he fancied, easily with
submission appeased, hardly with stubborn-
ness weighed ; in matters of importance an
headlong hotspur, yet nathless taken for a
young man not devoid of wit, were it not as it
fell out in the end that a fool had the keeping
thereof.' Among the inscriptions in the Beau-
champ Tower is that of THOMAS FITZGEKA.
[The chief authorities for his life are Lodge's
Peerage(Archdall),rol. i.; State Papers, Hen.VIII,
vol. ii., supplemented by Mr. Gairdner's Calendar,
vols. viii. and ix. ; Ware's Annales and Bishops ;
Stanihurst's Chronicle ; Froude's Hist, of Eng-
land, chap. viii. There is a useful life by the
late Duke of Leinster in The Earls of Kildare.l

E. D.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM (1814-
1883), bishop of Killaloe, son of Maurice
Fitzgerald, M.D., by his second wife, Mary,
daughter of Edward William Burton of Clif-
den, county Galway, and younger brother of
Francis Alexander Fitzgerald, third baron of
the exchequer, was born at Lifford, Limerick,
3 Dec. 1814. He was first educated at Middle-
ton, co. Cork, and then entering Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, in November 1830, obtained a
scholarship in 1833, the primate's Hebrew
prize in 1834, and the Downes's premium for
composition in 1835 and 1837. He took his

degree of B.A. 1835, his M. A. 1848, and his
B.D. and D.D. 1853. He was ordained deacon
25 April 1838, and priest 23 Aug. 1847, and
while serving as curate of Lackagh, Kildare,
made his first essay as an author. Philip
Bury Duncan of New College, Oxford, hav-
ing offered a sum of 50/. for an essay on
' Logomachy, or the Abuse of Words,' Fitz-
gerald bore off the prize with the special
commendation of the donor and an additional
grant of 25/. for the expense of printing the
essay. After serving the curacy of Clontarf,
Dublin, from 1846-8 he was collated to the
vicarage and prebend of Donoghmore, in the
diocese of Dublin, on 16 Feb. in the latter
year. From 1847 to 1852 he was professor
of moral philosophy in Trinity College, Dub-
lin, and from 1852 to 1857 was professor of
ecclesiastical history in the same university.
His next promotion was to the vicarage of St.
Anne's, Dublin, 18 July 1851, whence he re-
moved to the perpetual curacy of Monks-
town, Dublin, on 13 May 1855, being in the
same year also appointed prebendary of Ti-
mothan, Dublin, and archdeacon of Kildare.
On 8 March 1857 he was consecrated bishop
of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, and in 1862 was
translated to Killaloe by letters patent dated
3 Feb. He was a voluminous author both
under his own name and as an anonymous
writer, and was the chief contributor to the
series of papers called ' The Cautions for the
Times,' which was edited by Archbishop
Whately in 1853. His edition of Bishop
Butler's ' Analogy ' displays such judgment
and ' learning without pedantry' that it
superseded all the previous editions. He died
at Clarisford House, Killaloe, 24 Nov. 1883,
and was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Cork,
on 28 Nov. He married, in 1840, Anne, elder
daughter of George Stoney of Oakley Park,
Queen's County, and by her, who died 20 Oct.
1859, he had six children.

He was the author of the following works,
some of which were the cause of controversy
and published replies : 1. l Episcopacy, Tra-
dition, and the Sacraments considered in
reference to the Oxford Tracts,' 1839. 2.<Holy
Scripture the Ultimate Rule of Faith to a
Christian Man,' 1842. 3. < Practical Sermons,'
1847. 4. ' A Disputation on Holy Scripture
against the Papists, by W. Whitaker/ trans-
lated, Parker Soc., 1849. 5. < The Analogy
of Religion, by G. Butler, with a Life of
the Author,' 1849; another ed. 1860. 6. 'A
Selection from the Nichomachean Ethics of
Aristotle with Notes,' 1850. 7. ' The Con-
nection of Morality with Religion,' a ser-
mon, 1851. 8. ' The Irish Church Journal,'
vol. ii., ed. by W. Fitzgerald and J. G.
Abeltshauser, 1854. 9. < National Humilia-

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

tion, a step towards Amendment/ a ser-
mon, 1855. 10. 'Duties of the Parochial
Clergy,' a charge, 1857. 11. 'The Duty of
Catechising the Young,' a charge, 1858.
12. ' A Letter to the Laity of Cork in Com-
munion with the United Church of England
and Ireland/ 1860. 13. ' Speech in the House
of Lords on Lord Wodehouse's Bill for Le-
galising Marriage with a Deceased Wife's
Sister/ 1860. 14. 'Thoughts on Present
Circumstances of the Church in Ireland/ a
charge, 1860. 15. ' The Revival of Synods
in the United Church of England and Ire-
land/ a charge, 1861. 16. ' Some late De-
cisions of the Privy Council considered/ a
charge, 1864. 17. ' A Charge to the Clergy
of Killaloe,' 1867. 18. ' The Significance of
Christian Baptism/ three sermons, 1871.
19. ' Remarks on the New Proposed Bap-
tismal Rubric/ 1873. 20. 'The Order of
Baptism, Speeches by Bishop of Meath and
Bishop of Killaloe/' 1873. 21. ' Considera-
tions upon the Proposed Change in the Form
of Ordaining Priests/ 1874. 22. ' The Atha-
nasian Creed, a Letter to the Dioceses of
Killaloe and Kilfenora, Clonfert, and Kil-
macduagh/ 1875. 23. ' Lectures on Eccle-
siastical History, including the Origin and
Progress of the English Reformation/ ed.by
W. Fitzgerald and J. Quarry, 2 vols. 1882.

[W. M. Brady's Records of Cork, Cloyne, and
Ross (1864), iii. 87-8; Dublin University Mag.
April 1857, pp. 416-26.] GK C. B.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM ROBERT,

second DUKE OF LEINSTER (1749-1804),
second son of James, first duke of Leinster
[q. v.], by Lady Emily Lennox, was born
on 2 March 1749. He succeeded his elder
brother as heir-apparent to his father, and in
the courtesy title of Earl of OfFaly in 1765,
and in the following year took the title of
Marquis of Kildare when his father was
created Duke of Leinster. He then travelled
on the continent, and in his absence he was
elected M.P. for Dublin by his father's inte-
rest, after an expensive contest with La
Touche, head of the principal Dublin bank.
He was elected both for the county of Kil-
dare and the city of Dublin to the Irish House
of Commons at the general election of 1769,
and preferred to sit for Dublin. In 1772 he
served the office of high sheriff of Kildare.
On 19 Nov. 1773 he succeeded his father as
second Duke of Leinster, and soon after he
married Olivia, only daughter and heiress of
St. George Ussher, Lord St. George in the
peerage of Ireland. In the Irish House of
Commons he had made no mark, and when
lie succeeded to the dukedom he rather
eschewed politics, though his high rank and

influential connections caused his support to
be sought by all parties. When the move-
ment of the volunteers was started Leinster
showed himself a moderate supporter of the
scheme, and he was elected a general of the
volunteers, and colonel of the Dublin regi-
ment. In 1783, when the order of St. Patrick
was founded for the Irish nobility in imita-
tion of the Scotch order of the Thistle, Lein-
ster was nominated first knight, and in 1788
he was appointed to the lucrative office of
master of the rolls. In the movement of 1798
the behaviour of the duke was greatly dis-
cussed, but though Lord Edward Fitzgerald
[q. v.] was his brother he himself was never
even suspected of complicity in the rebellion.
He made every effort to save his brother's
life, alleging his own loyalty, and it was no
secret that the determination of the govern-
ment to proceed to extremities was highly
displeasing to him. At the time of the pro-
posal for the abolition of the independent
Irish parliament in 1799, he was therefore on
bad terms with the government, yet as the
leading Irish nobleman Leinster was one of
the first persons consulted by Lord Corn-
wallis. His cordial adhesion to the idea of
union was not in any way actuated by per-
sonal motives, for by the abolition of the Irish
parliament his own position as premier peer
and most influential person in Ireland was
entirely destroyed, and his support of the
scheme influenced many other peers. When
the Act of Union was passed the duke re-
ceived 28,800/. as compensation for the loss
of his borough influence, 15,000/. for the
borough. of Kildare, and 13,800^. for the
borough of Athy. He died at Cartons, his
seat in Kildare, on 20 Oct. 1804, and was
buried in Kildare Abbey. He left an only
son, Augustus Frederick Fitzgerald, who
succeeded him as third duke of Leinster,
and by his will he appointed a Mr. Henry
and his cousin, Charles James Fox, to be
the boy's guardians. In a notice of his death
it is said of him that ' he was not shining but
good-tempered ; good-natured and affable ; a
fond father, an indulgent landlord, and a
kind master.'

[The Marquis of Kil dare's Earls of Kildare and
their Ancestors ; Hardy's Life of Lord Charle-
mont ; Moore's Life of Lord Edward Fitzgerald;
Cornwallis Correspondence; Gent. Mag. Novem-
ber 1804.] H. M. S.

FITZGERALD, SIR WILLIAM RO-
BERT SEYMOUR VESEY (1818-1885),
governor of Bombay, son of William, second
baron Fitzgerald and Vesey, who died in
1843, was born in 1818. He matriculated
from Christ Church, Oxford, 21 Feb. 1833,

Fitzgerald

152

Fitzgerald

and migrated to Oriel, where he was New-
digate prizeman in 1835, and graduated B. A.,
being placed second class in classics in
1837, and M.A. in 1844. He was called to
the bar by the Honourable Society of Lin-
coln's Inn at Hilary term 1839, and went the
northern circuit. In 1848 he was returned
for Horsham, Sussex, in the conservative in-
terest, but was unseated on petition. He was
returned again for the same borough in 1852,
and retained his seat until 1865. He was
under-secretary of state for foreign affairs
under the Derby administration, in 'which
Lord Malmesbury was foreign secretary, from
February 1858 to June 1859. He was ap-
pointed governor of Bombay in January 1867,
and was sworn in a member of the privy
council, and made knight commander of the
order of the Star of India the same year, and
honorary grand cross of the same order in
1868 ; he was relieved in March 1872. In
February 1874 Fitzgerald was returned to
parliament for the third time for the borough
of Horsham, and sat until November 1875,
when he was appointed chief commissioner of
charities in England. Fitzgerald, who was
an honorary D.C.L. Oxon. (1863), and a
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Sussex,
died at his residence in Warwick Square,
London, 28 June 1885. He married in 1846
Maria Triphena, eldest daughter of the late
Edward Seymour, M.D., and by her, who
died in 1865, left issue.

[Foster's Knightage, 1882 ; Law Times, 4 July
1885 ; Times, 30 June 1885.] H. M. C.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM THOMAS
(1759 P-1829), versifier, was born in England
of an Irish father (see preface to his ' Tears
of Hibernia dispelled by the Union'), and
claimed connection with the Duke of Lein-
ster's family. He was educated partly at a
school in Greenwich and partly in Paris, and
entered the navy pay office as a clerk in 1782.
' On all public occasions,' as the ' Annual Re-
gister ' for 1829 remarks, his ' pen was ever
ready.' His more notable productions are
either prologues for plays or appeals to Eng-
land's loyalty and valour. These latter he
was in the habit of reciting, year after year,
at the public dinners of the Literary Fund, of
which he was one of the vice-presidents. It is
to this that Byron refers in the first couplet
of ' English Bards and Scotch Reviewers ' :
Still must I hear? shall hoarse Fitzgerald bawl
His creaking couplets in a tavern hall ?

The 'Annual Register' for 1803 speaks of
the company at the dinner for that year as
being roused almost to rapture ' by Fitz-
gerald's 'Tyrtaean compositions,' and says
that ' words cannot convey an idea of the

force and animation ' with which he recitedy
' or of the enthusiasm with which he was
encored.' A collection of Fitzgerald's poems
appeared in 1801 as i Miscellaneous Poems y
dedicated to the Right Honourable the Earl
of Moira, by William Thomas Fitzgerald, esq., r
and they are very bad. Perhaps the one
which most nearly approaches the famous
parody in the l Rejected Addresses' is the
'Address to every Loyal Briton on the
Threatened Invasion of his Country;' but
the ' Britons to Arms ! ' of a later date is-
almost of equal merit. Fitzgerald's ' Nelson's;
Triumph' appeared in 1798, his ' Tears of Hi-
bernia dispelled by the Union ' in 1802, and
his 'Nelson's Tomb' in 1806. In 1814 Fitz-
gerald issued a collected edition of his verse*
in denunciation of Napoleon Bonaparte. It
is, however, unquestionably in the 'Loyal
Effusion ' of the ' Rejected Addresses,' and
the opening couplet of ' English Bards and
Scotch Reviewers' that Fitzgerald will live.
It is only just to record that this 'small beer
poet,' as Cobbett called him, bore no malice
against James and Horace Smith for their
parody. Meeting one of them, probably the
latter, at a Literary Fund dinner, he came to*
him with great good humour, and said, ' I mean
to recite. . . . You'll have some more of "Gods
bless the regent and the Duke of York."' Fitz-
gerald died at Paddington on 9 July 1829. A
portrait appears in the 'European Magazine-*
for 1804.

[Gent. Mag. 1829, ii. 471-3; Annual Register,
1829; notes to the later editions of Eejected
Addresses.] F. T. M.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM VESEY,,

LORD FITZGERALD AND VESEY (1783-1843) r
statesman, was the elder son of the Right
Hon. James Fitzgerald [q. v.], by his wife
Catherine Vesey, who was in 1826 created
Baroness Fitzgerald and Vesey in the peerage-
of Ireland. He was born in 1783, and spent
three years at Christ Church, Oxford, where
he made some reputation as a young man of
ability, and he entered the united House of
Commons as member for Ennis, in his father'^
room, in 1808. He was greatly involved in
the famous scandal resulting from the con-
nection of the Duke of York with Mrs. Mary
Ann Clarke [q. v.], but rendered services*
to the government and the court in bring-
ing facts to light, and secured his appoint-
ment as a lord of the Irish treasury and
a privy councillor in Ireland in February
1810. His motives at this time were im-
pugned by Mrs. Clarke in a ' Letter ' which
she published in 1813, but though there pro-
bably was a grain of truth in her assertions,
there was not enough to damage Fitzgerald ? fe

Fitzgerald

153

Fitzgibbon

reputation, and the lady was condemned to
nine months' imprisonment for libel. In 1812
he was sworn of the English privy council,
and appointed a lord of the treasury in Eng-
land, chancellor of the Irish exchequer, and
first lord of the Irish treasury, and in January
1813 he again succeeded his father as M.P.
for Ennis. He held the above offices until
their abolition in 1816, when the English
and Irish treasuries were amalgamated, and
in the same year he assumed his mother's
name of Vesey in addition to his own, on
succeeding to some of the Vesey estates. In
1818 he was elected M.P. for the county of
Clare. In 1820 he was appointed minister
plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to
the court of Sweden, where he spent three
years in fruitless attempts to persuade Berna-
dotte, who had succeeded to the throne of that
kingdom, to repay the large sums of money
advanced to him during the war with Napo-
leon. His efforts were of no avail, and in
1823 he was recalled in something like dis-
grace. Lord Liverpool, however, knew his
value as a polished speaker and practical
man of business, and in 1 826 he was appointed
paymaster-general to the forces. When the
Duke of Wellington formed his administra-
tion in 1828, he selected Vesey-Fitzgerald to
take a seat in his cabinet as president of the
board of trade, and this nomination made it
necessary for him to seek re-election for the
county of Clare. He was opposed by Daniel
O'Connell, and was beaten at the poll, a defeat
involving important political consequences.
A seat was, however, found for Vesey-Fitz-
gerald at Newport in Cornwall in 1829, and
in August 1830 he was elected for Lost-
withiel. In December 1830 he went out of
office with the Duke of Wellington, and
resigned his seat in parliament, but in the
following year he was again elected for Ennis,
and sat for that borough until his accession
to his mother's Irish peerage in February
1832. When Sir Eobert Peel came into
office with his tory cabinet in 1835, he did
not forget the services of Vesey-Fitzgerald,
who was created an English peer, Lord Fitz-
gerald of Desmond and Clan Gibbon in the
county of Cork, 10 Jan. 1835. He did not
form part of Sir Robert Peel's original cabinet
when he next came into office in 1841, but he
succeeded Lord Ellenborough as president of
the board of control on 28 Oct. 1841, and held
that office until his death in Belgrave Square,
London, on 11 May 1843. Vesey-Fitzgerald
was not a great statesman, but he was a
finished speaker, a good debater, a competent
official, and had refined literary tastes. At
the time of his death he was a trustee of the
British Museum, president of the Institute

of Irish Architects, and a fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries. At his death his United
Kingdom peerage became extinct, but he
was succeeded in his Irish peerage by his
brother Henry, dean of Kilmore, at whose
death in 1860 that also became extinct.

[Gent. Mag. July 1843 ; Mary Anne Clarke'*
Letter to the Right Hon. W. Fitzgerald, 1813 1

H. M. S.

FITZGIBBON, EDMUND FITZJOHN
(1552 P-1608), the White Knight, second son
of John Oge Fitzgerald, alias Fitzgibbon (d.
1569), and Ellen, daughter of Patrick Con-
don, lord of Condons, accompanied James
Fitzmaurice to France in March 1575, re-
turning in July. Being by the attainder of
his father (13 Eliz. c. 3) deprived of his an-
cestral possessions, he in 1576 obtained a
lease of a large portion of them {Cat. ofFiants,
Eliz. 2873), which he surrendered in 1579,
receiving in return a new one comprising the
lands contained in the former and others
which had in the meantime reverted to the
crown through the death of his mother (ib.
3583). Charged by his hereditary enemy,
Lord Roche, viscount Fermoy, with aiding
and abetting the rebellion of Gerald, earl of
Desmond, he appears to have trimmed his
way through the difficulties that beset him
with considerable skill, but without much
regard for his honour. The English officials-,
Sir H. Wallop in particular, were greatly pro 1 -
voked that the lands forfeited by his father's
rebellion were not to be allotted among the
planters, and did their best to blacken his
character. In 1584 he accompanied Sir John
Perrot on his expedition against Sorley Boy
MacDonnell, and being wounded on that oc-
casion was much commended for his valour
by the deputy. In April 1587 the government
thought it advisable to arrest him, though
it declined to follow St. Leger's advice to
make him shorter by his head. In 1589, when
all immediate danger had passed away, he
was released on heavy recognisances. In the
following year he paid a visit to England
and obtained a grant in tail male of all the
lands he held on lease (MoERiN, Cal. of Pa-
tent Rolls, ii. 198). He was appointed sheriff
of the county of Cork in 1596, and appears
to have fulfilled his duties satisfactorily. But
he still continued to be regarded with sus-
picion, and not without reason, for it is almost
certain that he was implicated in the rebel-
lion of Hugh O'Neill. He, however, on
22 May 1600, submitted unconditionally to
Sir George Thornton, and was ready enougk
when called upon to blame the folly of his
son John, who had joined the rebels (Pac.
Hib. i. 74, 133). Still Cecil was not quite
satisfied, and advised Sir George Carew to

Fitzgibbon

154

Fitzgibbon

take good pledges for him, ' for, it is said, you
will be cozened by him at last ' (Cal. Ca-
rew MSS. iii. 462). In May 1601 he again
fell under suspicion for not attempting to
capture the Sugan Earl [see FITZGEKALD,
JAMES Fitzthomas, d. 1608], while passing
through his territories ; but, ' being earnestly
spurred on to repair his former errors' by
Sir George Carew, ' did his best endeavours
which had the success desired.' His capture
of the Sugan Earl in the caves near Mitchels-
town purchased him the general malice of
the province. Such service could not pass
unrewarded, and on 12 Dec. 1601 the queen
declared her intention that an act should pass
in the next parliament in Ireland for restoring
him to his ancient blood and lineage. This in-
tention was confirmed by James I on 7 July
1604, and the title of Baron of Clangibbon
conferred on him. But as no parliament as-
sembled before 1613, and as by that time
he and his eldest son were both dead, it took
no effect. In 1606 he again fell under sus-
picion, and was committed to gaol, but shortly
afterwards liberated on promising to do ser-
vice against the rebels. He died at Castle-
town on Sunday, 23 April 1608, a day after
the death of his eldest son, Maurice, They
were buried together in the church of Kil-
beny, where they lay a week, and were
then removed to Kilmallock, and there lie in
their own tomb. He married, first, Joan
Tobyn, daughter of the Lord of Cumshionagh,
co. Tipperary, by whom he had two sons,
Maurice (who married Joan Butler, daughter
of Lord Dunboyne, by whom he had issue
Maurice and Margaret), and John, and four
daughters ; secondly, Joan, daughter of Lord
Muskerry, having issue Edmund and David,
who died young. Maurice and John dying,
Maurice, the grandson, succeeded, but dying
without issue the property passed to Sir Wil-
liam Fenton through his wife, Margaret
Fitzgibbon.

[All the references to Fitzgibbon's life contained
in the State Papers, the Carew MSS., and Pacata
Hibernia have been collected together in the Un-
published Geraldine Documents, pt. iv., ed. Hay-
man and Graves.] Pv. D.

FITZGIBBON, EDWARD (1803-1857),
who wrote under the pseudonym ' Ephemera,'
eon of a land agent, was born at Limerick in
1803. He was devotedly attached to fishing
from boyhood. When he was fourteen years
old his father died, and he came to London.
At sixteen he was articled to a surgeon in the
city, but quitted the profession in disgust two
years later, and became a classical tutor in
various parts of England for three years, find-
ing time everywhere to practise his favourite
sport. He then visited Marseilles, where

he remained six years, devoting himself to
politics and the French language and litera-
ture, and becoming a welcome guest in all
literary and polite circles. Having taken
some part in the revolution of 1830, he re-
turned to England and recommended him-
self to the notice of Black, the editor of the
' Morning Chronicle.' Being admitted to the
staff, he worked with success in the gallery of
the House of Commons. For a long series of
years he wrote on angling for * Bell's Life in
London/ his knowledge of the subject and
the attractive style in which his articles
were written giving them great celebrity.
For twenty-eight years he was a diligent
worker for the daily press. His ' Lucid In-
tervals of a Lunatic ' was a paper which at the
time obtained much attention. He wrote often
for the 'Observer,' and was a theatrical critic
of considerable acumen.

With his fine genius, excellent classical at-
tainments, and perfect knowledge of French,
Fitzgibbon would have been more famous but
for an unfortunate weakness. He had perio-
dical fits of drinking. Physicians viewed his
case with much interest, as his weakness
seemed almost to amount to a kind of mono-
mania, in the intervals of which his life was
marked by abstemiousness and refined tastes.
Fitzgibbon often promised that he would
write his experiences of intoxication, which
his friends persuaded themselves would have
won him fame. But he became a wreck some
years before his death, on 19 Nov. 1857, after
a month's illness. He died in the communion
of the Roman catholic church. He left no
family, and was buried in Highgate cemetery.

Fitzgibbon made a great impression upon
all who knew him by the brilliancy of his
gifts. He possessed unblemished integrity,
a kind and liberal disposition, much fire and
eloquence, and the power of attaching to him
many friends. From 1830 to the time of his
death his writings had given a marvellous
impulse to the art of fishing, had caused a
great improvement in the manufacture and
sale of fishing tackle, and largely increased
the rents received by the owners of rivers and
proprietors of fishing rights. He once killed
fifty-two salmon and grilse on the Shin river
in fifty-five hours of fishing. His ; Handbook
of Angling' (1847), which reached a third
edition in 1853, is perhaps the very best of the
enormous number of manuals on fishing which
are extant. Besides it Fitzgibbon wrote, in
conjunction with Shipley of Ashbourne, < A
True Treatise on the Art of Fly-fishing as
practised on the Dove and the Principal
Streams of the Midland Counties,' 1838; and
' The Book of the Salmon,' together with A.
Young, who added to it many notes on the

Fitzgibbon

155

Fitzgibbon

life-history of this fish, 1850. < Ephemera '
regarded this as the acme of his teachings on
fishing. He also edited and partly re- wrote
the section on ' Angling' in Elaine's 'Ency-
clopaedia of Rural Sports ' (1852), and pub-
lished the best of all the practical editions
of 'The Compleat Angler' of Walton and
Cotton in 1853.

[Bell's Life in London, 22 and 29 Nov. 1857 ;
Francis's By Lake and River, p. 221 ; Annual
Register, 1857, p. 347; Quarterly Review, No.
278, p. 365.] M. G. W.

FITZGIBBON, GERALD (1793-1882),
lawyer and author, the fourth son of an Irish
tenant farmer, was born at Glin, co. Lime-
rick, on 1 Jan. 1793, and, after receiving such
education as was to be had at home and
in the vicinity of his father's farm, obtained
employment as a clerk in a mercantile house
in Dublin in 1814. His leisure hours he de-
voted to the study of the classics, and in 1817
entered Trinity College, where he graduated
B.A. in 1825, and proceeded M.A. in 1832,
having in 1830 been called to the Irish bar.
During his college course and preparation
for the bar he had maintained himself by
teaching. In the choice of a profession he
was guided by the advice of his tutor, Dr.
(afterwards Bishop) Sandes. His rise at the
bar was rapid, his mercantile experience stand-
ing him in good stead, and in 1841 he took
silk. In 1844 he unsuccessfully defended
Dr. (afterwards Sir John) Gray, one of the
traversers in the celebrated state prosecution
of that year, by which O'Connell's influence
with the Irish masses was destroyed. In the
course of the trial Fitzgibbon used language
concerning Cusack Smith, the Irish attorney-
general,which was construed by the latter into
an imputation of dishonourable motives, and
so keenly resented by him that he sent Fitz-
gibbon a challenge. Fitzgibbon returned the
cartel, and on the attorney-general declining
to take it back, drew the attention of the
court to the occurrence. Thereupon the chief
justice suspended the proceedings, in order
to afford the parties time for reflection, ob-
serving that ' the attorney-general is the last
man in his profession who ought to have al-
lowed himself to be betrayed into such an
expression of feeling as has been stated to
have taken place.' The attorney-general there-
upon expressed his willingness to withdraw
the note, in the hope that Fitzgibbon would
withdraw the words which had elicited it,
and Fitzgibbon disclaiming any intention to
impute conduct unworthy of a gentleman to
the attorney-general, the matter dropped, and
the trial proceeded (Annual Register, 1844,
Chron. 323). Fitzgibbon continued in large

practice until 1860, when he accepted the post
of receiver-master in chancery. He published
in 1868 a work entitled ' Ireland in 1868, the
Battle Field for English Party Strife; its
Grievances real and fictitious ; Remedies abor-
tive or mischievous,' 8vo. The book, which
displays considerable literary ability, dealt
with the educational, agrarian, religious, and
other questions of the hour. The last and long-
est chapter, which was entitled ' The Former
and Present Condition of the Irish People,' was
published separately the same year. Its de-
sign is to show, by the evidence of history and
tradition, that such measure of prosperity as
Ireland has enjoyed has been due to the Eng-
lish connection. A second edition of the ori-
ginal work also appeared in the course of the
year, with an additional chapter on the land
question, in which stress is laid on the duties
of landowners. This Fitzgibbon followed up
with a pamphlet entitled ' The Land Difficulty
of Ireland, with an Effort to Solve it,' 1869,
8vo. The principal feature of his plan of reform
was that fixity of tenure should be granted
to the farmer conditionally upon his execu-
ting improvements to the satisfaction of a
public official appointed for the purpose. In
1871 he published ' Roman Catholic Priests
and National Schools,' a pamphlet in which
the kind of religious instruction given by
Romanist priests, particularly with regard to
the dogma of eternal punishment, is illus-
trated from authorised works. A second edi-
tion with an appendix appeared in 1872.
Having in 1871 been charged in the House
of Commons with acting with inhumanity in
the administration of certain landed property
belonging to wards of the Irish court of
chancery, he published in pamphlet form a
vindication of his conduct, entitled * Refuta-
tion of a Libel on Gerald Fitzgibbon, Esq.,
Master in Chancery in Ireland,' 1871, 8vo.
Fitzgibbon also published ' A Banded Minis-
try and the Upas Tree,' 1873, 8vo. He re-
signed his post in 1880, and died in September
1882. As an advocate he enjoyed a high re-
putation for patient and methodical industry,
indefatigable energy, and great determina-
tion, combined with a very delicate sense of
honour, and only a conscientious aversion to
engage in the struggles of party politics pre-
cluded him from aspiring to judicial office.
Fitzgibbon married in 1835 Ellen, daughter
of John Patterson, merchant, of Belfast, by
whom he had two sons, (1) Gerald, now Lord
Justice Fitzgibbon, (2) Henry, now M.D. and
vice-president of the Royal College of Sur-
geons in Ireland.

