NEW YORK ^AW/CAL GARDEN
THE
ENGLISH FLORA
SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH.
CLASS XXIV. CRYPTO GAM I A,
WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, LL.D. F.R.A. & L.S.
MEMBER OF THE ACADEMIES Ol"
LUND, MOSCOW, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, BOSTON, ETC.,
OF THE IMPERIAL ACAD. NATURu*: CURIOSORUM,
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ArADE:\IY,
AND
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW,
VOL. V.
(OR VOL. II. OF DR. HOOKER'S BRITISH FLORA.)
PART n.
C O M P R I S fN G THE
FUNGI;
REV. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S., Sec, See.
LONDON:
LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN & LONGMAN. MDCCCXXXVI.
rA,3^
Glasgow :— K Khuix, Printer to ihe University.
CRYPTOGAMIA FUNGI,
SuBORD. I. Hymenomycetes. Hymenium naked.
Tribe I. Pileati.^ Receptacle dilated more or less in a hori- zontal direction^ sometimes branched, tending to an orbicular form. Hymenium inferior. Asci fixed,
1. Agaricus."2 Linn. Agaric.
Hymenium consisting of plates radiating from a common centre, with shorter ones in the interstices, composed of a double closely connected membrane, more or less distinct from the pileus. Veil various or absent. — Named from Agaria, a region of Sarmatia.
Series I. Leucosporus ; (XivKog, white, and dTro^og, seed.) Spo- rules whiie.^
Subgenus 1. Amanita; (a name given to some esculent Fungus by Galen.) Veil double: one universal, covering the whole plant in a young state, distinct from the epidermis, at length burst by the protrusion of the pileus, part remaining at the base of the stem, part either falling off or forming ivarts on the pileus ; the other partial, at first covering the gills and afterwards forming a reflected sub-persislent ring on the top of tJie stipes. Stem stuffed, at length hollow, squamoso-fibrillose, thickened at the base. Pileus with the disk fleshy, the rnargin thin, campanulate, then plane; viscid when saturated with moisture. Gills attenuated behind, free, broader in front, vcntricose, close, but litde unequal, when full grown denticulated. — Sub-solitary Fungi, growing on the ground or dung, never on ivood ; not soon decaying.
* Volva loose, mnrgin of the pileus even, poisonous. 1. A. phaUoidcs, Fr, {Vhalhis-like Agaric); pileus more or less scaly, margin not striate, stem hollow above, volva bulbous.
Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \.p. 13 Fungus phalloides, VaiJl. Bot. Par.
;;. 74. t. 14./ 5 A. bulbosus. Bull. t. ± bll . With. cd. 7. v. 4.
' 'J'Ih* pi/eiis is somcliiiu's rcsnpiuuto, the /ii/mn)itimhi']iiii uppiM'inost ; as, for instance, in some sjtccit's of A(/(iritiis, Pnh/ponts, 'riitlijtlinru, Sc. Hut in sui-h cases tlu're is a ^n-attT nr h-ss t»Mul«'ni-y to brconu* ivllt'itcii, so tliat tln' fiymeniitin niav f^ain its normal inferior position.
» IJy the Ki'v. M. J. litrkrh,,.
^ In A. ftliitacens,lutcus, niddn.t, fuliirinosus, the sp«iriih's ;.re pah- yellow or huff.
2 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
7>.l99 ; (ivrong synonyms). — A. vernalis, Bolt. t. 48. — A. musca- riiis, Sow. t. 2S6.Jiy. sin. — var. 3. Purt. v. 3. p. 201. — A. verru- cosus, Curt. FL Lo7id. t. 3\2.Jig. dext.