[Catalogue of Dublin Graduates ; British Mu-
seum Catalogue; information from members of
the family.] J. M. R.

Fitzgibbon

Fitzgibbon

FITZGIBBON, JOHN, EARL OF CLARE
(1749-1802), lord chancellor of Ireland, the
second son of John Fitzgibbon of Mount
Shannon, co. Limerick, a successful Irish
barrister, was born near Donnybrook in 1749.
At school and at the university of Dublin he
gained great distinction. Grattan was his
great rival at Dublin, and had the superiority
in the early, while Fitzgibbon succeeded best
in the later years of the course. In 1765
Fitzgibbon obtained an optime for a trans-
lation of the 'Georgics,' 'the very rarest
honour in our academic course ' (Dublin Uni-
versity Mag. xxx. 672). He graduated B.A.
of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1767, and after-
wards entered Christ Church, Oxford, where
he graduated M.A. in 1770. In 1772 he was
called to the Irish bar, and stepped at once
into a large and growing practice. He re-
ceived in his first year 3437. 7s., between
1772 and 1783 (when he became attorney-
general) 8,9737. 6*. 3d., and between 1783
and 1789 (when he became lord chancellor)
36,9397. 3s. lid. (ib. xxx. 675). His father
is said to have allowed him 6007. a year in
addition. He conducted a successful elec-
tion petition in 1778 against the return of
Hely Hutchinson for the university, suc-
ceeded to the seat, and, along with Hussey
Burgh, represented the university till 1783.
In his early parliamentary days he gave a
moderate support to the national claims. In
1780 he opposed Grattan's declaration of the
legislative rights of Ireland ; but, in conse-
quence of an appeal from his constituents,
promised to support it on the next occasion.
' I have always been of opinion,' he said,
'that the claim of the British parliament
to make laws for the country is a daring
usurpation of the rights of a free people, and
have uniformly asserted the opinion in public
and in private.' The total repeal of Poy-
nings's law, however, seemed to him unde-
sirable. On the necessity of repealing the
Perpetual Mutiny Bill and of making the
judges independent, he entirely agreed with
his constituents (see his letter in O'FLANA-
GAN, Lord Chancellors of Ireland, ii. 160).

He succeeded in keeping on good terms
both with the government and with the
nationalists. On several important ques-
tions he supported the latter, and had his
reward in 1783, when Grattan, to his own
subsequent regret, pressed for his appoint-
ment as attorney-general (GRATTAN, Me-
moirs, iii. 202). Fitzgibbon was never for-
tunate enough to find a suitable occasion for
expressing the national feelings with which
Grattan credited him. Until the union he
remained practically the directing head of
the Irish government, and consistently used

his great influence to resist every proposal of
reform and concession. His first conflict was
over the question of parliamentary reform in
the House of Commons, where he now repre-
sented Kilmallock. He opposed Flood's bill
of 1784 as the mandate of a turbulent mili-
tary congress; and, when the sheriffs of
Dublin convened a meeting for the purpose
of electing delegates to a national congress
to consider the question, he wrote a letter
threatening them with prosecution if they
proceeded. He had the courage to appear at
the meeting and repeat his threat. Keilly,
the sheriff who was present, yielded, but was
nevertheless fined for contempt of the court
of king's bench in calling an illegal meeting.
In the House of Commons Fitzgibbon de-
fended both the legality and the expediency
of this proceeding, and stated that it had been
taken by his advice. In 1785 he supported
the government's commercial policy with
such power as to produce a special message
of thanks from the king. In a speech on
the treaty (15 Aug.) he referred to Curran
as ' the politically insane gentleman,' whose
declamation was better calculated for Sad-
ler's Wells than the House of Commons.
Curran retorted by saying that if he acted
like Fitzgibbon he should be glad of the ex-
cuse of insanity. A duel followed, ' but,'
says Lord Plunket in narrating the incident,
1 unluckily they missed each other.' Curran
is reported to have accused Fitzgibbon of
determined malignity, shown by taking aim
for nearly half a minute after his antagonist
had fired (PHILLIPS, Curran and his Con-
temporaries, p. 145). Mr. Froude ingeniously
suggests that Fitzgibbon's deliberate aim was
' perhaps to make sure of doing him no serious
harm ' (English in Ireland, ii. 484). The en-
mity lasted through life ; and Curran freely
accused Fitzgibbon of purposely seeking op-
portunities to injure him.

In the Whiteboy Act of 1787 Fitzgibbon
may be said to have begun his consistent
policy of repression. He was presumably
responsible for a clause, which had to be
abandoned, giving power to destroy any
popish chapel in or near which an illegal
oath had been tendered. In later years he re-
curred repeatedly to the evil influence of the
priests. At the same time he saw clearly the
causes of outrage which repressive measures
could not remove. In an often-quoted pas-
sage he gave his experience of Munster : ' If
landlords would take the trouble to know
their tenants,' he said, ' and not leave them
in the hands of rapacious agents and middle-
men, we should hear no more of discontents.
The great source of all these miseries arises
from the neglect of those whose duty and

Fitzgibbon

I 57

Fitzgibbon

interest it is to protect them.' On the other
hand, he steadily opposed a reform of the
tithe system such as Pitt advised in 1785
and as Grattan urged in the Irish parliament
in 1787, 1788, and 1789 (LECKY, Hist, of
England, vi. 401).

In the debates on the regency in 1789 the
duty of advocating the case of the govern-
ment rested mainly on Fitzgibbon. In his
speeches, which Mr. Lecky has justly de-
scribed as ' of admirable subtlety and power,'
may be found probably the best defence which
was made of Pitt's proposal. They show,
however, that the idea of a union with Eng-
land was already in his mind, though he spoke
of it as only the least of two evils. Since the
' only security of your liberty,' he said, * is
your connection with Great Britain, he would
prefer a union, however much to be depre-
cated, to separation.' During the debate on
the lord-lieutenant's refusal to transmit to
the Prince of Wales the address of the Irish
parliament Fitzgibbon unguardedly said he
recollected how a vote of censure on Lord
Townshend had been followed by a vote of
thanks which cost the nation half a million,
and that therefore he would oppose the pre-
sent censure, which might lead to an address
which would cost half a million more (PLOW-
DEN, Hist, of Ireland, ii. 286 ; GRATTAN, Me-
moirs, iii. 377. See Fitzgibbon's subsequent
explanation in a speech of 19 Feb. 1798, re-
printed after his reply to Lord Moira on the
same day).

In 1789 Fitzgibbon succeeded Lord Lif-
ford as lord chancellor of Ireland, with the
title of Baron Fitzgibbon of Lower Connello.
Thurlow for a long time opposed his appoint-
ment, partly on the ground that the office
should not be held by an Irishman, and
partly owing to reports of Fitzgibbon's un-
popularity, but yielded at last to the pressure
of Fitzgibbon himself, the Marquis of Buck-
ingham, and others (BUCKINGHAM, Courts and
Cabinets of George III, ii. 157; O'FLANAGAN,
Lord Chancellors of Ireland, ii. 200). In 1793
he received the title of Viscount Fitzgibbon
and in 1795 that of Earl of Clare, and in 1799
he was made a peer of Great Britain as Lord
Fitzgibbon of Sidbury, Devonshire.

In his judicial capacity he displayed great
rapidity of decision, which, though called
precipitancy and attributed to his despotic
habits, was rather the simple result of his
extraordinary power of work and of concen-
tration. An anonymous biographer says that
he had heard Peter Burro wes [q. v.], an emi-
nent counsel and strong political opponent,
testify to the extraordinary correctness of
Clare's judgments (Dublin University Mag.
xxx. 682). With equal energy he devoted

himself to the task of law reform, and down
to the day of his death he sought every op-
portunity to remove legal abuses.

In politics he maintained an uncompro-
mising resistance to all popular movements,
and especially to all attempts to improve the
position of the Roman catholics. A detailed
record of his chancellorship would be a his-
tory of Ireland during the same period. His
position and opinions can be most conveni-
ently indicated by a reference to four speeches
in the Irish House of Lords, published by
himself or his friends, which are of great his-
torical importance : 1. A speech on the pro-
rogation of parliament in 1790, in which he
angrily attacked the Whig Club for inter-
fering in a question which had been raised
concerning the election of the lord mayor (see
pamphlet entitled Observations on the Vindi-
cation of the Whig Club; to which are subjoined
the speech of the Lord Chancellor as it appeared
in the newspapers, the Vindication of the Whig
Club, &c., and see also GRATTAN, Miscella-
neous Works, pp. 266, 270). 2. A speech on
the second reading of a bill for the relief of
his majesty's Roman catholic subjects in Ire-
land, 13 March 1793 (1798; reprinted in
1813). Reviewing at great length the his-
tory of the Roman catholic church in Ireland,
and the claims of the catholic church in
general, he urged vehemently the impolicy
and danger of entrusting catholics with power
in the state, but agreed that after the pro-
mises which had been made it might be es-
sential to the momentary peace of the country
that the bill should pass. His peculiar bit-
terness on this occasion was partly due to the
fact that only a few months before he had
vainly sought to dissuade the viceroy and
the English government from any conciliatory
language towards the catholics (LECKY, Hist,
of England, vi. 528), and that as a member
of the government he was speaking against
a government measure. Comparing the
speech with that of the Bishop of Killala, who
preceded him, Grattan wrote to Richard
Burke : ' The bishop who had no law was the
statesman ; the lawyer who had no religion
was the bigot ' (Memoirs, v. 557). The at-
tempt at conciliation which Lord Fitzwilliam
was allowed to make for a few months in
1794 and 1795 must have been intensely re-
pugnant to him. Fitzwilliam had marked
out the lord chancellor as one of the men who
had to be got rid of (BUCKINGHAM, Courts and
Cabinets, p. 312), and the influence of the
chancellor had doubtless a good deal to do
with the viceroy's recall. On the day of Lord
Camden's arrival the Dublin mob attacked
Clare's house, and he was saved only by the
skill with which his sister led off the crowd to

Fitzgibbon

158

Fitzgibbon

seek him elsewhere. 3. Speech in the House
of Lords, 19 Feb. 1798, on Lord Moira's motion
(printed 1798). Lord Moira attacked the
government for its coercive policy. Clare
justified that policy in a long reply, contain-
ing an elaborate account of the progress of
disaffection, and of the failure of conciliation
during a period, as he considered it, of rapid
advance. He excused a case of picketing, on
the ground that it led to the discovery of two
hundred pikes within two days, and has been
therefore denounced as the defender of torture.
Clare himself, however, was inclined to temper
a rigorous policy by moderation to indivi-
duals. Both he and Castlereagh supported
Cornwallis's proposal of a general amnesty
after Vinegar Hill, and in the case of Lord
Edward Fitzgerald he went so far as to warn
his friends that his doings were fully known
to the government, and to promise that if he
would leave the country every port should
be open to him. This did not affect his de-
termination to crush out disaffection at any
cost. (The share of Clare in the govern-
ment policy cannot be profitably separated
from the general history, as to which see the
Cornwallis and Castlereagh Correspondence,
the Lords' Report of the Committee of Secrecy,
which is understood to have been carefully
edited by Clare, and Macneven's Pieces of Irish
History.} 4. Speech in the House of Lords,
10 Feb. 1800, on a motion made by him in fa-
vour of a union (printed 1800). Clare narrated
the history of the English connection, of the re-
ligious divisions, and of the land confiscations,
recalled the circumstances in which the ' final
adjustment of 1782 ' was made, the designs
of the revolutionists, and the disorganised
state of Irish finances, and insisted that union
was the only alternative to separation and
bankruptcy. Grattan replied in an indignant
pamphlet, vindicating the action of himself
and his friends, and rebuking Clare for the
insulting language in which he spoke of his
country. The speech is certainly that of an
advocate, not of an historian ; but it is im-
possible not to admire its skilful marshalling
of facts and the vigour of its language. There
is little doubt that the passing of the Act
of Union was due to Clare more than to
any other man. For the last seven years, he
said, he had urged its necessity on the king's
ministers, and this statement is borne out by
an unpublished letter which he wrote to Lord
Auckland in 1798. ' As to the subject of the
union with the British parliament,' he said,
' I have long been of opinion that nothing
short of it can save this country. I stated
this opinion very strongly to Mr. Pitt in the
year 1793, immediately after that fatal mis-
take into which he was betrayed by Mr.

Burke and Mr. Dundas, in receiving ,an ap-
peal from the Irish parliament by a popish
democracy.' He states his continued adhe-
rence to this view, and concludes : ' It makes
me almost mad when I look back at the mad-
ness, folly, and corruption in both countries
which has brought us to the verge of de-
struction ' (British Museum Additional MS.
29475, f. 43). Yet in 1793 he told the House
of Lords that a separation and a union were
' each to be equally dreaded.' On 16 Oct.
1798 he wrote to Castlereagh : ' I have seen
Mr. Pitt, the chancellor, and the Duke of
Portland, who seem to feel very sensibly the
critical situation of our damnable country
(highly complimentary, but it was between
themselves), and that the union alone can
save it' (Castlereagh Correspondence,].. 393).

Clare was equally eager that no attempt
should be made to change, as a part of the
union, the existing catholic laws. ' Even
the chancellor,' wrote Cornwallis to Pitt,
25 Sept. 1798, l who is the most right-minded
politician in this country, will not hear of
the Roman catholics sitting in the united
parliament' (Cornwallis Correspondence, ii.
416 ; and see letter of Lord Grenville, 5 Nov*
1798, in BUCKINGHAM, Courts and Cabinets,
ii. 411; and CORNWALL LEWIS, Adminis-
trations of Great Britain, p. 185).

Clare even ventured to try humour in his
anxious desire for a union. In 1799 appeared
a tract entitled ' No Union ! But Unite and
Fall ! By Paddy Whack, in a loving letter
to his dear mother, Sheelah, of Dame Street,
Dublin,' of which he is said to have been the
author, and in which Paddy Whack advises
Sheelah to marry 'the rich, and generous,
and industrious, and kind, and liberal, and
powerful, and free, honest John Bull.' Its
humour is somewhat coarse and clumsy.

After the union Clare appeared several
times in the House of Lords, but he did not
increase his reputation. His sharp temper
brought him into frequent conflict, while the
studied disrespect with which he referred to
his countrymen, and his passionate insistence
on the madness of conceding anything to the
Roman catholics, excited a feeling of repug-
nance. ' Good God ! ' Pitt is reported to have
"aid when listening to him on one occasion,
did you ever hear in all your life such a
rascal as that ? ' (GEATTAN, Memoirs, iii. 403).
He died on 28 Jan. 1802. His funeral was
:ollowed by a Dublin mob, whose curses vio-
ently expressed the hate with which a great
mrt of his fellow-countrymen regarded him
(account by an eye-witness in Dublin Univ.
Mag. xxvii. 559 ; CLOS-CUERY, Personal Re-
collections, p. 146).

On his deathbed he is said to have sent for

Fitzgilbert

159

Fitzhamon

his wife, and requested her to burn all his
papers :< should they remain after me, hun-
dreds may be compromised ' and his wishes
were observed (Curran and his Contempora-
ries, p. 154). A report that he repented of
his action with regard to the union (PLOAVDEN,
Hist . of Ireland, ii. 558) is based on a sentence
in an abusive statement of his nephew Jef-
freys, who had quarrelled with his uncle over
private matters : ' I afterwards saw Lord Clare
die, repenting of his conduct on that very
question' (GRATTAN, Memoirs, iii. 403).

Clare married in 1786 Anne, eldest daugh-
ter of R. C. Whaley of Whaley Abbey, co.
Wicklow, who died in 1844. He left two
sons, both of whom succeeded to the earldom.
John, the elder (1792-1851), second earl, edu-
cated at Christ Church, Oxford, was governor
of Bombay, 1830-4. Richard Hobart, the
younger son (1793-1864), third and last earl,
had an only son, John Charles Henry, viscount
Fitzgibbon (1829-1854), who fellin the charge
of the light brigade at Balaklava.

Clare has been described as the basest of
men, without one redeeming virtue (see the
account of him by Grattan's son in GRAT-
TAN'S Memoirs, iii. 393), and he has been
represented as an unsullied patriot, think-
ing only of his country's good (FROUDE,
English in Ireland, ii. 526). The one picture
is as false as the other. In Clare's cold and
unemotional manner there was a good deal
of affectation, and his friends claimed for him
that in private life he was kindly and true.
There is evidence that he was an indulgent
landlord ' the very best of landlords,' Plow-
den calls him. It is unreasonable, moreover,
to question the general sincerity of his poli-
tical opinions. He had a fixed purpose clearly
before his mind, and he held firmly to it, un-
deterred by the abuse and the hate which he
excited. He was ambitious, not very scru-
pulous, vain, and intolerably insolent ; but
whether he used his power for good or evil
he acted with uniform courage, and in point
of ability stood head and shoulders above
all the other Irishmen of his time who sided
with the government (Curran and his Con-
temporaries, p. 139 ; Magee's funeral sermon
in Annual Register, 1802, p. 705 ; BARRING-
TOIST, Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation).

[O'Flanagan's Lives of the Lord Chancellors
of Ireland ; G-rattan's Memoirs; Phillips's Curran
and his Contemporaries ; Dublin Univ. Mag.
xxx. 671 ; Metropolitan Mag. xxiv. 337, xxv.
113; Gent. Mag. Ixxii. 185; Irish Parliamentary
Debates ; Cornwallis and Castlereagh Correspond-
ence.] G-. P. M.

FITZGILBERT, RICHARD (d. 1090?),
founder of the house of Clare. [See CLARE,
RICHARD DE, d. 1090 ?]

FITZGILBERT, RICHARD (d. 1136?).
[See CLARE, RICHARD DE, d. 1136 ?]

FITZHAMON, ROBERT (d. 1107), con-
queror of Glamorgan, belonged to a great
family whose ancestor, Richard, was either
the son or nephew of Rollo, and which since
the tenth century had possessed the lordships
of Thorigny, Creully, Mezy, and Evrecy in
Lower Normandy (Roman de Rou, ed. An-
dresen, 1. 4037 sq.) Richard's son, ' Haim as
Denz ' (Haimo Dentatus), was one of the
rebels slain at Val es Dunes in 1047 (ib. 1.
4057 sq.), and Robert is generally described
as his son (PEZET, Les Barons de Creully, p.
50). But William of Malmesbury expressly
states that Robert was the grandson of this
Haimo ( Gesta Regum, bk. iii. p. 393, Engl.
Hist. Soc.) If so, Robert's father must have
been some other Haimo, probably the * Haimo
vicecomes ' mentioned in the ( Domesday Book '
as holding lands in chief in Kent and Surrey,
and who presided as sheriff over the great
suit between Odo and Lanfranc in the Ken-
tish shire moot (AISTDRESEN, Roman de Rou,
Anmerkungen, ii. 768 ; cf. LE PREVOST'S note
to his edition of ORDERICUS VITALIS, iii. 14,
* grace aux renseignements de M. Stapleton ; '
cf. also ANSELM, Epistolce, iv. 57, complaining
of the outrages of Hamon's followers) . Those
who regard Haimo Dentatus as the grand-
father of Robert, the conqueror of Glamorgan,
suppose that the former had, besides ' Haimo
vicecomes/ another son called Robert Fitz-
hamon, to whom the earlier notices of the
name really refer. In that case, Haimo the
sheriff was probably the father of Haimo
Dapifer, a tenant-in-chief in Essex, though
Mr. Ellis (Introduction to Domesday Book,
i. 432) identifies the two Haimos. There is,
however, no direct evidence for this, and it
is quite certain that ' Hamon the steward r
was brother, though hardly, as Professor Free-
man (William Rufus, ii. 82-3) says, elder
brother, of Robert Fitzhamon (WILLIAM OP
JuMiEGEsinDuCHESXE, Hist. Norm. Scriptt.
Ant. 306 c.) Robert held all the family es-
tates, and Haimo was still alive in!112 (CLARK
in Arch. Journal, xxxv. 3). It is therefore
not quite certain whether the earlier notices
of Robert Fitzhamon refer to the nephew or
the uncle ; but in any case a Robert Fitzhamon
is mentioned in Bayeux charters of 1064 and
1074 (ib. xxxv. 2). Between 1049 and 1066
the same person assented as lord to the founda-
tion of the priory of St. Gabriel (DE LA RITE,
Essais Historiques sur la Ville de Caen, ii.
409 ; cf. Nouveaux Essais, ii. 39 ; PEZET, p. 23).
In 1074 he attested a charter of William I
(Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de la
Normandie, xxx. 702). There is no certain

Fitzhamon

160

Fitzhamon

mention of him in ' Domesday Book/ despite
the appearance of the two Hamons, his kins-
men.

When the feudal party under Odo of Ba-
yeux revolted in 1088, Robert is mentioned
among the select band of ' legitimi et maturi
barones ' who supported the royal cause (ORD.
VIT. ed. Le Pre>ost, iii. 273). His Kentish

ances against Odo as earl of Kent,
ward for his services William assigned him
great estates, particularly the lands mostly
in Gloucestershire, but partly in Buckingham-
shire and Cornwall, which had passed from
Brictric to Queen Matilda (Cont. WAGE in
ELLIS, ii. 55, and Chron. Angl. Norm. i. 73,
which is manifestly wrong in making Wil-
liam I grantor of Brictric's lands to Fitz-
hamon ; see FREEMAN, Norman Conquest, iv.
762-3). These Rufus had for a time allowed
Jiis brother Henry to possess, but about 1090
he transferred them to Fitzhamon (ORD.
VIT. iii. 350). It is possible that the Glou-
cestershire estates were now erected into an
honour (DUGDALE, Monasticon, ii. 60). Ro-
bert's marriage with Sibyl (ORD. VIT. iii.
118), daughter of Roger of Montgomery and
sister of Robert of Belleme [q. v.], must have
still further improved his position on the
Welsh marches.

The next few years were marked by the de-
finitive Norman conquest of South Wales.
But while authentic history records the set-
tlements of Bernard of Neufmarche' in Bre-
cheiniog, and of Arnulf of Montgomery in
Dyfed and Ceredigion, the history of Fitz-
hamon's conquest of Glamorgan has to be
constructed out of its results, and the un-
trustworthy, though circumstantial, legend
that cannot be traced further back than to
fifteenth or sixteenth century pedigree-mon-
gers. In 1080 the building of Cardiff, sub-
sequently the chief castle of Fitzhamon's
lordship, was begun (Brut y Tywysogion, sub
anno, Rolls Ser.), and this event may mark the
beginning of Fitzhamon's conquests. If we can
rely on the authenticity of the charter of 1086
(Hist. Glouc. i. 334), by which William I con-
firmed to Abbot Serlo Fitzhamon's grant of
Llancarvan to the abbey of Gloucester, there
can be no doubt but that the end of William's
reign saw the beginning of the conquest. But
probability suggests that it was not until
,fter he had obtained the honour of Glou-
cester that he was able to win so large a ter-
ritory as Glamorgan. The legend fits in with
this, for it tells us how about 1088 Eineon
[q. v.], son of Collwyn, went to London and
* agreed with Robert Fitzhamon, lord of Cor-
fceil in France and cousin of the Red King,
to come to the assistance of lestin, prince

of Morganwg.' * Twelve other honourable
knights' were persuaded by Robert to ac-
company him. Uniting his forces with lestin,
Robert defeated and slew Rhys ab Tewdwr
at Hirwaun Wrgan, received from lestin his
recompense in sterling gold, and returned to-
wards London. But Eineon, disappointed
by lestin's treachery of lestin's daughter, be-
sought them to return. At Mynydd Bychan,
near Cardiff, lestin was put to flight and de-
spoiled of his country. f Robert Fitzhamon
and his men took for themselves the best of
the vale and the rich lands, and allotted to
Eineon the uplands.' Robert himself, ' their
prince/ took the government of all the coun-
try and the castles of Cardiff, Trevuvered, and
Kenfig, with the lands belonging to them.
The rest of the valley between the Taff and
the Neath he divided among his twelve com-
panions. Such is the story as told in the so-
called Gwentian ' Brut y Tywysogion/ the
manuscript of which is no older than the
middle of the sixteenth century. The same
story is repeated, with more detail and with
long genealogical accounts of the descendants
of Fitzhamon's twelve followers, in Powel's
1 History of Cambria/ first published in 1584,
on the authority of Sir Edward Stradling,
described as' a skilful and studious gentleman
of that country/ but whose more than doubt-
ful pedigree it was a main purpose of the story
to exalt. There is in some ways a still fuller
account in Rhys Meyrick's l Book of Glamor-
ganshire Antiquities ' (1578). The ' Gwentian
Brut's ' authority is singularly small, and the
details of the pedigrees in the later versions are
of no authority at all. Rhys ab Tewdwr was
really slain by Bernard of Neufmarche and the
French of Brecheiniog (Brut y Tywysogion,
sub anno 1091 ; but the date of FLORENCE OP
WORCESTER (ii. 31), 1093, is better; cf. FREE-
MAN, William Rufus, ii. 91 ) . But his death was
followed by the French conquests of Dyved
and Ceredigion, which must surely have suc-
ceeded the occupation of Glamorgan. Fitz-
hamon's grants to English churches and the
inheritance which his daughter brought to her
husband equally prove Fitzhamon to have been
the conqueror of Glamorgan. There is almost
contemporary proof of the existence of some
at least of his twelve followers, and for their
possession of the lordships assigned to them
in the legend (e.g. Liber Landavensis, p. 27,
for Pagan of Turberville, Maurice of London,
and Robert of St. Quentin ; cf. Hist. Glouc. pas-
sim) . We can gather from the records of the
next generation that Glamorgan was orga-
nised into what was afterwards called a lord-
ship marcher, with institutions and govern-
ment based on those of an English county
('Vicecomes Glamorganscirse/ Hist. Glouc.

Fitzhamon

161

Fitzhamon

i. 347 ; ' Comitatus de Cardiff/ ib. ; Liber
Landavensis, pp. 27-8, speaks of ' Vicecomes
de Cardiff ' when Robert of Gloucester was
still alive). Except perhaps in name, Fitz-
hamon founded in Wales a county palatine
as completely organised as the earldom of
Pembroke.

Fitzhamon was a liberal benefactor to the
church. He so increased the wealth and im-
portance of Tewkesbury Abbey that he was
regarded as its second founder. Hitherto
Tewkesbury had been a cell of Cranborne in
Dorsetshire, but in the reign of William Ruf us
(ORD. VIT. iii. 15), or in 1102 (Ann. Theok. in
Ann. Mon. i. 44), the abbot Giraldus trans-
ferred himself, with the greater part of the
fraternity, to the grand new minster that was
now rising under Robert's fostering care on
the banks of the Severn. William of Malmes-
bury can hardly find words to express the
splendour of the buildings and the charity of
the monks (Gesta Regum, bk. v. p. 625 ; cf.
Gesta Pont. p. 295). The major part of the
endowments was taken from Robert's Welsh
conquest. Among the churches Fitzhamon
handed over to Tewkesbury were the parish
church of St. Mary's, Cardiff, the chapel of Car-
diff Castle, and the famous British monastery
at LI ant wit. He also granted the monks of
Tewkesbury tithes of all his domain revenues
in Cardiff, and of all the territories of himself
and his barons throughout Wales (DUGDALE,
Monasticon, ii. 66, 81). He was only less
liberal to the great abbey of St. Peter's, Glou-
cester, to which he granted the church of
Llancarvan with some adjoining lands, and
for which he witnessed a grant of Henry I of
the tithe of venison in the Forest of Dean
and the lands beyond the Severn (Hist.
Glouc. i. 93, 122, 223, 334, ii. 50, 51, 177,
301). Traces of Fitzhamon's concessions
still remain in the patronage of many Gla-
morganshire churches belonging to the chap-
ter of Gloucester.

Little reference is made to Fitzhamon by
chroniclers of the time of William Ruf us,
but he was in the close confidence of the
king until his death. Before William's fatal
bunting expedition on 2 Aug. 1100, Fitz-
hamon, then in attendance at Winchester,
had reported to him the ominous dream of
the foreign monk, and his representations at
least postponed William's hunting until after
dinner (WILL. MALM. bk. iv. p. 507). When
William's corpse was discovered Fitzhamon
was one of the barons who stood around it
in tears. Fitzhamon's new mantle covered |
the corpse on its last journey to the cathe- I
dral at Winchester (GEOFFRY GAIMAR, ed. i
Wright, 11. 6357-96, Caxton Soc. The
details are perhaps mythical, some others j

VOL. XIX.

are certainly false ; the whole account shows
the impossibility of Pezet's notion that Fitz-
hamon was away on crusade with Robert).
But no former differences about the lands
of Queen Matilda prevented Fitzhamon and
his brother Hamon the steward from imme-
diately attaching themselves with an equal
zeal to Henry I. Both are among the wit-
nesses of the letter despatched by Henry im-
ploring Anselm to return from exile (STUBBS,
Select Charters, p. 103). Fitzhamon was
among the few magnates who strenuously
adhered to Henry when the mass of the
baronage openly or secretly favoured the
cause of Robert of Normandy (WILL. MALM.
bk. v. p. 620). When in 1101 Robert landed
in Hampshire and approached Henry's army
at Alton, Fitzhamon and other barons who
held estates both of the king and the duke
procured by their mediation peace between
the brothers ( WACE, 1. 10432 sq. ed. Andre-
sen; cf. ORD. VIT. iv. 199). In March 1103
he was one of Henry's representatives in
negotiating an alliance with Robert, count of
Flanders (Fcedera, i. 7, Record ed.) He also
witnessed the Christmas charter of Henry,
which assigned punishment to the false
managers (ib. i. 12). When war again broke
out, Fitzhamon still adhered to Henry, and
busied himself in Normandy in a partisan war-
fare against the friends of Robert. Early in
1105 he was surprised by Robert's troops
from Bayeux and Caen, and forced to take
refuge in the tower of the church of Secque-
ville-en-Bessin. The church was set on fire,
and he was compelled to descend a prisoner.
For some time he was imprisoned at Bayeux,
where the governor, Gontier d'Aulnay, pro-
tected him from the fury of the mob, which
regarded him as a traitor to the duke (WAGE,
11. 11125-60, ed. Andresen; cf. Chronique
de Normandie in BOUQUET, xiii. 250-1).
This news at once brought Henry to Nor-
mandy, where he landed at Barfleur just be-
fore Easter (ORD. VIT. iv. 204), and at once
besieged Bayeux to rescue his faithful fol-
lower. Gontier sought to win the king's
favour by surrendering Fitzhamon (ib. iv.
219), but valiantly defended the town, which
Henry finally reduced to ashes, not sparing
even the cathedral. The guilt of this sacri-
lege was, it was believed, shared by Henry
and Fitzhamon (WiLL. MALM. bk. v. p. 625 ;
WACE, 1. 11161 sq. ; cf. DE TOUSTAIN, Essai
histonque sur la prise et Vincendie de Bayeux,
Caen, 1861, who satisfactorily establishes
the date as May 1105 ; cf. LE PREVOST'S note
to ORD. VIT. iv. 219). So detested did the
house of Fitzhamon become in Bayeux, that
a generation later a long resistance was made
to the appointment of his son-in-law's bastard

Fitzhamon

162

Fitzharding

to the bishopric (HERMANT, Hist, du Diocese
de Bayeux, pp. 167-9 ; CHIGOUESNEL, Nou-
velle Histoire de Bayeux, p. 131). Yet Fitz-
hamon held large estates under Bayeux, and
was hereditary standard-bearer to the church
of St. Mary there (Memoires de la Soc. des
Ant. de la Normandie, viii. 426).

Soon after Fitzhamon bought from Robert
of Saint Remi the prisoners taken at Bayeux,
and intrigued so successfully with those of
them that came from Caen that they trea-
cherously procured the surrender of Caen to
Henry (WAGE, 1. 11259 ; BOUQUET, xiii. 251).
Fitzhamon next served in the siege of Falaise,
where he was struck by a lance on the fore-
head with such severity that his faculties be-
came deranged ( WILL. MALM. bk. v. p. 625 ;
cf. Gwentian Brut, p. 93). He survived, how-
ever, until March 1107. He was buried in the
chapter-house of Tewkesbury Abbey, whence
his body was in 1241 transferred to the church
and placed on the left side of the high altar
(Ann. Theok. in Ann. Mon. i. 120). In 1397
the surviving rich chapel of stone was erected
over the founder's tomb. The ' vast pillars
and mysterious front of the still surviving
minster ' (FREEMAN, Will. Rufus, ii. 84) still
testify to Fitzhamon's munificence. He may
have built the older parts of the castle of
Creully (PEZET).

By his wife, Sibyl of Montgomery, a bene-
factress of Ramsey (Cart. Ramsey, ii. 274,
Rolls Ser.), Fitzhamon left no son, and his
possessions passed, with the hand of his daugh-
ter Mabel, to Henry I's favourite bastard,
Robert, under whom Gloucester first became
an earldom (WiLL. MALM. Hist. Nov. bk. i. ;
ROBERT OF THORIGNT in DTTCHESKE, 306 c,who
erroneously calls her Sibyl and her mother
Mabel ; ORD. ViT.,iii. 318, calls her Matilda).
Mabel was probably Fitzhamon's only daugh-
ter (WYKES in Ann. Mon. iv. 22), and cer-
tainly inherited all her father's estates, as
well as those of Hamon the steward, her uncle
(ROBERT or THORIGNY, 306 c). The Tewkes-
bury tradition was, however, that she had
three younger sisters, of whom Cecily became
abbess of Shaftesbury, Hawyse abbess of the
nuns' minster at Winchester, and Amice the
wife of the ' Count of Brittany ' (DFGDALE,
Monasticon, ii. 60, 452, 473).

[Ordericus Vitalis, ed. Le Prevost (Societe de
1'Histoire de France) ; William of Malmesbury's
Gesta Kegum and Hist. Novella (Engl. Hist.
Soc.) ; Wace's Koman de Rou, ed. Andresen ; G-.
Gaimar's Estorie des Engles (Caxton Soc.) ; His-
tory and Chartulary of St. Peter's, Gloucester
(Rolls Ser.) ; Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. ii. ed.
Caley, Bandinel, and Ellis ; Gwentian Brut,
pp. 69-77 (Cambrian Archaeological Associa-
tion) ; Powel's Hist, of Cambria, ed. 1584, pp.
118-41 ; Merrick's Book of Glamorganshire

Antiquities, privately printed by Sir T. Phillij
(1825); Freeman's Norman Conquest, ii. 244,
iv. 762-4, v. 820 ; Freeman's William Rufus, i.
62, 197, ii. 79-89, 613-1 5 ; G. T. Clark's Land of
Morgan, reprinted from Archaeological Journal,
xxxiv. 11-39, xxxv. 1-4; Pezet's Les Barons de
Creully, pp. 21-52 (Bayeux, 1854); De Toustain's
Essai historique sur la prise et 1'incendie de Bayeux,
1105.1 T. F. T.

FITZHARDING, ROBERT (d. 1170),
founder of the second house of Berkeley, ap-
pears to have been the second son of Harding,
son of Eadnoth [q. v.], the staller ( Gesta Re-
gum, i. 429 ; ELLIS, Landholders of Glouces-
tershire, p. 59 ; EYTON, Somerset Domesday,
i. 58 ; FREEMAN, Norman Conquest, iv. 760).
Local antiquaries have endeavoured to make
out that he was the grandson of a Danish
king or sea-rover (SEYER, i. 315 ; Bristol,
Past and Present, i. 56), a futile imagination
which has been traced to John Trevisa (MAC-
LEAN), and is probably older than his date.
Robert's eldest brother, Nicolas, inherited his
father's fief, Meriet in Somerset (ELLIS).
Robert was provost or reeve of Bristol, and
was possessed of great wealth ; he upheld the
cause of Robert, earl of Gloucester, who fought
for the empress, and purchased several estates
from the earl, among them the manor of Billes-
wick on the right bank of the Frome, which
included the present College Green of Bristol,
and the manor of Bedminster-with-Redcliff.
He had other lands, chiefly in Gloucestershire,
and held of Humphrey de Bohun in Wilt-
shire, and William, earl of Warwick, in W r ar-
wickshire (Liber Niger, pp. 109, 206). Before
Henry II came to the throne he is said to
have been assisted by Robert, probably by
loans of money ; when he became king he
granted him the lordship of Berkeley Hernesse,
and Robert is held to have been the first of
the second or present line of the lords of Ber-
keley [NICOLAS; see BERKELEY, FAMILY OF].
He granted a charter to the tenants of his fee
near the ' bridge of Bristou.' By his wife
Eva he had Maurice, who succeeded him, and
four other sons and three daughters. On his
estate in Billeswick he built in 1142 the
priory or abbey of St. Augustine's for black
canons, the present cathedral, and is said to
have assumed the monastic habit before his
death, which occurred on 5 Feb. 1170 (ELLIS).
He also founded a school in a building, after-
wards called Chequer Hall, in Wine Street,
Bristol, for the instruction of Jews and other
strangers in the Christian faith. His wife
Eva was the founder of a nunnery on StJ
Michael's Hill, Bristol. Both Robert and,
Eva were buried in St. Augustine's ChurchJ

[Smyth's Lives of the Berkeleys, i. 19-62, edJ
Maclean ; Ellis's Landholders of Gloucestershire!

Fitzhardinge

163

Fitzharris

named in Domesday, pp. 59,111, from Bristol and
Glouc. Archseol. Soc.'s Trans, iv. ; Eyton's Domes-
day Studies, Somerset, i. 59, 70, 101 ; Notes and
Queries, 6th ser. i. 20 ; Freeman's Norman Con-
quest, iv. 757-60 ; Liber Niger de Scaccario, pp.
95, 109, 171, 206 (Hearne) ; Will. Malm. Gesta
Eegum, i. 429 (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Eobert of Glou-
cester, p. 4 79 /Hearne) ; Eieart's Kalendar, p. 20
(Camden Soc.) ; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi. 365 ;
Baronage, i. 350 ; Tanner's Notitia, p. 480 ; Eng-
lish Gilds, p. 288 (Early Eng. Text Soc,); Seyer's
Hist, of Bristol, i. 313; Nicholls and Taylor's
Bristol, Past and Present, i. 56-8, 91, ii. 46, 125 ;
Britton's Bristol Cathedral, pp.. 3-7, 57.1

W.H.

FITZHARDINGE, LORD. [See BER-
KELEY, MAURICE FREDERICK FITZHARDINGE,

1788-1867.]

FITZHARRIS, EDWARD (1648?-
1681), conspirator, son of Sir Edward Fitz-
harris, was born in Ireland about 1648, and
bought up in the Roman catholic faith.
According to his own relation he left Ireland
for France in 1662 to learn the language,
returning home through England in 1665.
Three years later he went to Prague with
the intention of entering the service of the
emperor Leopold I in his operations against
Hungary, when, finding that the expedition
had been abandoned, he wandered through
Flanders to England again. He next ob-
tained a captain's commission in one of the
companies raised by Sir George Hamilton in
Ireland for Louis XIV, but on being dis-
charged from his command soon after land-
ing in France, he went to Paris, ' and, having
but little money, he lived there difficultly
about a year.' Returning to England in
October 1672 he received, in the following
February, the lieutenancy of Captain Syden-
ham's company in the Duke of Albemarle's
regiment, which he was forced to resign on
the passing of the Test Act in 1673. For
the next eight years he was busily intriguing
with influential Roman catholics, among
others with the Duchess of Portsmouth. At
length in February 1681 he wrote a libel,
* The True Englishman speaking plain Eng-
lish in a Letter from a Friend to a Friend '
(COBBETT, Parl. Hist. vol. iv., Appendix, No.
xiii.), in which he advocated the deposition
of the king and the exclusion of the Duke
of York. He possibly intended to place this
in the house of some whig, and then, by dis-
covering it himself, earn the wages of an in-
former. He was betrayed by an accomplice,
Edmond Everard, and sent first to Newgate
and afterwards to the Tower, where he pre-
tended he could discover the secret of Sir
Edmondbury Godfrey's murder. Eventually
he succeeded in implicating Danby. Fitz-

harris was impeached by the commons of
high treason, not to destroy but to serve him
in opposition to the court. His impeachment
brought into discussion an important ques-
tion of constitutional law. The lords having
voted for a trial at common law, the com-
mons declared this to be a denial of justice.
Parliament, however, was suddenly dissolved
after eight days' session on 28 March, pro-
bably to avoid a threatened collision between
the two houses; others, according to Lut-
trell, thought that the court feared that
Fitzharris might be driven by the impeach-
ment to awkward disclosures (Relation of
State Affairs, 1857, i. 72). He had had, in
fact, more than one interview with the king
through the Duchess of Portsmouth (BURNET,
Own Time, Oxford edition, ii. 280-1). The
dissolution decided his fate. He was tried
before the king's bench in Easter term, and
entered a plea against the jurisdiction of the
court on the ground that proceedings were
pending against him before the lords. This
plea was ruled to be insufficient, and Fitz-
harris was proceeded against at common law,
9 June 1681, and convicted. His wife, daugh-
ter of William Finch, commander in the
navy, exhibited wonderful courage and re-
source on his behalf. At his request Burnet
afterwards visited him, and soon satisfied
himself that no reliance whatever could be
placed on his testimony. Francis Hawkins,
chaplain of the Tower, then took him in
hand in the interests of the court, and, by
insinuating that his life might yet be spared,
persuaded him to draw up a pretended con-
fession, in which Lord Howard of Escrick,
who had befriended Fitzharris, was made the
author of the libel, while Sir Robert Clayton
[q. v.] and Sir George Treby, before whom
his preliminary examination had been con-
ducted, together with the sheriffs, Slingsby
Bethel [q. v.] and Henry Cornish [q. v.], were
severally charged with subornation. 'Yet
at the same time he writ letters to his wife,
who was not then admitted to him, which I
saw and read,' says Burnet, ' in which he
told her how he was practised upon with
the hopes of life ' (ib. ii. 282). Fitzharris
was executed on 1 July 1681, the concocted
confession appeared the very next day, and
Hawkins was rewarded for his pains with
the deanery of Chichester. The justices and
sheriffs in their reply, ' Truth Vindicated,'
had little difficulty in proving the so-called
' confession ' to be a tissue of falsehoods. The
indictment against Lord Howard of Escrick
was withdrawn, as the grand jury_ refused
to believe the evidence of the two witnesses,
Mrs. Fitzharris and her maidservant. The
court, fearful of further exposures, persuaded

M2

Fitzhenry

164

Fitzhenry

Mrs. Fitzharris to give up her husband's
letters under promise of a pension ; ' but so
many had seen them before that, that this
base practice turned much to the reproach
of all their proceedings ' (BURNET, ut supra).
Jn 1689 Sir John Hawles, solicitor-general
to William III, published some ' Remarks '
on Fitzharris's trial, which he condemns as
being as illegal as it was odious. During
the same year the commons recommended
Mrs. Fitzharris and her three children to the
bountiful consideration of the king (Com-
mons' Journals, 15 June 1689).

[Cobbett's State Trials, viii. 223-446 ; Cobbett's
Parl. Hist. vol. iv. col. 1314, Appendix No. xiii. ;
Burnet's Own Time, Oxford edit. ii. 271, 278,
280; Luttrell's Eolation of State Affairs, 1857,
vol. i. ; Keresby's Diary; North's Examen ;
Eachard's Hist, of England, pp. 1010, 1011;
Hallam's Const. Hist. 8th edit. ii. 446; Macpher-
son's Hist, of Great Britain, vol. i.ch. v.pp. 341-3;
Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 303.] G-. GK

FITZHENRY, MEILER (d. 1220), jus-
ticiar of Ireland, was the son of Henry, the
bastard son of King Henry I, by Nesta, the
wife of Gerald of Windsor, and the daughter
of Rhys ab Tewdwr, king of South Wales
(GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS, Itinerarium Kam-
brifs, in Opera, vi. 130, Rolls Ser. ; cf. An-
nales Cambria, p. 47, and Brut y Tywyso-
gion, p. 189). He was thus the first cousin of
Henry II, and related to the noblest Norman
and native families of South Wales. Robert
Fitzstephen [q. v.], Maurice Fitzgerald (d.
1176) [q. v.], and David II [q. v.], bishop
of St. David's, were his half-brothers. Ray-
mond le Gros [see FITZGERALD, RAYMOND] and
Giraldus Cambrensis were among his cousins.
In 1157 his father Henry was slain during
Henry II's campaign in Wales, when Robert
Fitzstephen so narrowly escaped (GIRALDFS,
Opera, vi. 130). Meiler, then quite young,
now succeeded to his father's possessions of
Narberth and Pebidiog, the central and north-
eastern (ib. i. 59) parts of the modern Pem-
brokeshire. In 1169 he accompanied his uncle
Fitzstephen on his first expedition to Ireland.
He first distinguished himself in the invasion
of Ossory along with his cousin Robert de
Barry, brother of Giraldus (GIRALDUS, Ex-
pugnatio Hibernica, in Opera, v. 234-5). The
French poet (REG AN, p. 37) fully corroborates
as regards Meiler. If the partial testimony
of their kinsman is to be credited, Robert
and Meiler were always first in every daring
exploit. In 1173 the return of Strongbow
to England threw all Ireland into revolt
Meiler was then in garrison at Waterford,anc
made a rash sortie against the Irish. He pur-
sued them into their impenetrable woods anc
was surrounded. But he cut a way through

hem with his sword, and arrived safely at
Waterford with three Irish axes in his horse
and two on his shield (ib. pp. 309-10). In 1174
ie returned with Raymond to Wales,but when
Strongbow brought Raymond back Meiler
jame with him and received as a reward the-
more distant cantred of Offaly' (Carbury ba-
rony, co. Kildare) (ib. p. 314, and Mr. Dimock's
note). In October 1175 he accompanied Ray-
mond in his expedition against Limerick, was
s second to swim over the Shannon, and
with his cousin David stood the attack of the 1
whole Irish host until the rest of the army had
crossed over (cf. Exp. Hib. and REGAN, p. 162
sq.) He was one of the brilliant band of
Geraldines who under Raymond met the
new governor, William Fitzaldhelm [q. v.],,
at Waterford, and at once incurred his jealous
iatred (Exp. Hib. p. 335). Hugh de Lacy,
the next justiciar, took away Meiler's Kildare-
estate, but gave him Leix in exchange. This
was in a still wilder, and therefore, as Giral-
dus thought, a more appropriate district than,
even the march of Offaly for so thorough
border chieftain (ib. pp. 355-6). In 1182'
Lacy again became justice and built a castle
on Meiler's Leix estate at ' Tahmeho,' and?
gave him his niece as a wife. It seems pro-
bable that Meiler had already been mar-
ried, but he hitherto had no legitimate chil-
dren (ib. p. 345). This childlessness was
in Giraldus's opinion God's punishment to
him for the want of respect to the church.
Giraldus gives us a vivid picture of his-
cousin in his youth. He was a dark man r
with black stern eyes and keen face. In.
stature he was somewhat short, but he was
very strong, with a square chest, thin flanks^,
bony arms and legs, and a sinewy rather
than fleshy body. He was high-spirited,,
proud, and brave to rashness. He was al-
ways anxious to excel, but more anxious to
seem brave than really to be so. His only-
serious defect was his want of reverence to
the church (ib. pp. 235, 324-5).

In June 1200 Meiler was in attendance on
King John in Normandy ( Chart. 2 John, m. 29,
summarised in SWEETMAN, Cal. Doc. Ireland,
1171-1251, No. 122), and on 28 Oct. of that
year received a grant of two cantreds in Kerry,
and one in Cork (Chart. 2 John, m. 22, Cal.
No. 124). About the same time he was ap-
pointed to ' the care and custody of all Ireland r
as chief justiciar, the king reserving to him-
self pleas touching the crown, the mint, and
the exchange (Chart. 2 John, m. 28 dors., Cal.
No. 133). During his six years' government
Meiler had to contend against very great diffi-
culties, including the factiousness of the Nor-
man nobles. John de Courci [q. v.], the con-
queror of Ulster, was a constant source csff

Fitzhenry

165

Fitzhenry

trouble to him (Pat. 6 John, m. 9, Cat. No.
524). The establishment of Hugh de Lacy
as Earl of Ulster (29 May 1205) was a great
triumph for Fitzhenry. Before long, however,
war broke out between Lacy and Fitzhenry
{Four Masters, iii. 155). Another lawless
Norman noble was William de Burgh [see
Hinder FiTZALDHELM,WiLLiAM],who was now
engaged in the conquest of Connaught. But
while De Burgh was devastating that region,
Fitzhenry and his assessor, Walter de Lacy,
led a host into De Burgh's Munster estates
(1203, Annals of Loch Ce, i. 229, 231). De
Burgh lost his estates, though on appeal to
King John he ultimately recovered them all,
except those in Connaught (Pat. 6 John, m. 8,
Cal. No. 230). Fitzhenry had similar troubles
with Richard Tirel (Pat. 5 John, m. 4, Cal.
No. 196) and other nobles. Walter de Lacy,
at one time his chief colleague, quarrelled
with him in 1206 about the baronies of Lime-
rick (Pat. 8 John, m. 2, Cal. No. 315). In
1204 he was directed by the king to build a
castle in Dublin to serve as a court of justice
,as well as a means of defence. He was also
to compel the citizens of Dublin to fortify
the city itself (Close, 6 John, m. 18, Cal. No.
.226). Fitzhenry continued to hold the jus-
ticiarship until 1208. The last writ addressed
to him in that capacity is dated 19 June 1208
{Pat. 10 John, m. 5). Mr. Gilbert ( Viceroys,
p. 59) says that he was superseded between
1203 and 1205 by Hugh de Lacy, but many
writs are addressed to him as justiciary during
these years (Cal. Doc. Ireland, pp. 31-44
passim). On several occasions assessors or
counsellors were associated with him in his
work, and he was directed to do nothing of
exceptional importance without their advice
(e.g. Hugh de Lacy in 1205, Close, 5 John,
m. 22, Cal. No. 268).

Fitzhenry remained one of the most power-
ful of Irish barons, even after he ceased to be
justiciar. About 1212 his name appears im-
mediately after that of William Marshall in
the spirited protest of the Irish barons against
the threatened deposition of John by the pope,
and the declaration of their willingness to live
and die for the king (Cal. Doc. Ireland, No.
448). Several gifts from the king marked
John's appreciation of his administration of
Ireland (ib. No. 398). But it was not till
August 1219 that all the expenses incurred
during his viceroy alty were defrayed from the
exchequer (ib. No. 887). He must by that
date have been a very old man. Already in
1216 it was thought likely that he would die,
or at least retire from the world into a mo-
nastery (ib. No. 691). There is no reference
to his acts after 1219, and he died in 1220
(CLYN, Ann. Hib. p. 8). He had long ago

atoned for his early want of piety by the foun-
dation in 1202 ('Annals of Ireland' in Chart.
St. Mary's, ii. 308 ; DFGDALE, Monasticon,
vi. 1138) of the abbey of Connall in county
Kildare, which he handed over to the Austin
canons of Llanthony, near Gloucester. This
he endowed with large estates, with all the
churches and benefices in his Irish lands, with
a tenth of his household expenses, rents, and
produce (Chart. 7 John, m. 7, Cal. No. 273).
He was buried in the chapter-house at Con-
nall (Ann. Ireland, ii. 314). He had by the
niece of Hugh de Lacy a son named Meiler,
who in 1206 was old enough to dispossess
William de Braose of Limerick ( Close, 8 John,
m. 3, Cal. No. 310), and whose forays into
Tyrconnell had already spread devastation
among the Irish (Annals of Loch Ce,\. 231).
The brother of the elder Meiler, Robert Fitz-
henry, died about 1180 (Exp. Hib. p. 354).

[G-iraldus Cambrensis, Expugnatio Hibernica,
in Opera, vol. v. (Eolls Ser.) ; The Anglo-Norman
Poem on the Conquest of Ireland, wrongly at-
tributed to Regan, ed. Michel; the Patent, Close,
Charter, Liberate, and other Rolls for the reign
of John, printed by the Record Commissioners,
and summarised, not always with quite the neces-
sary precision, in Sweetman's Calendar of Docu-
ments relating to Ireland, 1171-1251; Chartu-
laries, &c., of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin (Rolls
Ser.) ; Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland is not in this
part always quite accurate ; Annals of Loch Ce,
vol. i. (Rolls Ser.)] T. F. T.

FITZHENRY, MRS. (d. 1790 ?), actress,
was the daughter of an Irishman named
Flanni^an, who kept the old Ferry Boat
tavern, Abbey Street, Dublin. She contri-
buted by her needle to the support of her
father, and married a lodger in his house, a
Captain Gregory, commander of a vessel en-
gaged in the trade between Dublin and Bor-
deaux. After the death, by drowning, of her
husband, followed by that of her father, she
proceeded to London in 1753 and appeared
at Covent Garden 10 Jan. 1754 as Mrs. Gre-
gory, ' her first appearance upon any stage/
playing Hermione in the ' Distressed Mother/
Alicia in ' Jane Shore ' followed, 23 March
1754. Her Irish accent impeded her success,
and at the end of the season she went, at a
salary of 300/., soon raised to 400/., to Smock
Alley Theatre, Dublin, under Sowdon and
Victor, where she appeared ( ? 3 Jan. 1755)
as Hermione, and played (14 March 1755)
Zara in the ' Mourning Bride,' Zaphira in
* Barbarossa ' (2 Feb. 1756), and Volumnia in
' Coriolanus.' These representations gained
her high reputation. On 5 Jan. 1757 she re-
appeared at Covent Garden as Hermione, and
added to her repertory Calista in the * Fair
Penitent/ and for her benefit Lady Macbeth.

Fitzherbert

166

Fitzherbert

About this time she married Fitzhenry, a
lawyer, by whom she had a son and a daugh-
ter. He also predeceased her. She reap-
peared at Smock Alley in October 1757 as
Mrs. Fitzhenry in Calista. At one or other
of the Dublin theatres, between 1759 and

1764, she played Isabella in 'Measure for
Measure,' Emilia in ' Othello,' Cleopatra in
< All for Love,' the Queen in ' Hamlet ' (then
held to be a character of primary importance),
Mandane in the ' Orphan of China,' Queen
Katharine, and other parts. On 15 Oct.

1765, as Calista, she made her first appear-
ance at Drury Lane, and added to her cha-
racters, 9 April 1766, Roxana in the l Rival
Queens.' Returning to Dublin she played at
Smock Alley or Crow Street theatres, both
for a time under the management of Mossop,
the Countess of Salisbury and Aspasia in
* Tamerlane.' Her last recorded appearance
was at Smock Alley 1773-4 as Mrs. Belle-
ville in the ' School for Wives.' Not long
after this she retired with a competency and
lived with her two children. She returned
to the stage, Genest supposes, on no very
strong evidence, about 1782-3, and acted suc-
cessfully many of her old parts. She then
finally retired, and is said to have died at Bath
in 1790. The date and place are doubted by
Genest, a resident in Bath, who thinks there
is a confusion between her and Mrs. Fitz-
maurice, who died in Bath about this epoch.
The monthly obituary of the ' European Maga-
zine ' for November and December 1790 says :
'11 Dec. Lately in Ireland, Mrs. Fitzhenry,
a celebrated actress.' Mrs. Fitzhenry was
an excellent actress. She lacked, however,
the personal beauty of Mrs. Yates, to whom
she was opposed by the Dublin managers,
and was in consequence treated with much
discourtesy and cruelty in Dublin. Her
acting was original, and her character blame-
less. She was prudent, and it may almost be
said sharp, in pecuniary affairs.

[The chief authority for the life of Mrs. Fitz-
henry is the Thespian Dictionary, a not very
trustworthy production. Other works from which
information has been derived are Genest's Ac-
count of the English Stage ; Hitchcock's View
of the Irish Stage ; Tate Wilkinson's Memoirs ;
Notes and Queries, 7th ser. v. 372. A notice in
Gilliland's Dramatic Mirror is copied from the
Thespian Dictionary.] J. K.