Woods and borders of woods. Aug. — Nov. Not uncommon. — Pileus 2 — 3 inches broad, fleshy, at first subbemispherical, then expanded or even slightly depressed, sometimes slightly umbonate, irregularly scaly from the fragments of the volva adhering to the shining surface which is slimy when moist ; the margin quite even and free from striae ; white, straw-coloured, olive-green with brown markings, &c. Gills numerous, unequal, ventricose, broader in front, pure white, subadnexed, sometimes quite free ; when young covered with a membrane which in the course of expansion either falls off or forms a deflexed ring. Stem 3 — 4 inches high, half an inch thick, fibrillose with a few adpressed scales arising from the partial ring which was at first in contact with it, attenuated upwards, bulbous below and there furnished with a variously lobed volva which is adnate with the base of the stipes, but has the margin free and more or less expanded, in general hollow at the apex or for some distance down, though occasionally the inner substance is only a little more spongy than the outer, varying much in size and colour and degree of scaliness, and according to Fries in the manner of adher- ence of the volva. When fresh it has a powerful but not disagreeable smell ; when past maturity, its odour becomes almost insupportable. Accounted highly poisonous, especially the yellow variety. — Small specimens of the white variety are with great difficulty distinguished from A. vernus. Though it has a strong fungus-like smell, it has not when fresh the foetid odour, which is the distinguishing mark of that species. Fries in his Elenchus adds another distinctive character, namely, that A.phalloides has the pileus at first convex, then plane ; whereas, in A. vermis the pileus is at first conico-campanulate, then expanded. This is not however expressed in BuUiard's figure, and I have seen the pileus o^ A. phalloides ovate 'when young. I have never met with specimens which agree with A. vernus. In all, however variable in size and colour, and the degree of hollowness of the stem, the gills are broadest in front, whereas Fries describes and Bulliard figures the gills as lanceolate. Bolton's figure certainly belongs to A. phalloides, though it is probable from his remarks that he had met with the true A. vernus. — In the new edition of Withering, Sowerby's A. bulhosus is quoted under this species, with which it has nothing in common except the name. This is by no means the only instance of such a loose manner of compilation.
** Volva loose, margin of the pileus striate. Escident.^
2. A. vagindtus, Bull, {sheathed Agaric); margin of the pileus silicate, gills white, stenx fistulose with cottony pith, attenuated upwards almost smooth, volva like a sheath. BidL ^.512. 98. Tratt. Fung. Aust. t. 13. 7i. 23. Fr. S?/si. Myc. v. 1. p. 14. — A. pulvinatus, Bolt. t. 49. With. ed. 7. v. 4. p. 205.^.— A. trilobus, Bolt. t. 38./. 2. — A. plumbeus, With. I. c. p. 220.— A. hadius^ With. I. c. p. 208. — A. muscarius, var. 6. Purt. v. 3. p. 203.
' To this division belong A. ovoides and A. CcEsareit», whieh appear to be the best of all the esculent Agarics.
Agaricus.] fungi. 3
Woods and pastures. Aug.— Oct. Not uncommon.— Pileus 4 inches or more broad, plane, slightly depressed in the centre, scarcely umbonate, fleshy, except at the extreme margin which in consequence is elegantly grooved ; viscid when moist, beautifully shining when dry ; at first there are a few broad scales, the remains of the volva, but these soon vanish ; the Epidermis easily peels off. Gills free, ventricose, broadest in front, often imbricated, white. Sporules wlute, round. Stem 6 inches -or more high, i — 1 inch thick, attenuated upwards, obtuse at the base, where it is furnished with a volva which is adnate for about an inch and then, in general, closely surrounding it like a sheath, but sometimes the margin is expanded, marked within at the base with the grooves of the pileus ; brittle, sericeo-squamulose, scarcely fibriilose, but splitting with ease longitudinally, hollow, or rather stuffed with fine cottony fibres, the very base solid, not acrid, insipid ; smell scarcely any. Eaten in Russia, but according to some accounts, poisonous. — The volva is easily overlooked if care be not taken to dig up the very base of the stem, as it is apt to be entangled in the grass. Its peculiar character is evidently owing to the elongated form of the young pileus. This state is admir- ably figured by Bulliard who established the species. But, occasionally, forms occur in which the volva is more like that in some of Schoeffer's figures. It occurs of various colours ; the more general one is a mouse- grey. Bolton figures a tawny variety agreeing with A.fulvus, Schceff. t. 95. Others are figured by Schoeffer of abluish and bay hue. Batsch has a white and Haller a green variety. — I once found in a grassy riding in Shorne Wood Kent, Aug. 6, 1832, a species apparently distinct, but as I have never met with it since, and had no opportunity of making a drawing, I do not venture to propose it as such. Pileus nearly 4 inches broad, "slightly fleshy, the margin grooved, without scales, of a gre}-- umber. Gills broad (\ an inch or more) obtuse at each end and ventri- cose, at first white, yellow in decay, subdeliquescent and foetid. Stem 3 inches long, ^ an inch thick, stuffed, but by no means cottony within, scaly, the' scales pointing downwards, equal except at the base, which is thickened and furnished with a thick ample volva rugulose without, smooth within. Bolton's description of his A. pulvinatus, especially as regards the inside of the stem, agrees better with this than with the common state of the species.