FITZHEKBERT, ALLEYNE, BARON
ST. HELENS (1753-1839), was fifth and
youngest son of William Fitzherbert of Tis-
sington in Derbyshire, who married Mary,
eldest daughter of Littleton Poyntz Mey-
nell of Bradley, near Ashbourne, in the same
county. His father, who was member for the
borough of Derby and a commissioner of the

Doard of trade, committed suicide on 2 Jan.
L772 through pecuniary trouble. He was-
numbered among the friends of Dr. Johnson,
who bore witness to his felicity of manner
and his general popularity, but depreciated
the extent of his learning. Of his mother
the same authority is reported to have said
that she had the best understanding he ever
met with in any human being.' Alleyne,
who inherited his baptismal name from his
maternal grandmother, Judith, daughter of
Thomas Alleyne of Barbadoes, was born in
1753, and received his school education at
Derby and Eton. In July 1770 he matri-
culated as pensioner at St. John's College,
Cambridge, his private tutor being the Rev.
William Arnald, and in the following Octo-
ber Gray wrote to Mason that ' the little
Fitzherbert is come as pensioner to St. John's,
and seems to have all his wits about him/
Gray, attended by several of his friends, paid
a visit to the young undergraduate in his col-
lege rooms, and as the poet rarely went out-
side his own college, his presence attracted
great attention, and the details of the in-
terview were afterwards communicated to
Samuel Rogers, and printed by Mitford. Fitz-
herbert took his degree of B. A. in 1774, being
second of the senior optimes in the mathe-
matical tripos, and he was also the senior
chancellor's medallist. Soon afterwards he
went on a tour through France and Italy,
and when abroad was presented to one of the
university's travelling scholarships. In Febru-
ary 1777 he began a long course of foreign life
with the' appointment of minister at Brussels,
and this necessitated his taking the degree of
M.A. in that year by proxy. He remained at
Brussels until August 1782, when he was des-
patched to Paris by Lord Shelburne as pleni-
potentiary to negotiate a peace with the crowns
of France and Spain, and with the States-
General of the United Provinces ; and on
20 Jan. 1783 the preliminaries of peace with
the first two powers were duly signed. The
peace with the American colonies, which was
agreed to at about the same date, was not
brought to a conclusion under Fitzherbert's
charge, but he claimed to have taken a lead-
ing share in the previous negotiations which
rendered it possible. This successful diplo-
macy led to his promotion in the summer of
1783 to the post of envoy extraordinary to
the Empress Catherine of Russia, and he ac-
companied her in her tour round the Crimea
in 1787. His conversation was always at-
tractive, and among his best stories were his
anecdotes of the empress and her court, some
of which are preserved in Dyce's * Recollec-
tions of Samuel Rogers' (pp. 104-5). At
the close of 1787 he returned to England to

Fitzherbert

167

Fitzherbert

accompany the Marquis of Buckingham, the
newly appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland,
as his chief secretary, and he was in conse-
quence sworn a member of the privy council
(30 Nov.) His health was bad, and the
first Lord Minto wrote to his wife (9 Dec.
1787) that Fitzherbert was going to Ire-
land * with the greatest danger to his life, his
health being very bad in itself, and such as
the business and vexation he is going to must
make much worse.' In spite of these gloomy
prognostications he continued to hold the
post until March 1789, when he resigned the
secretaryship, and was sent to the Hague as
envoy extraordinary, ' with the pay of am-
bassador in ordinary, in all about 4,000/.' a
year. At this time his reputation had reached
its highest point, and Fox described him as
* a man of parts and of infinite zeal and in-
dustry/ but as years went on his powers of
application for the minor duties of his offices
seem to have flagged. One hostile critic com-
plained in 1793 that his letters were left un-
answered by Fitzherbert, and in the follow-
ing year he was described by the first Lord
Malmesbury as ' very friendly, but insouciant
as to business and not attentive enough for
his post.' In more important matters he acted
with promptness and energy. When differ-
ences broke out between Great Britain and
Spain respecting the right of British subjects
to trade at Nootka Sound and to carry on the
southern whale fishery, he was despatched to
Madrid (May 1791) as ambassador extraor-
dinary, and under his care all disputes were
settled in the succeeding October, for which
services he was raised to the Irish peerage
with the title of Baron St. Helens. A treaty
of alliance between Great Britain. and Spain
was concluded by him in 1793, but as the
climate of that country did not agree with
his health he returned home early in 1794.
Very shortly after his landing in England
St. Helens was appointed to the ambassa-
dorship at the Hague (25 March 1794),
where he remained until the French con-
quered the country, when the danger of his
situation caused much anxiety to his friends.
A year or two later a great misfortune hap-
pened to him. On 16 July 1797 his house,
containing everythinghe possessed, was burnt
to the ground, and he himself narrowly es-
caped a premature death. * He has lost,'
wrote Lord Minto, ' every scrap of paper he
ever had. Conceive how inconsolable that
loss must be to one who has lived his life.
All his books, many fine pictures, prints and
drawings in great abundance, are all gone.'
His last foreign mission was to St. Peters-
burg in April 1801 to congratulate the Em-
peror Alexander on his accession to the throne,

and to arrange a treaty between England and
Russia. The terms of the agreement were
quickly settled, and on its completion he was
promoted to the peerage of the United King-
dom. In the next September he attended the
coronation of Alexander in Moscow, and ar-
ranged a convention with the Danish pleni-
potentiary, which was followed in March
1802 by a similar settlement with Sweden.
This completed his services abroad, and on
5 April 1803 he retired from diplomatic life
with a pension of 2,300/. a year. When
Addington was forced to resign the premier-
ship, St. Helens, who was much attached
to George III, and was admitted to more
intimate friendship with that king and his
wife than any other of the courtiers, was
created a lord of the bedchamber (May 1804),
and the appointment is said to have been
made against Pitt's wishes. He declared
that he could not live out of London, and he
therefore dwelt in Grafton Street all the year
round. His consummate prudence and his
quiet, polished manners are the theme of
Wraxali's praise. Rogers and Jeremy Bent-
ham were included in the list of his friends.
To Rogers he presented in his last illness
Pope's own copy of Garth's 'Dispensary,' with
Pope's manuscript annotations. Bentham
had been presented to St. Helens by his elder
brother, sometime member for Derbyshire,
and many letters to and from him on sub-
jects of political interest are in Bentham's
works. Two letters from him to Croker on
Wraxall's anecdotes are in the ' Croker Papers '
(ii. 294-7), and a letter to him from the first
Lord Malmesbury is printed in the latter's
diaries. St. Helens died in Grafton Street,
London, on 19 Feb. 1839, and was buried
in the Harrow Road cemetery on 26 Feb.
As he was never married, the title became
extinct, and his property passed to his nephew,
Sir Henry Fitzherbert. From 1805 to 1837
he had been a trustee of the British Museum,
and at the time of his death he was the senior
member of the privy council.

SIK WILLIAM FITZHERBEKT (1748-1791),
gentleman-usher to George III, born 27 May
1748, was Lord St. Helens's eldest brother,
and was educated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, receiving the degree of M.A.j9er literal
regias in 1770. He was called to the bar and
became recorder of Derby. After serving as
gentleman-usher to the king, he was promoted
to be gentleman-usher in extraordinary, and
was created a baronet in recognition of his
services 22 Jan. 1784. He resigned his post
at court soon afterwards in consequence of a
personal quarrel with the Marquis of Salis-
bury (lord chamberlain). He died 30 July
1791 at his house at Tissington, which he had

Fitzherbert

168

Fitzherbert

inherited from his father in 1772. He was
author of ' A Dialogue on the Revenue Laws/
and of a collection of moral ' Maxims.' He
is also credited with an anonymous pamphlet
'On the Knights made in 1778.' By his wife
Sarah, daughter of William Perrin, esq., of
Jamaica, whom he married 14 Oct. 1777,
he was father of two sons, Anthony (1779-
1798) and Henry (1783-1858), who were re-
spectively second and third baronets.

[Gray's Works (ed. 1884), in. 384-5 ; Hill's
Boswell, i. 82-3 ; Hutton's Bland-Burges Papers,
pp. 141-5, 189-90, 243, 250-1 ; Collins's Peer-
age (Brydges's ed.), ix. 156-7; Lord Minto's
Life and Letters, i. 175, 295, ii. 413-14, iii. 341 ;
Wraxall's Posthumous Memoirs (od. 1884), v.
35; Lord Malmesbury's Diaries, i. 504-5, ii.
38-9, iii. 98, 199, 223-5 ; Bentham's Works,
x. 261-2, 305-6, 319-20, 362, 429-31, xi. 118-
1 20 ; Mary Frampton's Journal, p. 83 ; Gent. Mag.
1791 pt. ii. 777-8, April 1839 pp. 429-30, De-
cember 1839 p. 669; Catalogue of Cambridge
Graduates ; Burke's and Foster's Baronetages.]

W. P. C.

FITZHERBERT, SIB ANTHONY

(1470-1538), judge, sixth son of Ralph Fitz-
herbert of Norbury, Derbyshire, by Eliza-
beth, daughter of John Marshall of Upton,
Leicestershire, was a member of Gray's Inn.
Wood states that he * laid a foundation of
learning ' in Oxford, but gives no authority.
The date of his entering Gray's Inn and of his
call to the bar are unknown. His shield, how-
ever, was emblazoned on the bay window of
the hall not later than 1580, where it was still
to be seen in 1671, but from which it has since
disappeared ; and he is included in a list of
Gray's Inn readers compiled in the seven-
teenth century from authentic materials by
Sir William Segar, Garter king of arms, and
keeper of Gray's Inn library (DOTJTHWAITE,
Gray's Inn, p. 46). On 18 Nov. 1510 he was
called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, and
on 24 Nov. 1516 he was appointed king's
Serjeant. About 1521-2 he was raised to
the bench as a justice of the court of common
pleas and knighted (DUGDALE, Chron, Ser.
pp. 79, 80, 81 ; Letters and Papers, For. and
Dom. of the reign of Henry VIII, vol. iii.
pt. ii. p. 889). In April 1524 he was com-
missioned to go to Ireland with Sir Ralph
Egerton, and Dr. James Denton, dean of Lich-
field, to attempt the pacification of the coun-
try. The commissioners arrived about mid-
summer, and arranged a treaty between the
deputy, the Earl of Ormonde, and the Earl
of Kildare (concluded 28 July 1524), where-
by, after making many professions of amity,
they agreed to refer all future differences to
arbitration, the final decision, in the event of
the arbitrators disagreeing, to rest with the

lord chancellor of England and the privy
council, Kildare in the meantime making
various substantial concessions. The com-
missioners left Ireland in September. On
their return they received the hearty thanks
of the king. During the next few years Fitz-
herbert's history is all but a blank. There is,
however, extant a letter from him to Wolsey
dated at Carlisle, 30 March 1525, describing
the state of the country as very disturbed,
and hinting that it was the ' sinister policy '
of Lord Dacre to make and keep it so (State
Papers, ii. 104-8 ; Letters and Papers, For.
and Dom. of the reign of Henry VIII, vol.
iv. pt. i. pp. 244, 352, 534; HALL, Chron.
1809, p. 685).

On 11 June 1529 Fitzherbert was one of
the commissioners appointed to hear causes in
chancery in place of the chancellor, Wolsey
(RYMER, Feeder a, xiv. 299). On 1 Dec. fol-
lowing he signed the articles of impeachment
exhibited against Wolsey, one of them being
to the effect that l certain bills for extortion
of ordinaries ' having been found before Fitz-
herbert, Wolsey had the indictments removed
into the chancery by certiorari, ' and rebuked
the same Fitzherbert for the same cause.'
On 1 June 1533 he was present at the coro-
nation of Anne Boleyn. In 1534 he was with
the council at Ludlow (CoBBETT, State Trials,
i. 377 ; Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. of
the reign of Henry VIII, vol. iv.pt. iii. p. 272,
vi. 263, vii. 545, 581). He was one of the
commission that (29 April 1535) tried the
Carthusians, Robert Feron, John Hale, and
others, for high treason under the statute
25 Hen. VIII, c. 22, the offence consisting in
having met and conversed too freely about
the king's marriage. He was also a member
of the tribunals that tried Fisher and More
in the following June and July. He appears
as one of the witnesses to the deed dated
5 April 1537, by which the abbot of Fur-
ness surrendered his monastery to the king
(Letters relating to the Suppression of Monas-
teries, Camd. Soc. p. 154). He died on 27 May
1538, and was buried in the parish church of
Norbury.

Fitzherbert married twice : first, Dorothy,
daughter of Sir Henry Willoughby of Wol-
laton, Nottinghamshire; second, Matilda,
daughter and heir of Richard Cotton of Ham-
stall Ridware, Staffordshire. He had no chil-
dren by his first wife, but several by his second
[cf. FITZHERBERT, NICHOLAS and THOMAS].
The manor of Norbury is still in the possession
of his posterity. The family has been settled
at Norbury since 1125, when William, prior
of Tutbury, granted the manor to William
Fitzherbert. Though he never attained the
position of chief justice, Fitzherbert possessed

Fitzherbert

169

Fitzherbert

a profound knowledge of English law com-
bined with a strong logical faculty and re-
markable power of lucid exposition His
earliest and greatest work, ' La Graunde
Abridgement,' first printed in 1514, is a digest
of the year-books arranged under appropriate
titles in alphabetical order ; it is also more
than this, as some cases are there mentioned
which are not to be found in the year-books,
but which have nevertheless been accepted
as authorities in the courts. Coke (Rep. PL
pref.) describes it as ' painfully and elaborately
collected,' and it has always borne a very
high character for accuracy. It was the prin-
cipal source from which Sir William Staun-
forde [q. v.] derived the material for his ' Ex-
position of the King's Prerogative,' London,
1557, 4to, and is frequently cited by Richard
Bellew [q. v.] in * Les Ans du Roy Richard
le Second.' Besides the first edition, which
seems to have been printed by Pinson, an
edition appeared in 1516, of which fine speci-
mens are preserved in the British Museum
and Lincoln's Inn. The work is without
printer's name or any indication of the place
of publication, but is usually ascribed toWyn-
kyn de Worde, whose frontispiece is found in
the second and third volumes. A summary by
John Rastell, entitled ' Tabula libri magni ab-
breviamenti librorum legum Anglorum,'was
published in London in 1517, fol.; reprinted
under a French title in 1567, 4to. The ori-
ginal work was reprinted by Tottel in 1565,
and again in 1573, 1577, and 1786, fol. Though
not absolutely the earliest work of the kind,
for Statham's abridgment seems to have had
slightly the start of it, Fitzherbert's was em-
phatically the ' grand abridgment,' the first
serious attempt to reduce the entire law to
systematic shape. As such it served as a
model to later writers, such as Sir Robert
Broke or Brooke [q. v.], whose ' Graunde
Abridgement ' is indeed merely a revision of
Fitzherbert's with additional cases, and Henry
Rolle [q. v.], chief justice of the king's bench
in 1048, whose ' Abridgement des Plusieurs
Cases et Resolutions del commun Ley,' pub-
lished 1668, was designed rather as a supple-
ment to Fitzherbert and Brooke than as an
exhaustive work (Preface, 4). Two works
addressed to the landed interest are also at-
tributed to Fitzherbert, viz. : (1) ' The Boke
of Husbandrie,' London (Berthelet), 1523,
1532, 1534, 1548, 8vo ; (Walle) 1555, 8vo ;
(Marshe) 1560, 8vo ; (Awdeley) 1562, 16mo ;
(White) 1598, 4to. (2) ' The Boke of Sur-
vey inge and Improvements,' London (Berthe-
let), 1523, 1539, 1546, 1567, 8vo ; (Marshe)
1587, 16mo. ' The Boke of Husbandrie ' is a
manual for the farmer of the most practical
kind. 'The Boke of Surveyinge and Im-

provements ' is an exposition of the law re-
lating to manors as regards the relation of
landlord and tenant, with observations on
their respective moral rights and duties and
the best ways of developing an estate. It
purports to be based on the statute ' Extenta
Manerii,' now classed as of uncertain date,
but formerly referred to the fourth year of
Edward I. This is important, because we
know that Fitzherbert selected that statute
as the subject of his reading at Gray's Inn.
This book is therefore in all probability an
expansion of the reading. The authenticity
of the ' Boke of Husbandrie ' has been called
in question, and Sir Anthony's brother John
has been suggested as its probable author on
two grounds : (1) That Fitzherbert's profes-
sional engagements would not permit of his
acquiring the forty years' experience of agri-
culture which the author claims to possess ;
(2) that the author is described in the printer's
note, not as Sir Anthony, but as Master Fitz-
herbarde. The latter argument applies equally
to the ' Boke of Surveyinge,' which is also
stated to be the work of Master Fitzherbarde.
In the prologue to the latter treatise, how-
ever, the author distinctly claims the ' Boke
of Husbandrie ' as his own work. He says
that he has 'of late by experience' 'contrived,
compiled, and made a treatise ' for the benefit of
the* poor farmers and tenants and called it the
book of husbandry.' There seems no reason
to doubt that this claim was honestly made.
The argument from the designation ' Master '
is of no real weight. A clause in Arch-
bishop W r arham's will (1530) provides that
all disputes as to the meaning of any of its
provisions shall be referred to the decision
of ' Magistri FitzHerbert unius justiciarii, &c.'
( Wills from Doctors' Commons, Camd. Soc.

?. 25), and Cromwell, writing to Norfolk on
5 July 1535, refers to Fitzherbert as ' Mr.
FitzHerberd.' Even less substantial, if pos-
sible, is the argument from the claim of forty
years' experience put forward by the author.
Considering how much of the legal year con-
sists of vacation, and how comparatively light
the pressure of legal business was until re-
cent times, there is nothing startling, much
less incredible, in the supposition that Fitz-
herbert during forty years found leisure to
exercise such general supervision over his
farm-bailiffs as would entitle him to say that
he had had practical experience of agriculture
during that period.

Other works by Fitzherbert are the fol-
lowing: 1. 'La Novelle Natura Brevium,'
a manual of procedure described by Coke
(Reports, pt. x. pref.) as an ' exact work ex-
quisitely penned,' London, 1534, 1537 ; (Tot-
tell), 1553 8vo, 1557 16mo, 1567 8vo, 1576

Fitzherbert

170

Fitzherbert

fol., 1567,1581, 1588,1598,1609, 1660, 8vo;
another edition in 4to appeared in 1635, an
English translation in 1652 (reprinted 1666),
8vo. The translation (with marginalia by Sir
"Wadham Wyndham, justice, and a commen-
tary by Sir Matthew Hale, chief justice of the
king's bench, 1660) was republished in 1635,
1652, 1718, 1730, 1755, 4to, and 1794, 8vo.

2. 'L'Office et Auctoritie de Justices de Peace,'
apparently first published by Tottell in the
original French in 1583, 8vo, with additions,
by R. Crompton, republished in 1593, 1606,
and 1617, 4to. An English translation had,
however, appeared in 1538, 8vo, which was
frequently reprinted under the title of l The
Newe Booke of Justices of Peas made by
A.F.Judge, lately translated out of Frenche
into English.' The last edition of the trans-
lation seems to have appeared in 1594.

3. 'L'Office de Viconts Bailiffes, Escheators,
Constables, Coroners,' London, 1538. This
treatise was translated and published in the
same volume with the translation of the
work on justices of the peace, in 1547, 12mo.
The original was also republished along with
the original of the latter work, by R. Cromp-
ton, in 1583. 4 ' A Treatise on the Diver-
sity of Courts,' a translation of which was
annexed by W. Hughes to his translation
of Andrew Home's 'Mirrour of Justices,'
London, 1646, 12mo. 5. ' The Reading on
the Stat. Extenta Manerii,' printed by Ber-
thelet in 1539.

[Bale's Script. Illustr. Maj. Brit. (Basel, 1557),
p. 710; Pits, De Rebus Anglicis (Paris, 1619),
p. 707 ; Fuller's "Worthies (Derbyshire) ; Wood's
Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 110 ; Biog. Brit. ; Foss's
Lives of the Judges ; Bridgman's Legal Biblio-
graphy; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Dibdin), ii. 210,
455, 506-8, iii. 287 ., 305 ., 328, 332, iv. 424,
431, 437, 446, 451, 534, 566; Marvin's Legal
Bibliogr. ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Nichols's Leicester-
shire, iv. pt. ii. 853 ; Notes and Queries, 6th ser.
ii. 392, iii. 196, iv. 467.] J. M. K.

FITZHERBERT, MARIA ANNE
(1756-1837), wife of George IV, born in
July 1756, was the youngest daughter of
Walter Smythe, esq., of Brambridge, Hamp-
shire, second son of Mr. John Smythe of
Acton Burnell, Shropshire. Little is known
of her childhood beyond the fact that she
visited Paris, and was taken to see Louis XV
at dinner. When the king pulled a chicken
to pieces with his fingers she burst out laugh-
ing, upon which his majesty presented her
with a box of sugar-plums. She married in
1775 Edward Weld, esq., of Fulworth Castle,
Dorsetshire, who died in the same year. In
1778 his widow married Thomas Fitzherhert
of Swynnerton in Staffordshire, by whom she
was left a widow a second time in 1781.

Mrs. Fitzherbert, with a jointure of 2,000/. a
year, now took up her abode at Richmond,
where she soon became the centre of an ad-
miring circle. In 1785 she first saw the
Prince of Wales (born 1762). He fell, or
thought he fell, desperately in love with
her at first sight, and on one occasion pre-
tended to stab himself in despair. On this-
occasion she was induced to visit him at
Carlton House in company with the Duchess
of Devonshire, but soon after went abroad
to escape further solicitations. After re-
maining sometime in Holland and Germany,
she received an offer of marriage from the-
prince, which she is said to have accepted
with reluctance. They were married on
21 Dec. 1785 in her own drawing-room, by a
clergyman of the church of England, and in
the presence of her brother, Mr. John Smythe,
and her uncle, Mr. Errington. By the Mar-
riage Act of 1772 every marriage contracted
by a member of the royal family under twenty-
five years of age without the king's consent
was invalid ; and by the Act of Settlement
if the heir-apparent married a Roman catho-
lic he forfeited his right to the crown. It-
was argued, however, that a man could not
be said to marry when he merely went through
a ceremony which he knew to be invalid.
According to one account, repeated by Lord
Holland in his ' Memoirs of the Whig Party/
Mrs. Fitzherbert took the same view, said the
marriage was all nonsense, and knew well
enough that she was about to become the
prince's mistress. The story is discredited
by her well-known character, by the footing
on which she was always received by other
members of the royal family, and by the fact
that, even after the marriage of the prince
regent with Caroline of Brunswick, she was-
advised by her own church (Roman catholic)
that she might lawfully live with him. Nobody
seems to have thought the worse of her ; she
was received in the best society, and was
treated by the prince at all events as if she
was his wife.

In April 1787, on the occasion of the prince
applying to parliament for the payment of his
debts, Fox, in his place in the House of Com-
mons, formally denied that any marriage had
taken place. It is unknown to this day what
authority he had for this statement. Common
report asserted that 'a slip of paper' had
passed between the prince and his friend ; and
Lord Stanhope, in his ' History of England/
declares his unhesitating belief that Fox had
the best reasons for supposing the state-
ment to be true. The prince himself, how-
ever, affected to be highly indignant. The
next time he saw Mrs. Fitzherbert he went
up to her with the words, ' What do you

Fitzherbert

171

Fitzherbert

think, Maria ? Charles declared in the House
of Commons last night that you and I were
not man and wife.' As the prince was now
approaching the age at which he could make
a legal marriage, the curiosity of parliament
on the subject is perfectly intelligible. But
after a lame kind of explanation from Sheri-
dan, who tried to explain away Fox's state-
ment, without contradicting it, the subject
dropped, and the prince and the lady seem to
have lived happily together till the appear-
ance of the Princess Caroline [see CAROLINE,
AMELIA ELIZABETH, 1768-1821]. At the
trial of Warren Hastings in 1788 Mrs. Fitz-
herbert, then in the full bloom of womanly
beauty, attracted more attention than the
queen or the princesses. On the prince's
marriage (8 April 1795) to Caroline she
ceased for a time to live with him. But
being advised by her confessor, who had re-
ceived his instructions from Eome, that she
might do so without blame, she returned to
him ; and oddly enough gave a public break-
fast to all the fashionable world to celebrate
the event. She and the prince were in con-
stant pecuniary difficulties, and once on their
return from Brighton to London they had not
money enough to pay for the post-horses, and
were obliged to borrow of an old servant, yet
these, she used to say, were the happiest years
of her life. As years passed on, however, the
prince appears to have fallen 'under other
influences ; and at last at a dinner given to
Louis XVIII at Carlton House, in or about
1803, she received an affront which she could
not overlook, and parted from the prince for
ever. She was told that she had no fixed
place at the dinner-table, and must sit ' ac-
cording to her rank,' that is as plain Mrs.
Fitzherbert. She was not perhaps sorry for
the excuse to break off a connection which
the prince's new ties had already made irk-
some to her ; and resisting all further impor-
tunities she retired from court on an annuity
of 6,000/. a year, which, as she had no chil-
dren, was perhaps a sufficient maintenance.
She was probably the only woman to whom
George IV was ever sincerely attached. He
inquired for her in his last illness, and he
died with her portrait round his neck.

Mrs. Fitzherbert survived him seven years,
dying at Brighton on 29 March 1837. From
George III and Queen Charlotte, the Duke of
York, William IV, and Queen Adelaide she
had always experienced the greatest kind-
ness and attention, and seems never to have
been made to feel sensible of her equivocal
position. The true facts of the case were long
unknown to the public.

[In 1833 a box of papers was deposited with
Messrs. Coutts, under the seals of the Duke of

Wellington, Lord Albemarle, and a near connec-
tion of Mrs. Fitzherbert, Lord Stourton. Among
other documents the box contained the marriage
certificate, and a memorandum written by Mrs.
Fitzherbert, attached to a letter written by the
clergyman by whom the ceremony was per-
formed, from which, however, she herself had
torn off the signature, for fear it should com-
promise him. At her death she left full powers-
with her executors to use these papers as they
pleased for the vindication of her own character.
And on Lord Stourton's death in 1846 he as-
signed all his interest in and authority over
them to his brother, the Hon. Charles Langdale,
with a narrative drawn up by himself, from
which all that we know of her is derived. On
the appearance of Lord Holland's Memoirs of
the Whig Party in 1854, containing statements
very injurious to Mrs. Fitzherbert's reputation,
Mr. Langdale was anxious to avail himself of
the contents of the sealed box. But the surviving
trustees being unwilling to have the seals broken,
and thinking it better to let the whole story be
forgotten, Mr. Langdale made use of the narra-
tive entrusted to him to compose a Life of Mrs.
Fitzherbert, which was published in London early
in 1856, and is so far our only authority for
the facts above stated. In an article in the
Quarterly Review in 1854 a hope was expressed
that the contents of the box will soon be given
to the public ; but it has not at present been ful-
filled.] T. E. K

FITZHERBERT, NICHOLAS (1550-
1612), secretary to Cardinal Allen, second son
of John Fitzherbert of Padley, Derbyshire, by
the daughter of Edward Fleetwood of Vache,
was grandson of Sir Anthony Fitzherbert
[q. v/j, and first cousin to Thomas Fitzher-
bert [q. v.], the Jesuit. He became a student
in Exeter College, Oxford, and was ' exhibited
to by Sir Will. Petre, about 1568, but what
continuance he made there,' says Wood, i I
know not.' His name appears in the matri-
culation register as a member of Exeter Col-
lege in 1571 and 1572, he being then the
senior undergraduate of that college. About
that time he went abroad in order that he
might freely profess the catholic religion.
He matriculated in the university of Douay
during the rectorship of George Prielius
(Douay Diaries, p. 275). He studied the
civil law at Bologna, where he was residing
in 1580. During his absence from England
he was attainted of treason, 1 Jan. 1580, on
account of his zeal for the catholic cause, and
especially for his activity in raising funds for
the English College at Rheims. Afterwards
he settled in Rome, and received from Pope
Gregory XIII an allowance of ten golden
scudi a month. When Dr. Allen was raised
to the purple in 1587, Fitzherbert became his
secretary, and continued to reside in his house-

Fitzherbert

172

Fitzherbert

hold till the cardinal's death in 1594. He
strenuously opposed the policy adopted by
Father Parsons in reference to English ca-
tholic affairs. An instance of this is re-
corded in the diary of Roger Baynes, a for-
mer secretary to Cardinal Allen : ' Father
Parsons returned from Naples to Home,
S Oct. 1598. All the English in Rome came
to the College to hear his reasons against Mr.
Nicholas Fitzherbert,'

He never could be induced to take orders.
When a proposal was made to the see of
Rome in 1607 to send a bishop to England,
Fitzherbert was mentioned by Father Augus-
tine, prior of the English monks at Douay,
as a person worthy of a mitre. Fitzherbert,
however, deemed himself unworthy even of
the lowest ecclesiastical orders (DoDD, Church
Hist. ii. 159). While on a journey to Rome
he was accidentally drowned in an attempt
to ford a brook called La Pesa, a few miles
south of Florence, on 6 Nov. 1612. He was
buried in the Benedictine abbey at Florence.

His works are: 1. ' loannis Casse Gala-
thaevs, sive de Moribus, Liber Italicvs. A
Nicolao Fierberto Anglo-Latine expressvs,'
Rome, 1595, 8vo. Dedicated to Didacus de
Campo, chamberlain to Clement VIII. Re-
printed, together with the original Tuscan
'Trattato . . . cognominato Galateo ovvero
de' Costumi, colla Traduzione Latina a fronte
di Niccolo Fierberto,' Padua, 1728, 8vo.
2. l Oxoniensis in Anglia Academiae De-
scriptio,' Rome, 1602, 8vo, dedicated to Ber-
nardinus Paulinus, datary to Clement VIII.
Reprinted by Thomas Hearne in vol. ix. of
Leland's < Itinerary,' 1712. 3. ' De Anti^ui-
tate & Continuatione Catholicse Religionis in
Anglia, & de Alani cardinalis vita libellus,'
Rome, 1608 and 1638, 8vo, dedicated to Pope
Paul V. The biography was reprinted at
Antwerp, 1621, 8vo, and in Knox's ' Letters
and Memorials of Cardinal Allen,' 1882, pp.
3-20.

[Biog. Brit. iii. 1941 ; Boase's Eegister of
Exeter Coll. pp. 185, 208, 223 ; Dodd's Church
Hist. ii. 158; Foley's Records, ii. 229, 230;
Knox's Letters and Memorials of Card. Allen,
pp. 3, 190,201, 375, 465; Oliver's Jesuit Collec-
tions, p. 93 ; Pits, De Scriptoribus Anglise, p. 814 ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), vol. ii.] T. C.

FITZHERBERT, THOMAS (1552-
1640), Jesuit, was the eldest son and heir of
William Fitzherbert, esq., of Swynnerton,
Staffordshire, by Isabella, second 'daughter
and coheiress of Humphrey Swynnerton, esq.,
of Swynnerton. He was a grandson of Sir
Anthony Fitzherbert [q. v.], justice of the
common pleas. Born at Swynnerton in 1552,
he was sent either to Exeter or to Lincoln
College, Oxford, in 1568. Having openly de-

fended the catholic faith, he was obliged to live
in concealment for two years, and being at last
seized in 1572 he was imprisoned for recusancy.
After his release he found it prudent to remove
to London, where he was an active member
of the association of young men founded by
George Gilbert in 1580 for the assistance of
the Jesuits Parsons and Campion. In that
year he married Dorothy, the only daughter
of Edward East, esq., of Bledlow, Bucking-
hamshire. He retired with his wife to France
in 1582. There he was * a zealous solicitor'
in the cause of Mary Queen of Scots. After
the death of his wife, in 1588, he went to
Spain, where, on the recommendation of the
Duke of Feria, he received a pension from
the king. His name is repeatedly mentioned
in the letters and reports preserved among
our State Papers. When on a visit to Brussels
in 1595 he was charged before the state of
Flanders with holding a correspondence with
the English secretary of state, and with a de-
sign to set fire to the magazine at Mechlin,
but was extricated by the Duke of Feria.
In 1598 Fitzherbert and Father Richard Wai-
pole were charged with conspiring to poison
Queen Elizabeth. For this plot Edward Squire
was condemned and executed.

After a brief stay at Milan in the service of
the Duke of Feria, Fitzherbert proceeded to
Rome, where he was ordained priest 24 March
1601-2. For twelve years he acted as agent
at Rome for the English clergy. In 1606 he
made a private vow to enter the Society of
Jesus. In 1607, when the court of Rome
had some thoughts of sending a bishop to
England, Fitzherbert was on the list, with
three other candidates. He resigned the
office of agent for the clergy in consequence
of the remonstrance of the archpriest George
Birkhead [q. v.] and the rest of the body,
who appointed Dr. Richard Smith, bishop of
Chalcedon, to take his place. Dodd says
' they were induced to it by a jealousy of
some long standing. They had discovered
that Fitzherbert had constantly consulted
Father Parsons and the Jesuits in all matters
relating to the clergy, and that, too, contrary
to the express order lately directed to the
archpriest from Rome.'

In 1613 he carried into effect his vow to
enter the order of Jesuits, and in 1616 was
appointed superior of the English mission at
Brussels, an office which he filled for two
years. In 1618 he succeeded Father Thomas
Owen as rector of the English College at
Rome, and governed that establishment till
March 1639, when he was succeeded by Father
Thomas Leeds, alias Courtney. He died in
the college on 7 Aug. (O.S.) 1640, and was
buried in the chapel.

Fitzherbert

173

Fitzherbert

Wood says : l He was a person of excellent
parts, had a great command of his tongue and
pen, was a noted politician, a singular lover
of his countrymen, especially those who were
catholics, and of so graceful behaviour and
generous spirit that great endeavours were
used to have him created a cardinal some
years after Allen's death, and it might have
been easily effected, had he not stood in his
own way.'

His portrait was formerly in the English
College at Rome, and a copy of it by Munch
was in the sacristy at Wardour Castle.

His works are: 1. 'A Defence of the Ca-
tholycke Cause, contayning a Treatise of
sundry Untruthes and Slanders published by
the heretics, . . . by T. F. With an Apology of
his innocence in a fayned Conspiracy against
her Majesty's person, for the which one Ed-
ward Squyre was wrongfully condemned and
executed in November 1598,' St. Omer, 1602,
8vo. 2. ' A Treatise concerning Policy and
Religion, wherein the infirmitie of humane
wit is amply declared, . . . finally proving
that the Catholique Roman Religion only doth
make a happy Commonwealth,' 2 vols. or
parts, Douay, 1606-10, 4to, and 1615, 4to ;
3rd edit. London, 1696, 8vo. The work is
dedicated to the author's son, Edward Fitz-
herbert, who died on 25 Nov. 1612. Wood
says that a third part was published at Lon-
don in 1652, 4to. 3. 'An sit Utilitas in
Scelere : vel de Infelicitate Principis Mac-
chiavelliani, contra Macchiavellum et poli-
ticos ems sectatores,' Rome, 1610 and 1630,
8vo. This and the preceding work were
most favourably received both by catholics
and protestants. 4. A long preface to Father
Parson's ' Discussion of the Answer of M.
William Barlow, D.D., to the book entitled
" The Judgment of a Catholick Englishman
concerning the Oath of Allegiance," ' 1612.
6. ' A Supplement to the Discussion of M. D.
Barlow's Answer to the Judgment of a
Catholike Englishman,' &c., St. Omer, 1613,
4to, published under the initials F. T. 6. 'A
Confutation of certaine Absurdities, Falsi-
ties, and Follies, uttered by M. D. Andrews
in his Answer to Cardinall Bellarmine's Apo-
logy,' St. Omer, 1613, 4to, also published
under the initials F. T. Samuel Collins, D.D.,
replied to it in ' Epphata, to F. T., or a De-
fence of the Bishop of Ely [Lancelot An-
drewes] concerning his Answer to Cardinal
Bellarmine's Apology against the calumnies
of a scandalous pamphlet,' Cambridge, 1617,
4to. 7. < Of the Oath of Fidelity or Allegiance
against the Theological Disputations of Roger
Widdrington,' St. Omer, 1614, '4to. Wid-
drington (vere Thomas Preston) published
two replies to this work. 8. ' The Obmutesce

of F. T. to the Epphata of D. Collins ; or,
the Reply of F. T. to Dr. Collins his Defence-
of my Lord of Winchester's [Lancelot An-
drewes] Answere to Cardinal Bellarmine's
Apology,' St. Omer, 1621, 8vo. 9. < Life of
St. Francis Xavier,' Paris, 1632, 4to, trans-
lated from the Latin of Horatius Tursellinus.

[Addit. MS. 5815, if. 212, 213 b; Dr. John
Campbell, in Biog. Brit. ; Catholic Spectator
(1824), i. 171 ; Constable's Specimens of Amend-
ments to Dodd's Church Hist. pp. 202-12; De
Backer's Bibl. des ficrivains de la Compagnie
de Jesus; Dodd's Church Hist, ii. 410,491-6,
iii. 77 ; Erdeswick's Survey of Staffordshire,
p. 110; Foley's Eecords, ii. 198-233, vi. 762,
vii. 258 ; Gage's English- American, p. 208 ;
Grillow's Bibl. Diet, ; Intrigues of Romish Exiles,
pp. 31, 35; Morus, Hist. Missionis Anglic. Soc.
Jesu, p. 235 ; Morris's Condition of Catholics
under James I, p. ccxlii ; Oliver's Jesuit Collec-
tions, p. 92 ; Panzani's Memoirs, pp. 82, 83 ;
Pits, De Anglise Scriptoribus, p. 813 ; Southwell's
Bibl. Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 762 ; Calendars of
State Papers ; Wadsworth's English-Spanish
Pilgrim, p. 65 ; Wood's Athene Oxon. (Bliss),
ii. 662.] T. C.

FITZHERBERT, WILLIAM (d. 1154),
archbishop of York and Saint, is also called
sometimes William of Thwayt (Chron. de
Melsa, i. 114, Rolls Ser.) and most commonly
SAINT WILLIAM OF YOEK. He was of noble
birth (WILLIAM OF NEWBUKGH, i. 55, Rolls
Ser.), and brought up in luxury (JOHN OF
HEXHAM, c. 274, in TWYSDEN), but of his
father Herbert very little is certainly known.
John of Hexham calls him Herbert of Win-
chester, and says that he had been treasurer
of Henry I. Hugh the Chanter (in RAINE,
Historians of the Church of York, ii. 223)
says Herbert was also chamberlain. Thomas
Stubbs (ib. p. 390) calls him the ' very-
strenuous Count Herbert,' and says that his
wife was Emma, the sister of King Stephen.
But of her nothing else is known (FKEEMAsr,,
Norman Conquest, v. 315), and her very exist-
ence depends on the trustworthiness of a
late authority. John of Hexham mentions
that William was a kinsman of Roger, king
of Sicily, but it is suspicious that no con-
temporary writer, even when speaking i
some detail of William's dealings with Ste-
phen and his brother Henry of Winchester,
says a word of his relationship to the king.
One nephew of Stephen was almost elected
archbishop before him. Another nephew of
Stephen succeeded him as treasurer of York..
It is hardly probable that William was a
nephew of Stephen also.

Many of William's kinsfolk lived in York-
shire, and his elder brother Herbert held'
lands there, to which he apparently suc-
ceeded about 1140. William himself probably

Fitzherbert

174

Fitzherbert

became treasurer and canon of York before
1130, at latest before 1138 (DUGDALE, Man-
asticon, iv. 323-4, ed. Caley, c.) In that
capacity lie accompanied Archbishop Thurs-
tan on his visitation of St. Mary's Abbey,
and witnessed his charter of foundation of
Fountains Abbey (WALBRAN, Memorials of
Fountains, i. 157). He also joined his brother
Herbert in conferring benefactions on the
Austin Priory of Nostell (Rot. 6%ar.p.215).
Stephen made him one of his chaplains, and
granted him certain churches in the north
which he had hitherto held of his brother in
fee (Monasticon, vi. 1196).

On the death of Archbishop Thurstan (Fe-
bruary 1140) there were great disputes in the
chapter as to the choice of his successor.
"When the election of Henry de Coilli, King
Stephen's nephew, had been determined upon,
it was rendered ineffective by his refusal to
comply with the papal request to resign the
abbey of Fecamp on accepting the arch-
bishopric. At last, in January 1142, the
majority agreed to elect as their archbishop
"William the treasurer. Their choice was,
however, hardly unfettered ; for King Ste-
phen strongly pressed for his election, and
the presence of William, earl of Albemarle,
in the chapter-house to promote it doubt-
less stimulated their zeal ( JOHN OF HEXHAM,
c. 268 ; cf. GEKVASE, Op. Histor. i. 123, Rolls
Ser.) A minority persisted in voting for the
strict Cistercian, Henry Murdac of Fountains
(HovEDEtf, i. 198, Rolls Ser.), and the whole
of that famous order believed that bribes of
the treasurer had supplemented the com-
mands of the king. The archdeacon of York,
Osbert, called Walter of London in John of
Hexham and in the l Additions to Hugh the
Chanter ' (RAIKE, Historians of York, ii.
221), and other archdeacons hurried to the
king to complain of the election. They were
seized by Albemarle on their way and confined
in his castle of Bytham, Lincolnshire. Wil-
liam meanwhile was well received by Stephen
at Lincoln, and there received the restitution
of his temporalities. But he was unable to
obtain consecration from Archbishop Theo-
bald, and Henry, bishop of Winchester, the
legate, Stephen's brother, who was his friend,
could only direct him to go to Rome, where
Richard, abbot of Fountains, William, abbot
of Rievaulx, and his other enemies had already
appealed against his election as tainted by
simony and royal influence. A strong letter
of St. Bernard to Innocent II (S. BEKSTAKDI,
Omnia Opera, i. 316, ed. Mabillon; also
printed in WALBRAX, pp. 80-1), to the pope
that he had made, showed that the whole
influence of the Cistercian order was to be
directed against William. For a time Inno-

cent hesitated, but at last, in Lent 1143, he
decided that William might be consecrated
if William, dean of York, would swear that
the chapter received no royal commands from
Albemarle, and if the archbishop elect would
clear himself on oath from the charge of
bribery. These points were to be ascertained
in England, whither William arrived in Sep-
tember. The Dean of York, who had in the
meanwhile been made bishop of Durham,
was unable to attend in person the council
at Winchester, where the case was to be
settled ; but his agents gave the necessary
assurances, and William's innocence was so
clearly established that all clamoured for his
consecration. On 26 Sept. the legate Henry
himself consecrated William in his own
cathedral at Winchester (Additions to Hugh
the Chanter, p. 222).

William now ruled at York in peace, and
St. Bernard could only exhort the abbot of
Rievaulx to bear with equanimity the triumph
of his foe (Epistolce, cccliii. and ccclx. in
Opera, i. 556, 561, ed. Migne). Meanwhile
William busied himself in drawing up con-
stitutions that prohibited the profane use of
the trees and grass in churchyards, and pre-
vented clerks turning the money received for
dilapidations from the heirs of their prede-
cessors to their own personal uses (WiLKiNS,
Concilia, i. 425-6). On a visit to Durham
William succeeded in reconciling the turbu-
lent William Comyn with Bishop William
his old friend. On the same day he en-
throned the former dean of York as bishop
in Durham Cathedral, and absolved Comyn
from his sins against the church (SYMBOL,
Hist. Eccl. Dunelm. pp. 283-4, 292; also
Anglia Sacra, i. 717).

Though popular from his extraordinary
kindness and gentleness, William was of a
sluggish temperament. When in 1146 the
cardinal bishop Hincmar arrived in England
on a mission from the new pope, Lucius II,
he brought with him the pallium for the
new archbishop. Occupied, as was his wont,
on other matters of less necessity (JOHN OP
HEXHAM, c. 274),William neglected to obtain
it from Hincmar at an early opportunity.
Before long Lucius died. The new pope,
Eugenius III, was a violent Cistercian and
the slave of St. Bernard. The enemies of
William took advantage of his accession
to renew their complaints against William.
Hincmar took his pall back again to Rome.
Bernard plied Eugenius with new letters.
Henry Murdac, who was now, through Ber-
nard's influence, abbot of Fountains, led the
attack. In 1147 William was compelled to
undertake a fresh journey to Rome to seek
for the pallium. To pay his expenses he was

Fitzherbert

Fitzherbert

compelled to sell the treasures and privileges
of the church of York (ib. c. 279), and this
of course became a new source of complaint
against him. Yet even now most of the car-
dinals were in his favour, and Eugenius was
much distracted between the advice of his
* senate ' and the commands of the abbot of
Clairvaux. At last he found a pretext against
William in the fact that William of Durham
had not personally taken the pledges required
by Pope Innocent. Until this was done he
suspended William from his archiepiscopal
functions.

Disgusted at his condemnation on a second
trial for offences for which he had been
already acquitted, William left Rome and
found a refuge with his kinsman Roger the
Norman, king of Sicily. He was entertained
there by Robert of Salisbury (or Selby), the
English chancellor of King Roger. Mean-
while his relatives and partisans in Yorkshire
had revenged his wrongs by burning and
plundering Fountains Abbey, the centre of
the Cistercian opposition to him (WALBRAST,
p. 101). This indiscreet violence added a
new point to the passionate appeals of Ber-
nard. In 1147 Murdac and the rest again
appeared against William at a council held
by Eugenius at Rheims. There, as the Bishop
of Durham had omitted to purge the arch-
bishop on his oath (Chron. de Mailros, s. a.
Bannatyne Club), Eugenius finally deposed
him from his see. The chapter were directed
to proceed within forty days to a new elec-
tion. As they could not agree on any one
choice, Eugenius cut the matter short by
consecrating at Trier Henry Murdac himself
as archbishop of York (7 Dec. 1147). But
such was William's popularity that Murdac
obtained scanty recognition in Yorkshire,
where king and people continued to maltreat
his followers (Additions to Hugh the Chanter,
p. 225).

William showed great resignation to his
fate. His staunch friend Henry of Win-
chester gave him an asylum in his palace,
and treated him with all the respect due to
an archbishop. William made no complaints
of his harsh treatment. He occupied himself
in prayer and study. He renounced his
former habits of luxury. As often as he
could escape from the hospitable entertain-
ment of Bishop Henry, he spent his days with
the monks of Winchester, whose sanctity
specially attracted him to eat and drink at
their frugal table and sleep with them in
their common dormitory (Ann. de Winton in
Ann. Mon. ii. 54). He remained at Winchester
until the death of Bernard and Eugenius in
1153 again excited hopes in him of restitu-
tion. He again hurried to Rome, where,

without reflecting on the judgment passed
against him, he besought the new pope,
Anastasius IV, to show him mercy. His
friend, if not kinsman, Hugh of Puiset, who
was also seeking at Rome his recognition as
bishop of Durham, did his best to support
William's requests. The famous Cardinal
Gregory warmly espoused his cause. The
death of Archbishop Murdac, on 14 Oct.
1153, made it easy for Anastasius to accede
to William's prayers. Without questioning
the legitimacy of Murdac's rule or reopening
the suits decided against William, Anastasius
was persuaded to pity his grey hairs and mis-
fortunes. William was restored to the arch-
bishopric, and for the first time received the
pallium.

William now returned to England. Pass-
ing through Canterbury he is said to have
designated the archdeacon Roger as his suc-
cessor as archbishop. He next proceeded to
Winchester, and celebrated the Easter feast
of 1154 in the city where he had resided
when young, and which had -afforded him a
refuge in his troubles. Thence he turned
his course towards his diocese. As he ap-
proached York the new dean and his old
enemy, Archdeacon Osbert, endeavoured to
prevent his entrance into the city by declar-
ing their intention of appealing against his
appointment. But William proceeded on his
way undismayed by their hostility. A great
procession of clergy and laity welcomed him
into the town. The wooden bridge over the
Ouse gave way under the pressure of the
crowd, and many were precipitated into the
river ; but the prayers of William saved, as
men thought, the lives of every one of them.
In after years a chapel dedicated to William
was erected on the stone bridge now thrown
over the river to commemorate so signal a
miracle. He entered York on 9 May.

For the next month William ruled his
church in peace, though the appeal of the
chapter to Archbishop Theobald was fraught
with fresh mischief. But William was no
longer the worldling whose wealth and laxity
had excited the suspicions of Cistercian zealots.
With great humility he visited Fountains
and promised full restitution for the injuries
his partisans had inflicted upon the abbey.
The official chroniclers of the abbey had in
after times nothing to say against one who
could make so complete a reparation ( WAL-
BRAN, i. 80). He also visited the new Cis-
tercian foundation at Meaux, Yorkshire, and
in its chapter-house solemnly confirmed the
grants of Archbishop Murdac to the struggling
community ( Chron. de Melsa, i. 94, 108). On
Trinity Sunday he was back at York, and
when celebrating high mass in his cathedral

Fitzherbert

176

Fitzhubert

I f^o

on that festival was seized with a sudden
illness. He struggled through the service
and even appeared afterwards among the
guests assembled in his house. But he felt
that his end was near. Poison was at once
suspected, and antidotes were administered.
But he died on 8 June, eight days after
his seizure, and Bishop Hugh of Durham
buried his body in York Minster.

Faction had risen to such a height at York
that a circumstantial story soon gained cre-
dence among William's friends that Osbert
the archdeacon had caused his death by
poisoning the eucharistic chalice. A clerk
of William's, named Symphorian, accused
Osbert of the crime, in the presence of King
Stephen, and long judicial proceedings ensued.
Though the matter seems never to have been
brought to a definite issue, so acute an ob-
server as John of Salisbury was not satisfied
of Osbert's innocence (Ep. i. 158, 170, ed.
Giles). "William of Newburgh (i. 80-1),
the most critical historian of the time, was,
however, convinced by the absence of positive
testimony, and the witness of an old monk
of Rievaulx, then a canon of York, that
William died of a fever. Gilbert Foliot
{Ep. i. 152, ed. Giles) was indignant at the
baselessness of the accusations against Osbert,
but the true issue became rather obscured by
clerical opposition to the desire of Stephen,
and of the accuser, that the case should be
tried in the royal court. The two biographers
of William omit all reference to the story,
and the writers who mention it generally

Sualify it as a rumour or gossip. Yet before
Dng the misfortunes and sufferings of Wil-
liam brought worshippers to his tomb. He
began to be reputed a martyr, and miracles
were worked by him. It was believed that
when the old minster was almost burnt down
and the tomb burst open by the falling beam
the silken robe which enveloped the saint's
incorruptible body was not consumed (Vita
S. Will, in RAINE, ii. 279). The canons of
York, who envied the local saints of Ripon
and Beverley, were anxious for a saint of their
own, and a movement was started for the
canonisation of William. In 1223 holy oil
exuded from his tomb (MATT. PARIS, Hist.
Major, iii. 77, Rolls Ser.) A formal petition
to Honorius III led to the usual investiga-
tions of his claims to sanctity (WALBEAN, i.
173-5, from Addit. MS. 15352). These, after
some doubt, were so well established that in
1227 Honorius admitted him to the calendar
of saints. On 9 Jan. 1283 his remains were
translated into a shrine behind the high altar,
through the exertions of Bishop Bek of Dur-
ham, and in the presence of Edward I and
a distinguished company (details in RAINE,

pp. 228-9, from York Breviary). But all the
efforts of the York chapter could not secure
for St. William more than a local fame ; and
his shrine, though not unfrequented, was
never among the great centres of popular
pilgrimage and worship. His festival was
on 8 June, while his translation was com-
memorated on the Sunday next after the
Epiphany.

[The fullest contemporary sources for Wil-
liam's life are John of Hexham's Continuation
of Symeon of Durham, printed in Twysden's
Decem Scriptores, and William of Newburgh' s
History, edited for the Rolls Series by Mr.
Hewlett ; his life in the Actus Pontificum Ebora-
censium, generally attributed to Thomas Stubbs,
was published originally in Twysden's Decem
Scriptores, cc. 1721-2, and is now reprinted by
Canon Raine in his Historians of the Church of
York, ii. 388-97. There is a manuscript life of
Fitzherbert in Harl. MS. 2, if. 76-88, written in
a thirteenth-century hand, which contains little
special information. It has been printed for the
first time by Canon Raine in his Historians of
the Church of York, ii. 270-91, and the Eight
Miracles, pp. 531-50. This is abridged in the
short life in Capgrave's Nova Legenda Anglige,
pp. 310-11. A few additional facts come from
the Additions to Hugh the Chanter, in Raine' s-
Hist. Church of York, ii. 220-7. A full life
is in the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum, tome ii.
Junii, pp. 136-46. The modern life in Canon
Raine's Fasti Eboracenses, pp. 220-33, where two
hymns, addressed to St. William, are printed,
collects all the principal facts ; Gervase of Can-
terbury, Hoveden, Annals of Winchester and
Waverley in Annales Monastici, vol. ii., Chron.
de Melsa (all in Rolls Series) ; Walbran's Me-
morials of Fountains, and Raine's Fabric Rolls
of York Minster, both published by Surtees
Society ; Chron. of Melrose (Bannatyne Club) ;
Epistles of St. Bernard, ed. Migne ; John o'f
Salisbury and Gilbert Foliot, ed. Migne or
Giles.] T. F. T.

FITZHERBERT, SraWILLIAM (1748-
1791). [See under FITZHEKBERT, ALLEYNE.]

FITZHUBERT, ROBERT (fl. 1140),
freebooter, is first mentioned in 1139. His
origin is not known, but he is spoken of as a
kinsman of William of Ypres [q. v.], and as
one of those Flemish mercenaries who had
flocked to England at Stephen's call. On
7 Oct. 1139 he surprised by night the castle
of Malmesbury, which the king had seized
from the Bishop of Salisbury a few months
before, and burnt the village. The royal
garrison of the castle fled for refuge to the
abbey, but Robert soon pursued them thither,
and, entering the chapter-house at the head
of his followers, demanded that the fugitives
should be handed over. The terrified monks
with difficulty induced him to be content

Fitzhugh

177

Fitzhugh

with the surrender of their horses. He was
already plundering far and wide, when Ste-
phen, on his way to attack Trowbridge, heard
of his deeds, and, turning aside, laid siege to
the castle. At the close of a week William
of Ypres prevailed on Robert to surrender,
and within a fortnight of his surprising the
eastle he had lost it and had set out to join
the Earl of Gloucester.

After five months in the earl's service he
left him secretly, and on the night of 26 March
(1140) surprised and captured by escalade
the famous castle of Devizes, then held for
the king. The keep resisted for four days,
but then fell into his hands. On the Earl
of Gloucester sending his son to receive the
castle from Robert, he scornfully turned him
way from the gate, exclaiming that he had
captured the castle for himself. He now
boasted that he would be master by its means
of all the country from Winchester to Lon-
don, and would send for troops from Flanders.
Rashly inviting John Fitzgilbert [see MAR-
SHAL, JOHN], castellan of Marlborough, to
join him in his schemes, he was decoyed by
him to Marlborough Castle and there en-
trapped. The Earl of Gloucester, on hearing
of this, hastened at once to Marlborough,
and at length by bribes and promises ob-
tained possession of Robert. The prisoner
was then taken to Devizes, and the garrison,
according to the practice of the time, warned
that he would be hanged unless they sur-
rendered the castle. They pleaded the oath
they had sworn to him that they would never
do so, and declined. Two of his nephews
were then hanged, and at last Robert him-
self. The castle was subsequently sold by
the garrison to the king.

This episode is dwelt on at some length
by the chroniclers, who were greatly im-
pressed by the savage cruelty, the impious
blasphemy, and the transcendent wickedness
of this daring adventurer.

[Cont. of Florence of Worcester ; William of
Malmesbury ; Gesta Stephani.] J. H. R.

FITZHUGH, ROBERT (d. 1436), bi-
ehop of London, the third of the eight sons
of Henry, lord Fitzhugh (d. 1424), was edu-
cated at King's Hall, Cambridge, of which
he became master, 6 July 1424, and in the
same year was appointed chancellor of the
university (LE NEVE, Fasti, iii. 599, 697).
Before this he had enjoyed a considerable
number of ecclesiastical benefices, which his
noble birth and the leading position held
by his father readily secured for him. In
1401 he was appointed by the prior and con-
vent of Canterbury to the rectory of St.
Leonard's, Eastcheap, which in July 1406 he

VOL. XIX.

exchanged for a canonry in the cathedral
church of Lismore, and was subsequently in-
stalled prebendary of Milton Manor in Lin-
coln Cathedral, though he had not then been
admitted to any but the minor orders. In
1417 he was ordained subdeacon by Bishop
Fordham of Ely at Downham, and deacon in
1418, and was made canon of York in the
same year. The next year, 10 July, he ex-
changed his prebend of Milton Manor for the
archdeaconry of Northampton, to which was
added the prebendal stall of Aylesbury on
4 Aug. As chancellor of Cambridge he de-
livered a speech in convocation which we are
told was much admired for the elegance of
its latinity. He proposed as a remedy for
the great decrease of students that the richer
benefices of the English church should for a
limited period be bestowed solely on gradu-
ates of either university. This measure was
carried into effect by Archbishop Chichele in
the convocation of 1438 (COOPER, Annals of
Cambridge, i. 166, 187, 194). Fitzhugh went
on various diplomatic missions to Germany
and elsewhere. In 1429 he was sent as am-
bassador to Rome and Venice, and, while
absent from the realm at the papal court,
was appointed bishop of London, Bishop Gray
being translated to Lincoln to make room for
him. He was consecrated at Foligno on
16 Sept. 1431. In 1434 he was named one
of the two episcopal delegates appointed
with other laymen and clerics to represent
the sovereign and nation of England at the
council of Basle. Letters of safe-conduct
for a year were given him, 8 May, and license
was granted to take with him vessels, jewels,
and gold and silve, ^late to the value of
two thousand markk TJ Eis allowance was to
be at the rate of five\ andred marks, to be
paid daily, and he was not bound to remain
away for the whole year, nor for more than
a year (RYMER, Fcedera, x. 577, 582, 583 ;
FULLER, Church Hist. ii. 438-43). During
his stay at Basle he was elected to the see of
Ely, vacated by the decease of Bishop Philip
Morgan (25 Oct. 1435), but died on his way
home. His will is dated at Dover, but he
is said to have'died at St. Osyth's in Essex,
15 Jan. 1435-6. He was buried in his
cathedral of St. Paul's, in the higher part
of the choir, near the altar, his grave being
distinguished by his mitred effigy in brass,
his left hand bearing the crozier, his right
hand raised in benediction. His epitaph thus
records the chief events of his career, and
testifies to his general popularity :

Nobilis antistes Robertus Lundoniensis,
Fili us Hugonis, hie requiescit : honor

Doctorum, flos Pontificum, quern postulat Ely,
Romse Basilicse regia facta refert.

Fitzjames

178

Fitzjames

Plangit eum Papa, Rex, grex, sua natio tota,
Extera gens si quse noveret ulla pium.

Gemma pudicitiae, spectrum pietatis, honoris
Famaque justitiae formula juris erat.

He bequeathed 121. towards the erection
of the schools at Cambridge, and all his pon-
tificals to St. Paul's, except a ring given
him by the Venetians, which he had already
affixed to St. Erkenwald's shrine.

[Dugdale's St. Paul's, pp. 45, 219, 402; Mil-
man's Annals of St. Paul's, p. 91 ; Godwin, De
Praesulibus, i. 188 ; Rymer's Fcedera, 11. cc ; Dug-
dale's Baronage, i. 405; Fuller's Church Hist. ii.
438-43.] E. V.

FITZJAMES, JAMES, DTTKE OF BER-
WICK (1670-1734), marshal of France, was
natural son of James, duke of York, after-
wards James II, by Arabella Churchill [q. v.],
daughter of Sir Winston Churchill, and elder
sister of the great Duke of Marlborough. He
was born at Moulins in the Bourbonnais, on
21 Aug. 1670, and his father gave him the
name of James Fitzjames. His handsome
face curiously combined many of the charac-
teristics of his grandfather, Charles I, and his
uncle, Marlborough. He was educated en-
tirely in France, first under the care of the
Jesuit Father Go ugh, at the College de Juilly,
then at the College du Plessis, and finally at
the Jesuit college of La Fleche. His father
always showed the greatest affection for him,
and on his accession to the throne in 1685 he
sent young Fitzjames to the camp of Charles,
duke of Lorraine, who was then besieging
Buda, under the care of a French nobleman, the
Count de Villevison. Fitzjames soon showed
his courage, and was distinguished by his
sobriety in camp as much as by his desperate
valour in the final assault on Buda. At the
conclusion of the campaign, he paid a visit to
England ; and on 19 March 1687 was created
Duke of Berwick, Earl of Teignmouth, and
Baron Bosworth in the peerage of England.
He then returned to Hungary, and served an-
other campaign under the Duke of Lorraine,
during which he was present at the great battle
of Mohacz. He was summoned to England
by James, who at once made him governor of
Portsmouth, and on 4 Feb. 1688 appointed
him colonel of the royal horse guards, the
Blues, in the place of Aubrey de Vere, earl
of Oxford. Berwick soon recognised that it
was impossible for him to hold Portsmouth,
and he fled to France to join his father. He
proposed that James should try to reconquer

greatest

vigour in raising troops among the Irish Ro-
man catholics. He served at the siege of

Derry, and commanded a detached force
against the men of Enniskillen. He was
present at the battle of the Boyne. On the
departure of Tyrconnel he was appointed
commander-in-chief of the king's forces in
Ireland, but on Sarsfield's surrender of Lime-
rick he returned to France.

In 1691 Berwick joined the French army
in the Netherlands as a volunteer, and served
under Marshal Luxembourg at the siege of
Mons, and in 1692 in the victory won over
the English and Dutch under William III
at Steenkirk. In 1693 Berwick was ap-
pointed a lieutenant-general in the French
army, and in his first campaign with this-
rank he was taken prisoner by the English
at the battle of Neerwinden. He was soon
released, and in 1695 he married, against his
father's wish, the beautiful Lady Honora Sars-
field, daughter of the Earl of Clanricarde, and
widow of Patrick Sarsfield, hero of Limerick.
She died in 1698, and in 1700 he married
Anne, daughter of the Hon. Henry Bulkeley.

Berwick served the campaign of 1702 in
Flanders under Marshal Boufflers, and in
the following year became a naturalised
Frenchman, in order to be eligible for the
rank of marshal of France. In 1704 he was
sent to Spain in command of a powerful
French army, to support Philip V, and in
an admirable campaign he prevented the
far stronger forces of the allied English and
Portuguese from invading Spain from the
west. For his services he was made a knight
of the order of the Golden Fleece by the king
of Spain, but complaint was made of his pur-
suing defensive tactics, and at the close of
the year he was recalled and made governor
of the Cevennes. He had then to fight against
the protestant mountaineers, known as the
' Camisards,' who were in open rebellion, and,
after partially subduing them, he swiftly
crossed the Sardinian frontier and took Nice,
for which exploit he was made a marshal of
France in 1706. In the following year Ber-
wick made his great campaign against the
Anglo-Portuguese army, which had in 1706
for a short time occupied Madrid. Philip V
of Spain begged Louis XIV to send him
Marshal Berwick, and the newly made mar-
shal entered Spain at the head of a small
and well-equipped French army. He at once
marched to the Portuguese frontier, and after
a most scientific campaign he drew the allied
army under Henri de Ruvigny, Lord Galway,
and the Marquis Das Minas into an unfavour-
able position, and then utterly defeated it in
the important battle of Almanza, the only
battle recorded in which an English general
at the head of a French army defeated an
English army commanded by a Frenchman.

Fitzjames

179

Fitzjames

Berwick was made governor of the Limousin
by the king of France, and the king of Spain
arranged a marriage between Berwick's only
son by his first marriage and Donna Cathe-
rina de Veraguas, the richest heiress in Spain,
and created the boy Duke of Liria and a
grandee of the first class. In 1709 the mar-
shal was recalled from Spain to defend the
south-eastern frontier of France against the
Austrians and Sardinians under Prince
Eugene. This he did in a series of defensive
campaigns, unmarked by a single important
battle, which have always been considered
as models in the art of war.

After the peace of Utrecht Berwick was
long unemployed. He refused to co-operate
in the attempt of his legitimate brother, the
* Old Pretender,' to regain the throne of Eng-
land in 1715, and preferred French politics
to English. He kept clear of party intrigues,
and his advice on military questions was re-
ceived with the highest respect. He cor-
dially supported the English alliance main-
tained by the Regent Orleans and Fleury, in
spite of his family relationship to the exiled
Stuart family.

In 1733 the war of the Polish succession
broke out, and Berwick was placed in com-
mand of the most important French army,
which was destined to invade Germany from
Strasbourg, and act against Berwick's old
adversary, Prince Eugene. He took com-
mand of his army, and in October 1733
occupied Kehl, and then went into winter
quarters. In March 1734 he again joined
his army at Strasbourg ; on 1 May he crossed
the Rhine, and carried the lines at Ettlingen,
and on 13 May he invested Philipsbourg.
The siege was carried on in the most scien-
tific manner, and the third parallel had just
been opened, when on 12 June the marshal
started on his rounds with his eldest son by
his second marriage, the Due de Fitzjames.
He had not proceeded far when his head was
carried off by a cannon-ball. The news of
this catastrophe aroused the greatest sorrow
in France, and the marshal's body was brought
to France to be interred in the church of the
Hopital des Invalides at Paris.

Berwick was a cautious general of the type
of Turenne and Moreau, whose genius shone
in sieges and defensive operations. He served
in twenty-nine campaigns, in fifteen of which
he commanded in chief, and in six battles, of
which he only commanded in one, the famous
victory of Almanza. Montesquieu, in the
6 loge prefixed to the marshal's memoirs, says
of him : ' He was brought up to uphold a
sinking cause, and to utilise in adversity
every latent resource. Indeed, I have often
heard him say that all his life he had earnestly

desired the duty of defending'a first-class fort-
ress.' Berwick left descendants both in
France and Spain, who held the highest
ranks in both those countries, in Spain as
Dukes of Liria and in France as Dues de
Fitzjames.

[The Duke's Memoires were first published by
his grandson in 1777; they only go down to
1705, and are generally published with the pre-
fatory eloge by Montesquieu, into whose hands
they were placed to be prepared for the press,
and with a continuation to 1734 by the Abb6
Hook, who published an English translation in
1779. They have been many times reprinted, no-
tably in Michaud and Poujoulat's great collection
of French memoirs. All French histories of the
period and all French biographical dictionaries
contain information about Berwick and his cam-
paigns, and in English reference may be made
to James II and the Duke of Berwick, published
1876, and The Duke of Berwick, published 1883,
by C. Townshend Wilson.] H. M. S.

FITZJAMES, SIR JOHN (1470 P-1542 ?),
judge, son of John Fitzjames of Redlynch,
Somersetshire, and nephew of Richard, bishop
of London [q.v.], was a member of the Middle
Temple, where he was reader in the autumn
of 1504 and treasurer in 1509 (DUGDALB,
Orig. pp. 215, 221). He also held the office
of recorder of Bristol in 1510, a place worth
19Z. Qs. Sd. per annum, which he does not
seem to have resigned until 1533, when he was
succeeded by Thomas Cromwell. In 1511 he
was one of the commissioners of sewers for
Middlesex (Letters and Papers of the Reign
of Henry VIII, Foreign and Domestic, i.
157, 301, iii. pt. ii. 1458, vi. 263, vii. 557).
On or about 26 Jan. 1518-19 he was ap-
pointed attorney-general, and in this capa-
city seems to have been sworn of the
council, as his signature is appended to a
letter dated 13 June 1520 from the council
to the king, then at Calais, congratulating
him on his ' prosperous and fortunate late
passage.' About the same time he was
appointed, with Sir Edward Belknap and
William Roper, to assist the master of the
wards in making out his quarterly reports.
He was also attorney-general for the duchy
of Lancaster between 1521 and 1523, and
probably from a much earlier date ; and he
seems to be identical with a certain John
Fitzjames who 'acted as collector of subsi-
dies for Somersetshire between 1523 and
1534. As attorney-general he conducted, in
May 1521, the prosecution of the Duke of
Buckingham. The same summer he was
called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, <^n
6 Feb. 1521-2 he was advanced to a puisne
judgeship of the king's bench, and two days
later he was created chief baron of the

Fitzjames

180

Fitzjames

exchequer. About the same time he was
knighted. In the autumn of 1523 he was en-
trusted by the king with the delicate task of
negotiating a marriage between Lord Henry
Percy, who was supposed to be engaged to
Anne Boleyn, and Lady Mary Talbot, daugh-
ter of the Earl of Shrewsbury. Fitzjames's
diplomacy was crowned with success. On
23 Jan. 1525-6 he succeeded Sir John Fyneux
fq. v.] as chief justice of the king's bench.
He was a trier of petitions in parliament in
November 1529, and signed the articles of
impeachment exhibited against Wolsey on
1 Dec. of the same year. He seems to have
exerted himself at Wolsey's request to save
Christchurch from sequestration (ib. iii. pt. i.
12, 197, pt. ii. 873, 1383, iv. pt. iii. 2690,
2714, 2928; COBBETT, State Trials, i. 296;
BREWEK, Reign of Henry VIII, ed. Gairdner,
ii. 177 ; Proceedings and Ordinances of the
Priiy Council, vii. 338 ; DUGDALE, Chron. Ser.
80, 81). Two letters are extant from Fitzjames
to Cromwell, one dated 29 Oct. 1532, describ-
ing the state of legal business and the ravages
of the plague, the other, dated 8 March, and
apparently written at Redlynch in 1533, in
which he complains much of illness, and begs
to be excused attendance in London. He
was present, however, at the coronation of
Anne Boleyn on 1 June 1533. His name is
appended to a proclamation of 7 Nov. 1534,
fixing the maximum price of French and
Gascon wines at 41. per tun, pursuant to
statute 23 Hen. VIII, c. 7. He was a mem-
ber of the special tribunals that tried in
April 1535 the Carthusians, Robert Feron,
John Hale, and others, for high treason under
statute 25 Hen. VIII, c. 22, the offence con-
sisting in having conversed too freely about
the king's marriage. He also helped to try
Fisher and More in the ensuing June and
July. It is probable that he secretly sympa-
thised with the prisoners, as he preserved a
discreet silence throughout the proceedings,
broken only when the lord chancellor directly
appealed to him to say whether the indict-
ment against More was or was not sufficient
by the curiously cautious utterance, ' By
St. Gillian, I must needs confess that if the
act of parliament be not unlawful, then the
indictment is not in my conscience invalid.'
On 2 Sept. 1535 he wrote to Cromwell, in-
terceding on behalf of the abbot of Glaston-
bury, who he thought was being somewhat
harshly dealt with by the visitors of the
monasteries. In October 1538 he made his
will, being then ' weak and feeble in body.'
He retired from the bench in the same year,
or early in the following year, his successor,
Sir Edward Montagu, being appointed on
21 Jan. 1538-9. The exact date of his death

is uncertain. His will was proved on 1 2 May
1542. He was buried in the parish church
of Bruton, Somersetshire (State Papers, i.
384, 387 ; Trevelyan Papers, Camden Soc. ii.
55-7 ; Letters and Papers of the Reign of
Henry VIII, Foreign and Domestic, viii.
229, 350, 384, ix. 85 ; COBBETT, State Trials,
i. 393). The reputation of Fitzjames suf-
fered much at the hands of Lord Campbell,
whose errors and fabrications were ably ex-
posed by Foss. It is impossible, with the
meagre materials at our command, to say
how far Fitzjames may have allowed sub-
serviency to the king to pervert justice. His
complicity in the judicial murders of 1535
leaves an indelible stain on his memory. On
the other hand he seems to have been superior
to bribes.

[Fuller's "Worthies, Somersetshire ; Lloyd's
State Worthies, i. 125-9; Collinson's Somerset-
shire, i. 226; Hutchins's Dorset, ii. 222; Foss's
Lives of the Judges.] J. M. E.

FITZJAMES, RICHARD (d. 1522), bi-
shop of London, son of John and grandson
of James Fitzjames, who married Eleanor,
daughter of Simon Draycot, was born at Red-
lynch, in the parish of Bruton, Somersetshire.
Nothing is known of him till he became a stu-
dent at Oxford, which Wood says was about
1459. He was elected fellow of Merton Col-
lege in 1465, and had taken his degree of
M.A. before he was ordained acolyte (XIV
Kal. Maii, 1471). Fuller speaks of him as
being of right ancient and worthy parent-
age ; but Campbell, in his life of his nephew,
Sir John Fitzjames [q. v.], speaks of him
as of low origin, though he gives no autho-
rity for the statement. He served the office
of proctor in the university of Oxford in
1473, and in 1477 became prebendary of
Taunton in the cathedral church of Wells,
in succession to John Wansford, subdean of
Wells, resigned. He was afterwards chap-
lain to Edward IV, and proceeded to his
degrees in divinity. His name appears as
principal of St. Alban Hall from Michael-
mas day 1477 to the same day 1481. In
1485 he was presented to the rectory of
Aller and the vicarage of Minehead, both in
Somersetshire, and in 1495 was incorporated
M.A. at Cambridge. He held Aller till 1497,
when he was succeeded by Christopher Bain-
bridge, afterwards cardinal and archbishop
of York. He was, says Wood, esteemed a
frequent preacher, but is said to have read
and not preached his sermons. On 12 March
1483 he succeeded John Gygur in the war-
denship of his college. This post he held
till 1507, and won golden opinions for his
liberality and excellent government of the

Fitzjames

181

Fitzjocelin

college. He considerably enlarged the war-
den's lodge, and was otherwise so great a
benefactor to the college as almost to be
considered its second founder. Among other
reforms he procured an enactment that no
one admitted into the society should be or-
dained till he had completed his regency in
arts, the object being to remedy the igno-
rance of candidates for holy orders. In
1511, being at that time bishop of London,
he was appointed by the university to inquire
into its privileges, and the relation in which it
stood to the town of Oxford. He also contri-
buted to the completion of St. Mary's Church.
In 1495 he became almoner to Henry VII, and
was consecrated bishop of Rochester, 2 Jan.
1497, at Lambeth by Cardinal Morton, assisted
by the bishops of Llandaff and Bangor. He
appears to have been employed at Calais in
March 1499 in negotiations for a commercial
treaty with the Low Countries, in conjunction
with Warham and Sir Richard Hatton, and
was one of the bishops appointed to be in
the procession for receiving the Princess
Catherine of Arragon on her arrival in this
country in 1501, and to attend on the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury on his celebration of
the marriage with Prince Arthur. In January
1504 he was translated to Chichester, and to
London on 14 March 1506, soon after which
he resigned the wardenship of his college.
During his tenure of this see he did much
for the restoration and beautifying of St.
Paul's Cathedral. Bernard Andr6 comme-
morates his preaching on Sunday 31 Oct.
1507 at Paul's Cross. He lived on till 1522,
and was buried in the nave of his own cathe-
dral, a small chapel being erected over his
tomb, which was destroyed by fire in 1561.
In conjunction with his brother John, father
of the lord chief justice of England [see FITZ-
JAMES, SIK JOHN], he founded the school of
Bruton, near the village where he was born.
The palace at Fulham was also built by him.

He seems to have been a man of high
character and greatly respected, in this re-
spect very unlike his brother the chief justice.
"While at Oxford he acted as commissary (an
office which corresponds to that of the vice-
chancellor of this day) in 1481, under the
chancellorship of Lionel Woodville, bishop of
Salisbury, and again served the same office
in 1491 and 1492, under John Russell, bishop
of Lincoln ; and in 1502, upon the resigna-
tion of William Smith, bishop of Lincoln,
being then warden of Merton and bishop of
Rochester, became, as Wood says, l cancel-
larius natus.'

Fitzjames belonged to the strongly conser-
vative type of bishop. In a letter from Fitz-
james to Cardinal Wolsey (printed by Foxe)

the bishop defended his chancellor, Horsey,
who had been imprisoned on the charge of mur-
dering Hunne, a merchant tailor of London
charged with heresy. Fitzjames asked that
the cause might be tried before the council, be-
cause he felt assured that a jury in London
would condemn any clerk, be he as innocent
as Abel, as they were so maliciously set ' in
favorem hsereticse pravitatis.' Horsey was
condemned and afterwards pardoned. Foxe
prints a document the authenticity of which
Mr. Brewer doubts, to the effect that the
king orders Horsey to recompense Roger
Whapplot and Margaret his wife, daughter
of Richard Hunne, for the wasting of his
goods, which were of no little value. It ap-
pears from Fitzjames's ' Register ' that there
were a few other cases of prosecution for
heresy during his episcopate, all of which
ended in a recantation and abjuration. Fitz-
james deprecated Dean Colet's efforts at church
reform, and from 1511 onwards the dean com-
plained of the persecution he suffered at his
bishop's hands [see COLET, JOHN].

[Wood's Athena?, ed. Bliss, ii. 720; Wood's His-
tory and Antiquities, ed. Gutch ; Burnet's Re-
formation ; Fuller's Worthies; Lupton's Life of
Colet, 1887 ; Cooper's Athenae Cantabr. i. 25, 26,
526 ; Stubbs's Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum ;
Foxe's Acts and Monuments; Le Neve's Fasti;
Godwin, De Praesulibus; Brewer's Calendar of
State Papers ; Bernard Andre's Hist, of Henry VII,
ed. Gairdner ; Gairdner's Letters of Kichard III
and Henry VII; Fitzjames's Register.] N. P.

FITZJOCELIN, REGINALD (1140?-
1191), archbishop-elect of Canterbury, son of
Jocelin de Bohun, bishop of Salisbury, and
nephew of Richard de Bohun, bishop of
Coutances (1151-79), of the house of Bohun
of St. George de Bohun, near Carentan, was
born about 1 140, for he is said to have been
thirty-three in 1174 (Anglia Sacra, i. 561),
and was brought up in Italy, whence he was
called the Lombard (BosHAM, Materials for
Life of JSecket, iii. 524). He was made arch-
deacon of Salisbury by his father, and was
reckoned a young man of prudence, indus-
try, high spirit, and ability. Like most of
the young archdeacons of his time he loved
pleasure, and was much given to hawking
(PETEK OF BLOIS, JEp. 61). In early life he
was one of the friends of Thomas, possibly
while Thomas was chancellor, and in 1164
received from Lewis VII the abbey of
St. Exuperius in Corbeil (Archceologia, 1.
348). During the progress of the quarrel
between Henry II and Archbishop Thomas
the archbishop excommunicated Reginald's
father, the Bishop of Salisbury. Reginald,
who had a strong affection for his father,
wholly withdrew from the archbishop, and

Fitzjocelin

182

Fitzjocelin

became one of his most dangerous and out-
spoken opponents. He was constantly em-
ployed by the king, who sent him on embas-
sies to Pope Alexander III in 1167 and 1169,
and the archbishop complained of his boasting
of his success at the papal court (Ep. Becket,
vi. 643). On 15 Aug. 1169 Henry sent him
to meet the pope's commissioners at Dam-
front, and shortly afterwards Thomas wrote
of him in violent terms, declaring that he
had betrayed him, had spoken disrespectfully
of the pope and the curia, and had advised
Henry to apply to the pope to allow some
bishop to discharge duties that pertained to
his see (ib. vii. 181). Peter of Blois, who
was much attached to Reginald, sent a letter
to the archbishop's friends, defending his con-
duct, chiefly on the ground that he was act-
ing in support of his father (ib. p. 195). After
the murder of the archbishop he was sent
in 1171 to plead the king's innocence before
the pope (ib. pp. 471-5 ; HOVEDEN, ii. 25). The
see of Bath having been vacant for more than
eight years, the king, in 1173, procured the
election of Reginald, who, in company with
Richard, archbishop elect of Canterbury, went
to procure the pope's confirmation. On 5 May
1174 he wrote to the king, saying that though
the pope had consecrated Richard his own
matter was still undecided. Before long he
obtained his desire by, it is said, offering the
pope a purse of money (De Nugis Curialium,
p. 35). He was consecrated at S. Jean de
Maurienne by the archbishops of Canterbury
and Tarentaise on 23 June, after having
cleared himself by oath of all complicity in
Thomas's death, and brought forward wit-
nesses to swear that he had been begotten
before his father became a priest (DiCETO, i.
391). His election scandalised Thomas's
party, and while it was yet unconfirmed Peter
of Blois wrote a letter, declaring that it was
unfair to speak of him as one of the arch-
bishop's persecutors and murderers, that he
had loved the archbishop, and only turned
against him for his father's sake (Epistolce,
JBecket, vii. 554).

Immediately after his consecration Re-
ginald went to the Great Chartreuse, and
persuaded Hugh of Avalon to come over
to England and take charge of the house
which the king had built at Witham in So-
merset (Magna Vita S. Hugonis, p. 55) ; he
then rejoined the archbishop, early in August
consecrated the church of St. Thomas the
Martyr at St. Lo {Somerset Archceol. Proc.
xix. 11, 94), and on the 8th met the king at
Barfleur (BENEDICT, i. 74). On 24 Nov. he
was enthroned by the archbishop (DiCETO,
i. 398). He enriched the church of Wells,
added to the canons' common fund, founded

several new prebends, and, as there is reason
to believe, built a portion of the nave of
the church. He appears to have desired
to strengthen the cathedral organisation by
bringing the rich abbey of Glastonbury into
close connection with it, for he made the
abbot a member of the chapter, set apart a
prebend for him, and erected the liberty of
the abbey into an archdeaconry. He granted
two charters to the town of Wells, creating
it a free borough. At Bath he founded the
hospital of St. John in 1180 for the succour
of the sick poor who came to use the baths
there. He obtained from Richard I a charter
granting to him and his successors in the see
the right of keeping sporting dogs through-
out all Somerset. He continued to take an
active share in public affairs. In 1175 he was
at the council which the archbishop held at
Westminster in May (BENEDICT, i. 84) ; in
March 1177 he attended the council called
by the king which met at London to arbi-
trate between the kings of Castile and Na-
varre (ib. pp. 144, 154), and two months later
attended the councils which Henry held at
Geddington and Windsor. He was appointed
one of the commissioners sent in 1178 by the
kings of England and France to put down the
heretics of Toulouse, and in company with the
Viscount of Turenne and Raymond of Cha-
teauneuf tried and excommunicated the here-
tical preachers there. Then, in company with
the abbot of Clairvaux, he visited the diocese
of Albi, and thence proceeded to the Lateran
council which was held in the March of the fol-
lowing year (ib. pp. 199-206, 219 ; HOVEDEN,
ii. 171). He was on terms of friendship with
the king's natural son Geoffrey, and in 1181
persuaded him to resign his claim to the see
of Lincoln. In 1186 he promoted the election
of Hugh of Avalon to the bishopric of Lin-
coln, was present at the council of Eynsham,
near Oxford, and attended the marriage of
William the Lion, the Scottish king, at Wood-
stock (BENEDICT, i. 351). At the coronation
of Richard I on 3 Sept. 1189 he walked on
the left hand of the king when he advanced
to the throne, the Bishop of Durham being
on his right (ib. ii. 83). He attended the
council of Pipewell held on the 15th ( HOVE-
DEN, iii. 15), and was probably the 'Italus r
who unsuccessfully offered the king 4,OOOJ.
for the chancellorship (RICHARD OF DEVIZES,
p. 9). The next year he obtained the lega-
tine office for the chancellor, Bishop William
Longchamp (ib. p. 14) ; he seems to have been
requested to make the application when he
and others of the king's counsellors crossed
over in February to meet Richard in Nor-
mandy. He took the side of Geoffrey against
the chancellor, and in October 1191 assisted

Fitzjohn

183

Fitzjohn

in overthrowing Longchamp (BENEDICT, ii.
218). The monks of Christ Church found in
him a steady and powerful friend during their
quarrel with Archbishop Baldwin. In this
matter he largely employed the help of his
kinsman, Savaric, archdeacon of Northamp-
ton, the cousin, as he asserted, of the emperor.
When the death of Baldwin was known in
England the monks, on 27 Nov., elected Re-
ginald to the archbishopric, acting somewhat
hastily, for they were afraid that the suffragan
bishops would interfere in the election (GEE-
VASE, i. 511). The justiciar, Walter of Cou-
tances, is said to have desired the office, and
the ministers called in question the validity
of the election. Reginald went down to his
old diocese to secure the election of Savaric
&s his successor, and as he was returning was,
on 24 Dec., seized with paralysis or apoplexy
at Dogmersfield in Hampshire, a manor be-
longing to the see of Bath. On the 25th he
sent to the prior of Christ Church, bidding
Jiim hasten to him and bring him the monas-
tic habit. He died on the 26th, and was
buried near the high altar of the abbey church
of Bath on the 29th (Epp. Cantuar. pp. 354,
355 ; RICHARD OF DEVIZES, pp. 45, 46, where
an epitaph is given). Peter of Blois notices
that he who had no small hand in causing
the demolition of the archbishop's church at
Hackington, dedicated to St. Stephen and St.
Thomas the Martyr, died on St. Stephen's
day, and was buried on the day of St. Thomas
(Epp. Cantuar. p. 554).

[Materials for the history of Thomas Becket,
archbishop, iii, vi, vii (Rolls Ser.) ; Walter Map's
De Nugis Curialium (Camden Soc.) ; Benedictus
Abbas, i. and.ii. passim (Rolls Ser.) ; Ralph de
Diceto, i. and ii. (Rolls Ser.) ; Roger de Hoveden,
ii. and iii. (Rolls Ser.) ; Magna Vita S. Hugonis
(Rolls Ser.) ; Memorials of Rich. I, ii, Epp. Can-
tuar. (Rolls Ser.) ; Gervase, i. (Rolls Ser.) ; Peter
of Blois, Epistolse, ed. Giles ; Richard of Devizes
(Engl. Hist. Soc.); Wharton'sAngliaSacra,i.561 ;
Reginald, bishop of Bath, Archseologia, 1. 295-
360 ; Reynolds's Wells Cathedral, pref. Ixxsi ;
Freeman's Cathedral Church of Wells, pp. 70,
170 ; Somerset Archseol. Soc.'s Journal, xix. ii.
9-11 ; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi. 773 ; Cassan's
Bishops of Bath and Wells, p. 105.] W. H.

FITZJOHN, EUSTACE (d. 1157), judge
and constable of Chester, was the son of John
de Burgh, and the nephew and heir of Serlo
de Burgh, lord of Knaresborough, and the
founder of its castle (DUGDALE, Monasticon,
vi. 957-72 ; cf., however, Notes and Queries,
5th ser. xii. 83-4). Like his brother, Pain
Fitzjohn [q. v.], he became attached to the
court of Henry I. He witnessed some charters
of 1133. In the only extant Pipe Roll of
-Henry's reign he appears as acting as justice

itinerant in the north in conjunction with
Walter Espec. He won Henry's special fa-
vour (Gesta Stephani, p. 35, Engl. Hist. Soc.),
received grants that made him very powerful
in Yorkshire, and was reputed to be a man
of great wisdom (AiLEED OP RIEVAULX in
TWYSDEN, Decem Scriptores, c. 343 ; cf. WIL-
LIAM OF NEWBTIEGH, i. 108, Rolls Ser.) Dug-
dale gives from manuscript sources a list of
Henry's donations to Eustace (Baronage,
i. 91). He was also governor of Bamburgh
Castle (JOHN OF HEXHAM in TWYSDEN, Decem
Scriptores, c. 261). He witnessed the charter
of Archbishop Thurstan toBeverley (Feeder a,
i. 10). On the death of Henry, Fitzjohn re-
mained faithful to the cause of Matilda, and
was in consequence taken into custody and
deprived of his governorship of Bamburgh
(JOHN OF HEXHAM). He joined David, king
of Scots, when that king invaded the north,
in 1138 (Gesta Stephani, p. 35). He sur-
rendered Alnwick Castle to David (RiCHAED
OF HEXHAM in TWYSDEN, c. 319), and held
out against Stephen in his own castle of
Malton (HENRY OF HUNTINGDON, Hist. An-
glorum, p. 261, Rolls Ser.) He was present
at the Battle of the Standard (AiLEED, c.
343), where he and his followers fought along-
side the men of ' Cumberland ' and Teviotdale
in the second line of King David's host. In
the latter part of Stephen's reign he lived
quietly in the north under the government
of the Scottish king, by whose grants his pos-
sessions were confirmed.

Fitzjohn was a lavish patron of the church
and the special friend of new orders of regu-
lars. In 1131 he witnessed the charter by
which his colleague, Walter Espec [q. v.],
founded llievaulx, the first Cistercian house
established in Yorkshire (Monasticon, v. 281).
When the first monks of Fountains were in
the direst distress and had given away their
last loaves in charity, Eustace's timely present
of a load of bread from Knaresborough was
looked on as little less than a miracle (WAL-
BBAN, i. 50). He also made two gifts of
lands to Fountains (ib. i. 55, 57). In 1147
he founded the abbey of Alnwick for Pre-
monstratensian canons. This was the first
house of that order in England, and was
erected only two years after the order was
founded (Monasticon, vi. 867-8). Fitzjohn
was a friend of St. Gilbert of Sempringham
[q. v.], and established two of the earliest
nouses for the mixed convents of canons and
nuns called, after their founder, the Gil-
bertines. Between 1147 and 1154 Fitzjohn,
in conjunction with his second wife, Agnes,
founded a Gilbert ine house at Watt on in
Yorkshire (ib. vi. 954-7), and another at Old
Malton in the same county (ib. vi. 970-4).

Fitzjohn

184

Fitzmaurice

A few years later his grants to Malton were
confirmed ( Thirty-first Report of Deputy-
Keeper of Records, p. 3). He also made grants
to the monks of St. Peter's, Gloucester, the
church of Flamborough, and to the Austin
canons of Bridlington (Monasticon, vi. 286).
Fitzjohn made two rich marriages. His
first wife was Beatrice, daughter and heiress
of Ivo de Vesci. She brought him Alnwick
and Malton (ib. vi. 868). She died at the birth
of his son by her, William (ib. vi. 956), who
adopted the name of Vescy, and was active in
the public service during the reign of Henry II
(EYTON, Court and Itinerary of Henry II,
passim), and was sheriff of Northumberland
between the fourth and sixteenth years of
Henry II (Thirty-first Report of Deputy-
Keeper of Records, p. 320). He was the
ancestor of the Barons de Vescy. His son
Eustace was prominent among the northern
barons, whose revolt from John led to the
signing of Magna Charta. Fitzjohn's second
wife was Agnes, daughter and heiress of Wil-
liam, baron of Halton and constable of Ches-
ter (Monast. vi. 955), one of the leading lords
of that palatinate. He obtained from Earl
Ranulph II of Chester a grant of his father-
in-law s estates and titles. He was recog-
nised in the grant as leading counsellor to the
earl, ' above all the nobles of that country.'
In his new capacity he took part in Henry II's
first disastrous expedition into Wales, and
was slain (July 1157) in the unequal fight
when the king's army fell into an ambush at
Basingwerk. He was then an old man ( WILL.
NEWBURGH, i. 108). By his second wife he
left a son, Richard Fitzeustace, the ancestor
of the Claverings and the Lacies.

[Besides the chronicles quoted in the article,
Dugdale's Baronage, i. 90-1, largely 'ex vet.
Cartulario penes Car. Fairfax de Menstan in Com.
Ebor.,' which gives a pedigree of the Vescies;
Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. vi. ; Walbran's Me-
morials of Fountains (Surtees Soc.) ; Foss's
Judges of England,}. 115-17; Eyton's Itinerary
of Henry II; Thirty-first Report of Deputy-
Keeper of Public Records.] T. F. T.

FITZJOHN, PAIN (d. 1137), judge, was
a brother of Eustace Fitzjohn [q. v.] The
evidence for this is a charter of Henry I
(1133) to Cirencester Priory, in which Eus-
tace and William are styled his brothers.
He belonged to that official class which was
fostered by Henry I. Mr. Eyton (Shrop-
shire, i. 246-7, ii. 200) holds (on the autho-
rity of the ' Shrewsbury Cartulary') that he
was given the government of Salop about
1127. In the ' Pipe Roll' of 1130 he is found
acting as a justice itinerant in Staffordshire,
Gloucestershire, and Northamptonshire, in
conjunction with Miles of Gloucester, whose

son eventually married his daughter. He is
frequently, during the latter part of the reign,
found as a witness to royal charters. In 1134
his castle of Caus on the Welsh border was
stormed and burnt in his absence by the
Welsh (ORD. VIT. v. 37). At the succession
of Stephen he was sheriff of Shropshire and
Herefordshire. At first he held aloof, but
was eventually, with Miles of Gloucester,
persuaded by Stephen to join him (Gesta,
pp. 15, 16). His name is found among the
witnesses to Stephen's Charter of Liberties-
early in 1136 (Sel. Charters, p. 114). In the
following year, when attacking some Welsh
rebels, he was slain (10 July 1137), and his
body being brought to Gloucester, was there
buried (Gesta, p. 16; Cont. FLOR. WIG.
ii. 98). By a charter granted shortly after-
wards (Duchy of Lancaster ; Royal Charters,
No. 20) Stephen confirmed his whole pos-
sessions to his daughter Cicily, wife of Roger,
son of Miles of Gloucester. Dugdale erro-
neously assigns him Robert Fitzpain as a son..

[Pipe'Roll, 31 Hen. I (Record Comm.); Flo-
rence of Worcester (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Crests
Stephani (Rolls Series) ; Ordericus Vitalis (Soc.
de 1'Histoire de France) ; Stubbs's Select Charters ;
Duchy Charter (Publ. Rec. Office); Cott. MS.
Calig. A. vi. ; Eyton's Hist, of Shropshire.]

J. H. R.

FITZJOHN, THOMAS, second EARL.
OP KILBAEE. [See FITZGERALD. THOMAS.
d. 1328.]

FITZMAURICE, HENRY PETTY

(1780-1863), third MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE*
[See PETTY-FITZMAURICE.]

FITZMAURICE, JAMES (d. 1579),
' arch traitor.' [See FITZGERALD, JAMES-
FITZMAURICE.]

FITZMAURICE, PATRICK, seven-
teenth LORD KERRY and BARON LIXSTAW
(1551 P-1600), son and heir of Thomas Fitz-
maurice, sixteenth lord Kerry [q. v.], was
sent at an early age into England as a pledge
of his father's loyalty. When he had attained
the age of twenty he was allowed by Eliza-
beth to return to Ireland (LODGE, Peerage
(Archdall),ii.) In 1580 he joined in the rebel-
lion of the Earl of Desmond, but shortly after-
wards with his brother Edmund was surprised
and confined to the castle of Limerick. In
August 1581 he managed to escape with the
connivance, it was suspected, of his gaoler,
John Sheriff, clerk of the ordnance (State
Papers, Eliz. Ixxxv. 9, 14). In September
1582 he was reported to have gone to Spain
with the catholic bishop of Killaloe (Ham.
Cal. ii. 399) ; but he was in January 1583
wounded at the Dingle, and in April 1587 cap-

Fitzmaurice

185

Fitzmaurice

tured and committed to Dublin Castle (ib.
iii. 278 ; Cat. Carew MSS. ii. 442). In 1588
Sir William Herbert made a laudable effort
to procure his release, offering to pawn his
bond to the uttermost value of his land and
substance for his loyal and dutiful demeanour,
1 knowing him to be of no turbulent dispo-
sition ' (Ham. Cal. iii. 502). He was, how-
ever, opposed by St. Leger and Fitzwilliam,
and despite a loving attempt on the part of
his wife to obtain his freedom (ib. iv. 208) he
remained in prison till 1591-2. During the
last great rebellion that convulsed Ireland in
Elizabeth's reign he, perhaps more from com-
pulsion than free choice, threw in his lot with
the rebels (Carew Cal. iii, 203, 300) ; but the
evident ruin that confronted him and the loss
of his castle of Lixnaw so affected him that
he died shortly afterwards, August 1600 (Pa-
cata Hib. ch. xi.) He was buried with his
uncle Donald, earl of Clancar, in the Grey
Friary of Irrelaugh in Desmond. He married
Joan or Jane, daughter of David, lord Fermoy,
and by her had Thomas, his heir [q. v.], Gerald,
and Maurice, and two daughters, Joan and
Eleanor (LODGE (Archdall), vol. ii.)

[Authorities as in the text.] E. D.

FITZMAURICE, THOMAS, sixteenth
LORD KERRY and BARON LIXNAW (1502-
1590), was the youngest son of Edmund
Fitzmaurice, tenth lord Kerry, and Una,
daughter of Teige MacMahon. Made heir
to the ancestral estates in Clanmaurice by
the death of his elder brothers and their
heirs, he owed his knowledge of that event
to the fidelity of his old nurse, Joan Harman,
who, together with her daughter, made her
way from Dingle to Milan, where he was
serving in the imperial army. On his return
he found his inheritance contested by a cer-
tain John Fitzrichard, who, however, sur-
rendered it in 1552. He was confirmed in
his estate by Mary, and on 20 Dec. 1589
executed a deed settling it on his son Patrick
and heirs male, remainder to his own right
heirs (LODGE, Peerage (Archdall), vol. ii.) He
is said to have sat in the parliament of 1556,
and in March 1567 he was knighted by Sir
H. Sidney (Cal. Carew MSS. ii. 149). His
conduct during the rebellion of James Fitz-
maurice (1569-73) was suspicious, but he
appears to have regained the confidence of
the government, being commended by Sidney
on the occasion of his visit to Munster in
1576 (Ham. Cal. ii. 90). Like most of the
would-be independent chiefs in that province,
he complained bitterly of the aggressions of
the Earl of Desmond. Charged by Sir W.
Pelham with conniving at that earl's re-
bellion, he grounded his denial on the ancient

and perpetual feud that had existed between
his house and the head of the Geraldines
(Cal. Carew MSS. ii. 296, 303). His sons
Patrick and Edmund, who had openly joined
the rebels, were surprised and incarcerated
in Limerick Castle. On 3 Sept. 1581 he and
the Earl of Clancar presented themselves
before the deputy at Dublin 'in all their
bravery. And the best robe or garment they
wore was a russet Irish mantle worth about
a crown apiece, and they had each of them
a hat, a leather jerkin, a pair of hosen which
they called trews, and a pair of brogues, but
not all worth a noble that either of them had '
(BRADY, State Papers). Two months pre-
viously (23 July) he had given pledges of
his loyalty to Captain Zouche, but in May

1582 we read that after killing Captain
Acham and some soldiers he went into re-
bellion, whereupon his pledges were hanged
by Zouche (Ham. Cal. ii. 365, 369, 376).
His position indeed was intolerable, what
with the ' oppressions ' of the rebels and the
' heavy cesses ' of the government. The Earl
of Ormonde mediated for him, and in May

1583 he was pardoned (ib. pp. 430, 431, 439,
468). He sat in the parliament of 1585-6,
but he seems to have been regarded with
suspicion till his death on 16 Dec. 1590 (ib.
iv. 346, 383). He was buried in the tomb
of Bishop Philip Stack, in the cathedral of
Ardfert, Zouche refusing to allow his burial
in the tomb of his ancestors in the abbey,
which then served as a military station. He
married, first, Margaret, * the fair,' second
daughter of James Fitzjohn, fourteenth earl
of Desmond (d. 1563), by whom he had
Patrick, his heir [q. v.J, Edmund, killed at
Kin sale, Robert, slain m the isles of Arran,
and one daughter; secondly, Catherine, only
daughter and heir of Teige MacCarthy Mor
(o. s. p.); thirdly, Penelope, daughter of Sir
Donald O'Brien, brother of Conor, third earl
of Thomond.

He is said to have been the handsomest
man of his age, and of such strength that
within a few months of his death not mor&
than three men in Kerry could bend his bow.
1 He was/ says the ' Four Masters,' * the best
purchaser of wine, horses, and literary works
of any of his wealth and patrimony in the-
greater part of Leath-Mogha at that time r
(LODGE (Archdall) ; Annals of Four Masters,
s. a. 1590).

[Authorities as in text.] B. D.

FITZMAURICE, THOMAS, eighteenth
LORD KERRY and BARON LIXNAW (1574-
1630), was son of Patrick, seventeenth lord
Kerry [q. v.], whom he followed into rebellion
in 1598. After the death of his father and the

Fitzmaurice

186

Fitzneale

capture of Listowel Castle by Sir Charles
AVilmot in November 1600, finding himself
excluded by name from all pardons offered
to the rebels (Cal. Carew MSS. iii. 488, 499),
he repaired into the north, where he was
soon busily negotiating for aid with Tyrone
and O'Donnell (ib. iv. 10). Finding that he
was ' like to save his head a great while,' the
queen expressed her willingness that he should
be dealt with for pardon of his life only
(ib. p. 15). But by that time he had managed
to raise twelve galleys, and felt no inclination
to submit (ib. p. 60). After the repulse of the
northern army from Thomond in November
1601, he was driven ' to seek safety in every
bush ' (ib. p. 405). In Februaryl603 an attempt
was made to entrap him by Captain Boys,
but without success (RUSSELL and PREN-
DERGAST, Cal. i. 5-6). On 26 Oct. 1603 Sir
Robert Boyle, afterwards Earl of Cork, wrote
that ' none in Munster are in action saving
MacMorris, whose force is but seven horse
and twelve foot, and they have fed on garrans'
flesh these eight days. He is creeping out of
his den to implore mercy from the lord deputy
in that he saith he never offended the king '
(ib. p. 22). His application was more than
successful, for he obtained a regrant of all
the lands possessed by his father (king's
letter, 26 Oct. 1603 ; ib. p. 98 ; cf. Erck's
Cal. p. 101). His son and heir, however,
was taken away from him and brought up
with the Earl of Thomond as a protestant.
He sat in the parliament of 1615, when a
quarrel arose between him and Lords Slane
and Courcy over a question of precedency
(ib. v. 25), which was ultimately decided in
his favour (Cal. Carew MSS. v. 313, 320).
Between the father, a catholic and an ex-
rebel, and the son, a protestant and ' a gentle-
man of very good hope,' there was little sym-
pathy. The former had promised to assure
to the latter a competent jointure at his
marriage, but either from inability or un-
willingness refused to fulfil his promise. The
son complained, and the father was arrested
and clapped in the Fleet (RUSSELL and PREN-
DERGAST, Cal. v. 289, 361, 392). After a short
period of restraint he appears to have agreed to
fulfil his contract, and was allowed to ret urn
home. Again disdaining to acknowledge the
bond, and falling under suspicion of treason,
he was rearrested and conveved to London
(ib. pp. 530, 535, 547). This" time, we may
presume, surety for his good faith was taken,
for he was allowed to return to Ireland,
dying at Drogheda on 3 June 1630. He was
buried at Casnel, in the chapel and tomb of St.
Cormac. He married, first, Honora, daughter
of Conor, third earl of Thomond, by whom
he had Patrick, his heir, Gerald, and Joan ;

secondly, Gyles, daughter of Richard, lord
Power of Curraghmore, by whom he had five
sons and three daughters (LODGE (Archdall),
vol. ii.)

[Authorities as given in text.] R. D.

FITZNEALE or FITZNIGEL, RI-
CHARD, otherwise RICHARD OF ELY (d.
1198), bishop of London (1189-98), was the
son legitimate, if born before his father
was in holy orders of Nigel, bishop of Ely,
treasurer of the kingdom, the nephew of the
mighty Roger, bishop of Salisbury, chancellor
and justiciar of Henry I. He received his
education in the monastery of Ely, where he
acquired the reputation of a very quick-witted
and wise youth ' (Hist. Eliens. ; WHARTON,
Anglia Sacra, i. 627), and laid the foundations
of wide and accurate learning and literary
power. He belonged to a family which for
nearly a century and a half held a leading
place in the royal household and in the legal
and financial administration of the kingdom.
The year of his birth is not recorded, but he
must have been still young when in 1169 his
father, the bishop of Ely, purchased for him
for a hundred marks the treasurership which
he had long filled himself. The flourishing
condition of the treasury on Henry's death
proved the excellence of his administration,
more than a hundred thousand marks being
found in the royal coffers, in spite of Henry's
continued and costly wars. He had been ap-
pointed archdeacon of Ely by his father before
1169, became justice itinerant in 1179, and
held the prebendal stall of Cantlers in St.
Paul's Cathedral. In 1184 we find him dean
of Lincoln, and in 1186 the chapter elected
him bishop of that see, the election, however,
being annulled by Henry II, who had re-
solved that one of the holiest and wisest men
of his day, Hugh, prior of Witham, should
fill the office, and compelled Fitzneale and
his canons to elect the royal nominee (BENE-
DICT. ABBAS, i. 345). On the death of Gilbert
Foliot [q. v.], he was appointed to the see of
London shortly before the king's death in
1189. The canons of St. Paul's were sum-
moned to Normandy to elect the king's no-
minee, but political troubles and domestic
sorrows allowed Henry no time or thought
for ecclesiastical affairs. The election was
postponed from day to day, and was still pend-
ing on the king's death. Immediately after
his accession Richard I held a great council
at Pipewell on 5 Sept. 1189, the first act of
which was to fill the five sees then vacant,
confirming his father's nomination of Fitz-
neale to the see of London (MATT. PARIS,
ii. 351), to which he was consecrated in the
chapel at Lambeth by Archbishop Baldwin on

Fitzneale

187

Fitzneale

31 Dec., at the same time with Richard's chan-
cellor, William Longchamp, to the^see of Ely.
His episcopate was nearly commensurate with
the reign of Richard, and his career was on
the whole as peaceful as that of his sovereign
was warlike. The new king showed his value
for Fitzneale's services as treasurer by con-
tinuing him in his office, which he held un-
disturbed till his death. Baldwin, archbishop
of Canterbury, accompanying Richard to the
Holy Land the same year, the newly con-
4 secrated bishop of London was appointed to
act as his commissary during the primate's
absence {Annals ofDunstaple, iii. 25). In this
capacity a correspondence took place between
Baldwin and Fitzneale in 1190 relative to
the suspension of Hugh, bishop of Lichfield,
who had illegally assumed the shrievalty, and
his absolution on submission (MATT. PARIS,
ii. 358 ; DICETO, ii. 77, 78). In the bitter con-
flict between Longchamp and Prince John
Fitzneale took an influential part, chiefly as
a peacemaker, an office for which he was spe-
cially qualified, not only by his benignity
and the sweetness of his address, but by his
practical common sense and large experience.
At the personal meeting between John and
the chancellor, demanded by the latter to
settle the points in dispute, held at Win-
chester on 25 April 1191, Fitzneale was one
of the three episcopal arbitrators, and was
put in charge of the castle of Bristol, one of
the strongholds nominally surrendered by
John. He was present also at the second
assembly held at Winchester, and took part
in the new settlement then attempted (HovE-
DEX, iii. 135, 136 ; Ric. DEVIZES, pp. 26, 32,
33). When Geoffrey Plantagenet, the na-
tural son of Henry II, recently appointed
by Richard to the see of York, on his land-
ing at Dover on 14 Sept., had been violently
dragged from the altar of St. Martin's priory
by the men-at-arms of Richenda, the wife of
the constable of Dover Castle, Longchamp's
sister, and committed to prison, the protests
of Fitzneale against so impious an act were
only second in influence to those of the sainted
Hugh of Lincoln in obtaining the release
of the archbishop-elect, for which Fitzneale
pledged his bishopric to the chancellor. On
bis arriving in London he afforded him a re-
ception suitable to his dignity at St. Paul's,
and entertained him magnificently at his
palace (DICETO, ii. 97 ; MATT. PARIS, Chron.
Maj. ii. 372 ; Hist. Angl ii. 22).

When Longchamp was summoned by John
to give an account of his conduct before him
and the justiciars at Loddon Bridge, between
Reading and Windsor, on 5 Oct., Fitzneale
gave the chancellor security for his safety,
and on his non-appearance took a leading part

in the discussion of the complaints against
his administration, and joined in the solemn
excommunication in Reading parish church of
all concerned in Archbishop Geoffrey's seizure
and imprisonment (MATT. PARIS, Chron. Maj.
p. 380; DICETO, ii. 98). On 8 Oct. he took the
oath of fealty to King Richard in St. Paul's,
together with the bishops and barons, ' salvo
ordine suo.' He was present at the deposi-
tion of Longchamp from his secular authority
on 10 Oct. (HOVEDEN, iii. 145, 193). Perhaps
as a gracious act of courtesy, perhaps as
a measure of policy, we find him at this
period making a present to Prince John of
a wonderful hawk which had caught a pike
swimming in the water, and the fish itself
(MATT. PARIS, Chron. Maj. ii. 383 ; DICETO,
ii. 102). We find him also at the same time
giving the benediction to the Abbot of West-
minster at the high altar of St. Paul's (Di-
CETO, ii. 101), and in 1195 to John de Cella,
on his appointment as abbot of St. Albans
(MATT. PARIS, ii. 411), and, not forgetful of
the privileges of his order, posting down to
Canterbury in company with one of the jus-
ticiars to protect the rights of himself and
his brother bishops in the matter of the election
to the vacant primatial see. He summoned
the whole episcopal body to meet him in
London to decide the matter, and on the monks
of Canterbury anticipating their action by
the election of Fitzjocelin of Bath, he, in
the name of the bishops, despatched an appeal
to the pope (DICETO, ii. 103). In December

1192 he appears in controversy with his former
friend, Archbishop Geoffrey, who had ven-
tured to carry his cross erect in his portion of
the province of Canterbury. The archbishop
was visited with excommunication, and the
New Temple, in which he was lodged and
where the oft'ence took place, was suspended
from divine service (HOVEDEN, iii. 187). In

1193 he was one of the treasurers of Richard's
ransom (ib. p. 212), and the following year
joined in the sentence of excommunication
passed on John for open rebellion against his
royal brother in the infirmary chapel at
Westminster Abbey (ib. p. 237). He was
also present at Richard's coronation at Win-
chester on 17 April 1194, which succeeded
his return from his Austrian captivity (ib.
p. 247), and in 1197, when Richard endea-
voured to enforce the rendering of military
service for his continental wars on the Eng-
lish bishops, a demand thwarted by the bold
independence of Hugh of Lincoln, Fitzneale
followed Archbishop Hubert, by whom the
illegal measure was proposed, in declaring his
readiness as a loyal subject to take his share
of the burden (GERV. CANT. i. 549 ; Mag. Vit.
S. Hugonis, pp. 249, 250). Fitzneale died

Fitzneale

188

Fitzosbern

six months before, on 10 Sept. 1198. Few
prelates of his day are spoken of in more eulo-
gistic terms by the contemporary chroniclers,
and a review of the events of his life shows
that the eulogy was not undeserved. TheWin-
chester annalist describes him as ' vir vene-
randee et piissimse recordationis et plurimge
scientiae,' most benign and most merciful,
whose words distilled sweetness; 'vir ex-
actissimae liberalitatis et munificentise,' whose
bounty was so profuse that all others in
comparison with him appeared covetous, ad-
mitting all without distinction to his table,
except those who were repelled by their own
evil deeds (Annal Wmton.i.70). It is, how-
ever, on his literary ability that Fitzneale's
fame most deservedly rests. To him, ' the
first man of letters who occupied the episcopal
throne of London ' (MiLMAN, Annals of St.
PauVs}, we are almost certainly indebted for
the two most valuable authorities for the finan-
cial and political history of the kingdom. In
his preface to the work Madox has proved by
unanswerable arguments that the * Dialogus
de Scaccario,' termed by Bishop Stubbs ' that
famous and inestimable treatise,' on the prin-
ciples and administration of the English ex-
chequer, begun in 1176, but describing the
system of the year 1178, was written by
Fitzneale. Bishop Stubbs has also recently
brought convincing evidence that in the 'Acts
of King Henry and King Richard,' which
have long passed under the name of Benedict
(d. 1193) [q. v.], abbot of Peterborough, we
have really, though altered from its incon-
venient tripartite form, the chronicle of the
events of Fitzneale's own lifetime, begun in
the days of his youth, of which the writer of
the ' Dialogue ' declares himself the author,
which was designated ' Tricolumnus,' from
its original division into three columns, con-
taining respectively the affairs of the church,
the affairs of the state, and miscellaneous
matters and judgments of the courts of
law (STTJBBS, Introduction to BENEDICTTJS
ABBAS, i. Ivii-lx). Fitzneale, distinguished
among his contemporaries in the pursuits of
literature, employed his high position for its
advancement in others, exhibiting a large and
liberal patronage towards students and men
of letters. The celebrated Peter of Blois [see
PETER] was appointed by him to the archdea-
conry of London, and he assigned to the sup-
port of the school of his cathedral of St. Paul's
the tithes of the episcopal manors of Fulham
and Hornsey. Ralph de Diceto [q. v.], the dis-
tinguished chronicler, was dean of St. Paul's
during the whole of the episcopate, and there
can hardly fail to have been much sympathy
between two men of such congenial tastes
brought into such close official relations.

[Matt. Paris, Chron. Majora, vol. ii. ; Hist.
Angl. vol. ii. 11. cc. ; Hoveden, vol. iii. 11. cc. ;
Diceto, vol. ii. 11. cc. ; Richard of Devizes, 11. cc. ;
Annales Monastici, 11. cc.; Stubbs's Jntrod. to
Benedictus Abbas ; Wright's Historia Literaria,
ii. 286-90 ; Miss Norgate's England under the
Angevin Kings, ii. 279, 296-301, 305-10, 349,
439 ; Dugdate's St. Paul's, pp. 217, 258 ; Milman's
Annals of St. Paul's.] E. V.

FITZOSBERN, WILLIAM, EARL OP
HEREFORD (d. 1071), was the son and heir
of Osbern the seneschal, who was connected
with the ducal house of Normandy, and was
murdered while guardian to the future Con-
queror. His son became an intimate friend
of the duke, and was, after him, in Mr.
Freeman's words, f the prime agent in the
conquest of England.' On the accession of
Harold he was the first to urge the duke
to action, and at the council of Lillebonne
(1066) he took the lead in pressing the
scheme upon the Norman barons. He him-
self offered the duke a contribution of sixty
ships. At the battle of Hastings he is men-
tioned by Wace as fighting in the right wing
of the invading host. He received vast estates
in the conquered land, chiefly in the west,
and became Earl of Hereford. Florence of
Worcester (ii. 1) states that he had already
received the earldom when the Conqueror
left England in March 1067. His English
career may be dealt with under two heads :
first in his capacity as Earl of Hereford
(1067-71); secondly in his special character
as joint viceroy during William's absence
in 1067. In the first of these, his function
as earl was to defend the English border
against the South Welsh. For this purpose
his earldom was invested with a quasi-pa-
latine character, and was essentially of the
nature of a military settlement. William
of Malmesbury (Gesta jRegum, iii. 256) as-
serts that he attracted a large number of
warriors to his standard by liberal rewards,
and made a special ordinance reducing the
penalties to which they would be liable by
crime. During his brief tenure of the earl-
dom he was almost always engaged in border
warfare with the Welsh, and Meredith, son
of Owen, was among the princes of South
Wales whom he fought and overthrew. In
Heming's * Cartulary of Worcester ' are several
references to his doings, in which he usually
figures as a despoiler of the church. Several
of the knights who followed him to the west,
or joined him when established there, are
mentioned afterwards (1086) in ' Domesday.'

As viceroy in William's absence he played
an important part. To Bishop Odo was en-
trusted the guard of Kent and of the south
coast, while Earl William was left to guard

Fitzosbert

189

Fitzosbert

the northern and western borders, with Here-
ford and Norwich as his bases of operation.
He is accused by Ordericus and by the Eng-
lish chronicler of great severity, and especially
of building castles by forced labour, but in
the then precarious state of the Norman rule
a stern policy was doubtless necessary. There
were, however, outbursts of revolt, especially
in his own Herefordshire, where Eadric ' the
Wild ' successfully defied him. We do not
find that he lost favour in consequence of
this with the Conqueror, for in January 1069
he was entrusted with the new castle which
William built at York on the suppression of
the local revolt, and shortly after he success-
fully crushed an attempt to renew the insur-
rection. From a somewhat obscure passage
in Ordericus it would seem that he was des-
patched the following September to retake
Shrewsbury, which had been captured by
Eadric 'the Wild/ who retired before his
advance. The last deed assigned to him in
England is the searching of the monasteries
by William, at his advice, early in 1070, and
the confiscation of all the treasures of the
English found therein (FLOR. WIG.)

It was about Christmas 1070 that the earl
was sent by William to Normandy to assist
his queen in administering the duchy. But
at the same time Baldwin, count of Flan-
ders, died, leaving him one of the guardians
to his son Arnulf. The count's widow,
Richildis, attacked by her brother-in-law,
offered her hand to the earl if he would come
to her assistance. He did so, and was slain
at the battle of Cassel, where her forces were
defeated early in 1071. He was buried at
Cormeilles, one of the two monasteries which
he had founded in Normandy.

His estates, according to the practice of
the time, were divided between his two sons ;
William, the elder, succeeding to the Norman
fief, and Roger, the younger [see FITZWIL-
LIAM, ROGER], to the English one. Some
seventy years after his death Herefordshire
was granted to the Earl of Leicester as the
husband of his heir, to be held as fully and
freely as it hud been by himself (Duchy of
Lancaster, R^yal Charters}.

[Freeman's Hist, of the Norman Conquest
gives all that is known of William Fitzosbern's
life, together with the authorities, of which Or-
dericus Vitalis is the chief.] J. H. K.

FITZOSBERT, WILLIAM (d. 1196),
demagogue, is first mentioned as one of the
leaders of the London crusaders in 1190, who
fought the Moors in Portugal (HOVEDEN,
iii. 42 ; BENED. ii. 116). He was a member
of an eminent civic family, which was said
fco have been conspicuous for wearing the

beard ' as a mark of their hatred for the Nor-
mans ' (MATT. PARIS, ii. 418). William him-
self was known as ' Longbeard,' from the
excess to which he carried this distinction.
Of commanding stature and of great strength,
an effective popular speaker, and with some
knowledge of law (HOVEDEN, iv. 5), he threw
himself into the social struggles of his day
with an energy and a success of which the
measure is preserved in that spirit of bitter
partisanship in which the chroniclers narrate
his career. William of Newburgh, who, ac-
cording to Dr. Stubbs, ' treats him judicially,'
but who clearly takes the very worst view of
him, has devoted to him a long chapter (lib. v.
cap. 20), in which he traces William's con-
duct to his extravagance and lack of means,
which led him, when his elder brother, Ri-
chard, refused to supply him with money,
first to threaten him, and then to go to the
king, whom he knew personally, and accuse
him of treason. That he did bring this charge
(cf. R. DE DICETO, vol. ii.) is certain from the
' Rotuli Curise Regis ' (p. 69), which record
that (21 Nov. 1194) he accused his brother,
before the justices, of speaking treason against
the king and primate and denouncing their
exactions. Meanwhile he appears, on the
one hand, to have posed as zealous for the
interest of the king, who was defrauded, he
urged, by financial corruption, of the treasure
that should be his ; while, on the other, he
accused the city magnates, who had to ap-
portion the heavy ' aids ' laid upon London
for the king's ransom (1194), of saving their
own pockets at the expense of the poorer
payers. He made himself, on both these
grounds, hateful to the ruling class, but suc-
ceeded in obtaining a seat on the civic coun-
cil and pursued his advantage. He had clearly
found a genuine grievance in the system of
assessment, and ' fired,' says Hoveden, ' with
zeal for justice and equity, he made himself
the champion of the poor ' (iv. 5). Addressing
the people on every occasion, especially at
their folkmoot in St. Paul's churchyard, he
roused them by stinging invective against the
mayor and aldermen. An abstract of one of
his speeches, or rather sermons, is given by
William of Newburgh (ii. 469), who tells us
that ' he conceived sorrow and brought forth
iniquity/ The craftsmen and the populace
flocked to hear him, and he was said to have
had a following of more than fifty thousand
men. The primate, alarmed at the prospect,
sided with the magnates against him, but
William, crossing to France, appealed suc-
cessfully to the king (HOVEDEN, iv. 5 ; WILL.
NEWBURGH, ii. 468). The primate now de-
termined to crush him, took hostages from
his supporters for their good behaviour, and

Fitzpatrick

190

Fitzpatrick

then ordered his arrest. Guarded by his
followers, William defied him, and the panic-
stricken magnates were in hourly expecta-
tion of a general rising and of the sacking
of the city. Soon, however, surprised by a
party of armed men, the demagogue slew one
of his assailants and fled for refuge to Bow
Church, together with a few friends, and, his
enemies said, with his mistress. He trusted
that the sanctuary would shelter him till his
followers assembled ; but the primate, dread-
ing the delay, ordered him to be dragged out
by force. On his taking refuge in the church
tower, his assailants set fire to the fabric and
smoked him out. Badly wounded by a citi-
zen as he emerged, he was seized and fastened
to a horse's tail, and so dragged to the Tower.
Being there sentenced to death, he was dragged
in like manner through the city to the Elms
(at Smithfield) and there hanged in chains
(6 April 1196), < dying/ says Matthew Paris,
* a shameful death for upholding the cause of
truth and of the poor.' William of New-
burgh writes that he ' perished, according to
justice, as the instigator and contriver of
troubles.' His nine faithful friends were
hanged with him (R. DE DICETO, ii. 143;
GERVASE, i. 533, 534). It is admitted by
William of Newburgh that his followers be-
wailed him bitterly as a martyr. Miracles
were wrought with the chain that hanged
him. The gibbet was carried off as a relic,
and the very earth where it stood scooped
away. Crowds were attracted to the scene
of his death, and the primate had to station
on the spot an armed guard to disperse them.
Dr. Stubbs pronounces him ' a disreputable
man, who, having failed to obtain the king's
consent to a piece of private spite, made poli-
tical capital out of a real grievance of the
people' {Const. Hist. i. 508). This is pro-
bably the right 'view.

[William of Newburgh (Kolls Ser.) ; Bene-
dictus Abbas (ib.); Matthew Paris, Chronica
Major (ib.) ; Ralph de Diceto (ib.) ; Grerv r ase of
Canterbury (ib.) ; Palgrave's Eotuli Curise (Re-
cord Commission) ; Stubbs's Roger de Hoveden
(Rolls Ser.), and Const. Hist. vol. i.] J. H. R.

FITZPATRICK, SIR BARNAB Y, LORD
OF UPPER OSSORY (1535 P-1581), son and
heir of Brian Fitzpatrick or MacGillapatrick,
first lord of Upper Ossory, was born probably
about 1535. Sent at an early age into Eng-
land as a pledge of his father's loyalty, he was
educated at court, where he became a fa-
vourite schoolfellow and companion of Prince
Edward, whose ' proxy for correction ' we are
informed he was (FULLER, Church Hist. bk.
vii. par. 47). On 15 Aug. 1551 he and Sir
Robert Dudley were sworn two of the six

gentlemen of the king's privy chamber {Ed-
ward VFs Diary}. Edward VI, who con-
tinued to take a kindly interest in him, sent
him the same year into France in order to
perfect his education, sagely advising him to
' behave himself honestly, more following the
company of gentlemen, than pressing into the
company of the ladies there.' Introduced by
the lord admiral, Lord Clinton, to Henry II,
he was by him appointed a gentleman of his
chamber, in which position he had favourable
opportunities for observing the course of
French politics. On his departure on 9 Dec.
1552 he was warmly commended for his con-
duct by Henry himself and the constable
Montmorency (Cal. State Papers, For. vol. i.)
During his residence in France Edward VI
continued to correspond regularly with him,
and so much of the correspondence as has
survived has been printed in the ' Literary Re-
mains of Edward VI,' published by the Rox-
burghe Club, i. 63-92. (Some of these letters
had previously been printed by Fuller in his
' Worthies,' Middlesex, and his ' Church His-
tory of Britain ; ' by Horace Walpole in 1772,
reprinted in the ' Dublin University Magazine/
xliv. 535, and by Halliwell in his ' Letters of
the Kings of England/ vol. ii., and in ' Gent.
Mag.' Ixii. 704.) On his return he took an
active part in the suppression of Sir Thomas
Wyatt's rebellion (1553). The same year it
appears from the ' Chronicle of Queen Jane '
that 'the Erie of Ormonde, Sir [blank] Cour-
teney Knight, and Mr. Barnaby fell out in
the night with a certayn priest in the streate,
whose parte a gentyllman comyng by by
chance took, and so they fell by the eares ;
so that Barnabye was hurte. The morrowe
they were ledd by the ii shery ves to the coun-
ter in the Pultry, where they remained [blank]
daies ' (ed. Camd. Soc. p. 33). Shortly after-
wards he went into Ireland with the Earl of
Kildare and Brian O'Conor Faly (Annals of
Four Masters ; Ham. Cal. i. 133). It is stated
both by Collins and Lodge that he was in 1558
present at the siege of Leith, and that he was
there knighted by the Duke of Norfolk ; but
for this there appears to be no authority.
He sat in the parliament of 1559. In 1566
he was knighted by Sir H. Sidney, who seems
to have held him in high estimation (Cal.
Carew MSS. ii. 148) . His proceedings against
Edmund Butler for complicity with James
Fitzmaurice were deeply resented by the Earl
of Ormonde, and led to a lifelong feud be-
tween them (Ham. Cal. i. 457, 466). In 1573
he was the victim of a cruel outrage, owing
to the abduction of his wife and daughter by
the Graces (ib. i. 502, 510, 525 ; Carew, i. 438 ;
BAGWELL, Ireland, ii. 254). In 1574 the Earl
of Ormonde made fresh allegations against

Fitzpatrick

191

Fitzpatrick

his loyalty, and he was summoned to Dublin
to answer before the council, where he suc-
cessfully acquitted himself {Ham. Cal. ii. 23,
24, 31, 33 ; Carew, i. 472). In 1576 he suc-
ceeded his father, who had long been impotent,
as Baron of Upper Ossory, and two years after-
wards had the satisfaction of killing the great
rebel Rory Qge O'More (COLLINS, Sydney Let-
ters, i.%o\ Somers Tracts,].. 603). Owing
to a series of charges preferred against him
by Ormonde, who declared that there was ' not
a naughtier or more dangerous man in Ire-
land than the baron of Upper Ossory ' (Ham.
Cal. ii. 237 ; cf. ib. pp. 224, 246, 250), he and
Lady Fitzpatrick were on 14 Jan. 1581 com-
mitted to Dublin Castle (ib. p. 280). There
was, however, ' nothing to touch him,' he being
in Sir H. Wallop's opinion ' as sound a man
to her majesty as any of his nation' (ib.p. 300).
He, however, seems to have been suddenly
taken ill, and on 11 Sept. 1581 he died in the
house of William Kelly, surgeon, Dublin, at
two o'clock in the afternoon (LODGE (Arch-
dall), vol. ii. ; A. F. M. v. 1753). He was, said
Sir H. Sidney, ' the most sufficient man in
counsel and action for the war that ever I
found of that country birth ; great pity it was
of his death' {Carew, ii. 344). He married
in 1560 Joan, daughter of Sir Rowland Eus-
tace, viscount Baltinglas, by whom he had an
only daughter, Margaret, first wife of James,
lord Dunboyne. His estates passed to his
brother Florence Fitzpatrick (LODGE, Arch-
dall).

[Authorities as in the text.] E. D.

FITZPATRICK, RICHARD, LOKD

GOWRAN (d. 1727), second son of John Fitz-
patrick of Castletown, Queen's County, by
Elizabeth, fourth daughter of Thomas, vis-
count Thurles, and relict of James Purcell,
baron of Loughmore, entered the royal navy
and was appointed on 14 May 1687 com-
mander of the Richmond. On 24 May 1688
he was made captain of the Assurance, from
which in 1689 he was transferred to the Lark,
in which he cruised against the French in
the German Ocean. Having distinguished
himself on that station, he was advanced
on 11 Jan. 1690 to the command of the
St. Alban's, a fourth-rate, with which on
18 July he captured off Rame Head a French
frigate of 36 guns, after a fight of four hours,
in which the enemy lost forty men killed and
wounded, the casualties on board the St.
Alban's being only four; and the French
ship was so shattered that she had to be
towed into Plymouth. In February 1690-1
he drove on shore two French frigates and
helped to cut out fourteen merchantmen from
a convoy of twenty-two. In command of the

Burford (70 guns) he served under Lord Ber-
keley in 1696, and in July was detached to
make a descent on the Groix, an island near
Belle Isle, off the west coast of Brittany, from
which he brought off thirteen hundred head of
cattle, with horses, boats, and small vessels.
He was promoted to the command of the
Ranelagh (80 guns) on the outbreak of the
war of the Spanish succession, and took part
in Ormonde's mismanaged expedition against
Cadiz (1702), and in the successful attack on
Vigo which followed ; but soon after retired
from the service. In 1696 he had received a
grant of the town and lands of Grantstown
and other lands in Queen's County, and on
27 April 1715 he was raised to the Irish peer-
age as Baron Gowran of Gowran, Kilkenny.
He took his seat on 12 Nov., and on 14 Nov.
helped to prepare an address to the king con-
gratulating him upon his accession. He died
on 9 June 1727. Fitzpatrick married in 1718
Anne, younger daughter of Sir John Robin-
son of Farmingwood, Northamptonshire, by
whom he had two sons : John, who succeeded
him in the title and estates, and Richard.
The former, promoted to the Irish earldom
of Upper Ossory on 5 Oct. 1751, was father
of Richard Fitzpatrick (noticed below).

[Charnock's Biog. Navalis, ii. 134-8 ; Bur-
chell's Naval History, pp. 545, 547 ; Luttrell's
Relation of State Affairs, ii. 80, 435 ; Hist. Reg.
Chron. Diary (1727), p. 23 ; Lodge's Peerage of
Ireland (Archdall), ii. 347-] J. M. E.

FITZPATRICK, RICHARD (1747-

1813), general, politician, and wit, was second
son of John, first earl of Upper Ossory in the
peerage of Ireland and M.P. for Bedfordshire,
by Lady Evelyn Leveson Gower, daughter of
the second Earl Gower, and was grandson of
Richard Fitzpatrick, lord Gowran [q. v.] He
was born in January 1747, and was educated
at Westminster School, where he became the
intimate friend of Charles James Fox. They
were afterwards connected by the marriage
of Stephen Fox, the elder brother of Charles
James, to Lady Mary Fitzpatrick, the sister of
his friend. This schoolboy friendship lasted
until the death of Fox in 1806, and Fitzpatrick
is chiefly remembered as Fox's companion. On
10 July 1765 Fitzpatrick entered the army as
an ensign in the 1st, afterwards the Grenadier,
guards, and on 13 Sept. 1772 he was gazetted
lieutenant and captain, but he had no oppor-
tunity of going on service, and devoted him-
self to the pleasures of London life. He lived
in the same lodgings with Fox in Piccadilly,
and shared his love for gambling and betting,
classical scholarship and brilliant conversa-
tion. The two friends were recognised as the
leaders of the young men of fashion about

Fitzpatrick

192

Fitzpeter

town, and both were devoted to amateur thea-
tricals, in which Fitzpatrick was voted to be
superior to Fox in genteel comedy, though
his inferior in tragedy. Both indulged in
vers de societe, and Fitzpatrick published
' The Bath Picture, or a Slight Sketch of its
Beauties,' in 1772, and 'Dorinda, a Town
Eclogue,' which was printed at Horace Wai-
pole's press at Strawberry Hill in 1775.
When Fox entered the House of Commons
he expressed the keenest desire that his friend
should join him there, and in 1774 Fitzpa-
trick was elected M.P. for Tavistock, a seat
which he held, thanks to the friendship of
the Duke of Bedford, for thirty-three years.
Fitzpatrick had none of Fox's debating power,
but his political influence was very great on
account of his confidential relations with
Fox, who generally followed his advice.
Fitzpatrick was strongly opposed to the Ame-
rican war, but when he was ordered with a
relief belonging to his battalion to the scene
of action, he at once obeyed and refused to
throw up his commission. He arrived in
America in March 1777, and served with
credit in the guards in the action at West-
iield, the battle of Brandy wine, the capture
of Philadelphia, and the battle of German-
town, and he returned to England in May
1778 on receiving the news that he had been
promoted captain and lieutenant-colonel on
23 Jan. in that year. In 1782 he first took
office, when Lord Rockingham formed his
second administration, and in that year he
accompanied the Duke of Portland, when he
went to Ireland as lord-lieutenant, as chief
secretary. He was promoted colonel 20 Nov.
1782, and in April 1783 he entered the coa-
lition ministry of Fox and Lord North as
secretary at war. Fitzpatrick shared the
subsequent exclusion of the whigs from power,
and he warmly supported the policy of Fox
^nd Sheridan during the excitement caused
by the French revolution. During this period
Fitzpatrick was better known as a man of
^fashion and gallantry, and as a wit, than as
a statesman or a soldier ; he was one of the
principal authors of the ' Rolliad ; ' he was
a constant attendant in the green-rooms of
the theatres and at Newmarket, and he was
so noted for his fine manners and polite ad-
dress that the Duke of Queensberry left him
a considerable legacy on this account alone.
On 12 Oct. 1793 he was promoted major-
general, and in 1796 he made his most famous
speech in the House of Commons, protesting
against the imprisonment of Lafayette and
his companions by the Austrians. In answer
to this speech Henry Dundas remarked that
* the honourable general's two friends [Fox
,nd Sheridan] had only impaired the impres-

sion made by his speech.' On 1 Jan. 1798
Fitzpatrick was promoted lieutenant-general,
and on 25 Sept. 1803 general, and in 1804
Pitt made him lieutenant-general of the ord-
nance. When the ministry of All the
Talents came into power in 1806, Fox ap-
pointed Fitzpatrick once more secretary at
war. On 20 April 1806 he was made colonel
of the llth regiment, from which he was
transferred to the colonelcy of the 47th
on 25 Feb. 1807. The death of Fox pro-
foundly affected Fitzpatrick, and the great
orator left him in his will a small personal
memento 'as one of his earliest friends, whom
he loved excessively.' In 1807 Fitzpatrick
was elected M.P. for Bedfordshire, and in
1812 once more for Tavistock, but his health
was seriously undermined, and he was little
better than a wreck during the latter years
of his life. He died in South Street, May-
fair, on 25 April 1813, leaving behind him
one of the best known names in the history
of the social life of the last half of the eigh-
teenth century, and the proud title of being
the most intimate friend of Charles James
Fox.

[Army Lists ; Military Panorama, Life, with
portrait, September 1813; H Gent. Mag. May 1813,
and supplement; Hamilton's History of the
Grenadier Guards ; Sir G. 0. Trevelyan's Early
Life of Fox ; Lord John Russell's Memorials of
Fox ; Horace Walpole's Letters.] H. M. S.

FITZPETER, GEOFFREY, EAEL OP
ESSEX (d. 1213), younger brother of Simon
Fitzpeter, sheriff of Northamptonshire, Buck-
inghamshire, and Bedfordshire in the reign of
Henry II, marshal in 1165, and justice-itine-
rant in Bedfordshire in 1163 (NORGATE, Ange-
vin Kings, ii. 355, n. 2), married Beatrice,
daughter and coheiress of William de Say,
eldest son of William de Say, third baron,
who married Beatrice, sister of Geoffrey de
Mandeville, earl of Essex. In 1184 Geoffrey
shared the inheritance of his father-in-law
with William de Bocland, the husband of his
wife's sister (D UGD ALE) . D uring the last five
years of Henry's reign he was sheriff of North-
amptonshire, and acted occasionally as a jus-
tice of assize and judge of the forest-court
(ETTON, Itinerary of Henry II; NORGATE).
He took the cross, but in 1189 paid a fine to
Richard I for not going on the crusade (Ri-
CHARD OP DEVIZES, p. 8). On the departure of
the king he was left one of the five judges of
the king's court, and baron of the exchequer,
and was therefore one of the counsellors of
Hugh, bishop of Durham, the chief justiciar*
(HOVEDEN, iii. 16, 28). On the death of
William de Mandeville, earl of Essex, in this
year, his inheritance was claimed by Geoffrey
in right of his wife as daughter of the elder

Fitzpeter

193

Fitzpeter

son of Beatrice de Say, aunt and heiress of
the earl ; her claim was disputed by her uncle
Geoffrey, who was declared heir by his mother.
William Longchamp,the chancellor, adjudged
the inheritance to Geoffrey de Say, on con-
dition that he paid seven thousand marks,
and gave him seisin. As he made default,
the chancellor transferred the inheritance to
Geoffrey Fitzpeter for three thousand marks
(ib. Preface, xlviii, n. 6 ; Monasticon, iv. 145 ;
Pipe Roll, 2 Ric. 1). The patronage of the
priory of Walden in Essex formed part of
the Mandeville inheritance ; but, while the
succession was disputed, the monks on 1 Aug.
1190 prevailed on Richard, bishop of London,
to change their house into an abbey. When
Geoffrey went to Walden he declared that
the abbot and monks had defrauded him of
his rights by thus renouncing his patronage ;
he seized their lands, and otherwise aggrieved
them. They appealed to the Bishop of London,
who excommunicated those who disturbed
them, and William Longchamp also took their
part, and caused some of their rights to be re-
stored. This greatly angered Geoffrey, who
set at naught Longchainp's authority, and con-
tinued to aggrieve the monks. Nor did he pay
any attention to a papal mandate which they
procured on their behalf. About this time his
wife Beatrice died in childbed, and was buried
in the priory of Chicksand in Bedfordshire,
which also formed part of the Mandeville in-
heritance. Towards the end of his reign Ri-
chard exhorted Geoffrey to satisfy the monks,
but he delayed to do so, and the dispute went
on until in the reign of John he restored part
of the lands which he had taken away, and the
matter was arranged (Monasticon, iv. 145-8).
Meanwhile, in February 1191, Richard, who
had heard many complaints against Long-
champ, wrote from Messina to Geoffrey and
the other justices bidding them control him if
they found it necessary, and informing them
that he was sending over Walter, archbishop
of Rouen, to guide their actions (DiCETO,
ii. 90, 91). Geoffrey took part in the league
against the chancellor, served as one of the
coadjutors of Archbishop Walter, the new
chief justiciar (GiRALDtrsCAMBRENSis, iv.400 ;
BENEDICTUS, ii. 213), and was one of the per-
sons excommunicated for the injuries done to
Longchamp. Wh en Hubert Walter resigned
the chief justiciarship, Richard, on 11 July
1198, appointed Geoffrey as his successor
(Fcedera, i. 71). The new justiciar gathered
a large force, marched to the relief of the men
of William of Braose, who were besieged by
Gwenwynwyn, son of the prince of Powys,
in Maud's Castle, and inflicted a severe defeat
on the Welsh (HOVEDEN, iv. 53). Richard
was in constant need of money, and Geoffrey,

VOL. XIX.

as his minister, carried out the oppressive
measures by which his wants were supplied.
The religious houses refused to pay the caru-
cage, and their compliance was enforced by
the outlawry of the whole body of the clergy.
A decree was issued that all grants were to
be confirmed by the new seal, and the people
were oppressed by the over-sharp administra-
tion of justice, and by a visitation of the forests
(ib. pp. 62-6). When Richard died, Geoffrey
took a prominent part in securing the succes-
sion of John at the council of Northampton.
At the king's coronation feast he was girded
with the sword of the earldom of Essex,
though he had been called earl before, and
had exercised certain administrative rights
which Roger of Hoveden speaks of as pertain-
ing to the earldom (ib. p. 90) ; the chronicler
seems to confuse the office of sheriff and the
title of earl. He was sheriff of several coun-
ties, and among other marks of the king's
favour received grants of Berkhamsted and
Queenhythe. He was confirmed in his office,
and evidently lived on terms of some fami-
liarity with the king (Foss). John is said
to have made him the agent of his extortion,
and he was reckoned among the king's evil
counsellors ; he served his master faithfully,
and the work he did for him earned him the
hatred of the oppressed people. At the same
time John disliked him, for the earl was a
lawyer, brought up in the school of Glanville,
and though no doubt ready enough to gain
wealth for himself or his master by any means
within the law, can scarcely have been will-
ing to act in defiance of it. He was one of
the witnesses of John's charter of submission
to the pope on 15 May 1213, and when the
king set sail on his intended expedition to
Poitou, was left as his vicegerent in con-
j unction with the Bishop of Winchester. He
was present at the assembly held at St. Albans
on 4 Aug., and promised on the king's behalf
that the laws of Henry I should be observed.
He died on 2 Oct. When the king heard of
his death he rejoiced, and said with a laugh,
' When he enters hell let him salute Hubert,
archbishop of Canterbury, whom no doubt he
will find there;' adding that now for the
first time he was king and lord of England.
Nevertheless the death of his minister left
him without any hold on the baronage, and
was an important step towards his ruin
(STTJBBS). By his first wife Geoffrey left
three sons, Geoffrey and William, who both
succeeded to his earldom, and died without
issue, and Henry, a churchman, and a daugh-
ter, Maud, who married Henry Bohun, earl
of Hereford ; and by a second wife, Aveline,
a son named John, who inherited his father's
manor of Berkhamsted. Geoffrey founded

o

Fitzralph

194

Fitzralph

Shouldham Priory in Norfolk (Monasticon,
vi. 974), and a hospital at Sutton de la Hone
in Kent (ib. p. 669), and was a benefactor to
the hospital of St. Thomas of Acre in London
(ib. p. 647).

[Roger of Hoveden, pref. to vol. iii., and 16,
28, 153, iv. 48, 53, 62-6; Benedictus, ii. 158,
213, 223 ; Ralph of Diceto, ii. 90 ; Matt. Paris, ii.
453, 483, 553, 559 ; Walter of Coventry, ii. pref.
(all Rolls Ser.) ; Roger of Wendover, ii. 137, 262
(Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 702,
and Monasticon, iv. 145-8; Foss's Judges of Eng-
land, ii. 62 ; Norgate's Angevin Kings, ii. 355,
393 ; Stubbs's Const. Hist. ii. 527.] W. H.

FITZRALPH, RICHARD, in Latin Ri-
cardus films Radulphi, often referred to simply
as 'Armachanus' or 'Ardmachanus' (d. 1360),
archbishop of Armagh, was born probably in
the last years of the thirteenth century at
Dundalk in the county of Louth. The place
is expressly stated by the author of the St.
Albans ' Chronicon Anglise' (p. 48, ed. E. M.
Thompson) and in the ' Annales Hibernise '
(an. 1337, 1360, in Chartularies of St. Mary's
Abbey, Dublin, ii. 381, 393, ed. J. T. Gilbert,
1884). Fitzralph has been claimed by Prince
( Worthies of Devon, p. 294 et seq., Exeter,
1701) for a Devon man, solely on the
grounds of his consecration at Exeter, and
of the existence of a family of Fitzralphs in
the county.

Fitzralph was educated at Oxford, where
he is said to have been a disciple of John
Baconthorpe [q. v.], and where he devoted
himself with zeal and success to the scholas-
tic studies of the day, which he afterwards
came to regard as the cause of much profit-
less waste of time (Summa in Qucestionibus
Armenorum, xix. 35, f. 161 a. col. 1). He
became a fellow of Balliol College, and it
was as an ex-fellow that he subscribed in
1325 his assent to a settlement of a dispute
in the college as to whether members of the
foundation were at liberty to follow studies
in divinity. The decision was that they were
not permitted to proceed beyond the study
of the liberal arts (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th
Rep. p. 443).

It has been commonly stated that Fitz-
ralph was at one time a fellow or scholar
of University College ; but the assertion is
part of the well-known legend about that
college fabricated in 1379, when the society,
desirous of ending a wearisome lawsuit, en-
deavoured to remove it to the hearing of the
king's council. For this purpose they ad-
dressed a petition to the king, setting forth
that the college was founded by his progeni-
tor, King Alfred, and thus lay under the
king's special protection. They further added,
to show the services which the college had

performed in the interest of religious educa-
tion, ' que les nobles Seintz Joan de Beverle,
Bede, Richard Armecan, et autres pluseurs
famouses doctours et clercs estoient jadys
escolars en meisme votre college ' (printed
by Jam