3. A. nivalis, Grev. (alpine Agaric) ; pileus smooth, the margin sulcate, gills somewhut distant, stem stuffed, volva loose. Grev. Scot. Crypt. Fl. t. 18.
Highland pastures and the summits of mountains. Scottish Alps. Aug. Not uncommon. — " White. Pilciis 2 — 3 inches broad, ovate in the volva, then convex, at length plane and subumbonate, the centre subochraceous; at first warty then quite smooth. Flcsli white, very thin on the margin. Gills subdistant, broad in front, narrow behind, entire. Stem 3 — 5 inches high, 3 — 4 lines thick, naked, stuttbd with spongy fibres, bulbous at the base, with a constriction where the volva becomes free. Vulva loose, persistent." Grev. l. c. — Very near to A. vaginalus, the only marks of distinction being the greater distance of the gills and the greater compactness of the stem. In the last character it agrees with the plant found at Shorne, mentioned above. Nothing is known of its (jualities. Fries in his Iml. Alph. p. 3?, considers it the same as A. vaginatus.
4 FUNGI. [Agarims.
*** Volva obliterated ; margin of the pileus striate. Poisonous.
4. A. muscdrius, L. (^Fly Agaric); margin of the pileus striate, gills white,- stem subsolid bulbous, volva scaly. Limi. Fl. Suec. 1235. Sow. t. 286. Jig. dext. var. 4. With. ed. 7. v. 4. p. 1 73. Purt. V. 2. p. 630. and var. 4. v. 3. jo. 202. Fr. Sj/st. Myc. V. }.p. 16. Klotzsch, Fung, Germ. exs. no. 1. — Amanita muscaria, Grev. Sect. Crypt. FL t. 34. Grev. Fl. ed. p. 369.
Woods, especially of fir and birch. Aug. — Nov. Abundant in the Highlands : less common in the south of England. — Pileus 3 — 7 inches broad, convex, at length sometimes depressed, rich orange scarlet, but occasionally whitish, yellowish or brown, beset with conical, superficial, angnlar warts, viscid when moist ; margin thin, striate; ^esh partaking of the colour of the pileus to some depth. Gills white, broad, ventri- cose, free or slightly adnexed. Sporules white, round. Stem 4 — 9 inches high, i — I inch thick, stuffed, at length sometimes hollow, brittle, bulbous ; bulb sending down fibres into the soil, covered with close conical scales, the remains of the volva ; above the bulb the sur- face is broken into scales, beneath these fibrilloso-tomentose, the apex minutely tomentose. Ring deflexed. — Highly narcotic, producing in small doses intoxication and delirium, for which purpose it is used in Kamschatka, and in larger, death. For a detailed account of its poison- ous effects, see Roques Hist.'des Champ, p. 123, and, for some curious particulars, a paper by Dr. Greville in the 4th vol. of the Wcrncriaji Transactions, of which an extract is given by Lindley, Int. to Nat. Syst. of Boi. p. 337.
5. A. 3IaricE,K\otz&ch,(^Miss Hooker s Agaric) ; "pileus brown- ish rough with floccose scales convex subumbonate at lengtli plane, the margin even naked, gills not juicy crowded free white, stem nearly equal somewhat hollow and mem- branaceous in the middle somewhat bulbous at the base, ring loose, veil minutely scaly." Klotzsch in LinncBa, v. 7. p. 197.
On sandy soil in one of the Conservatories of the Botanic Garden, Glasgow. Aug. 1830. Foundhy Miss Maria Hooker. — "Substa7ice^eshy, tough, elastic, white. Pileus 2 — 3 inches broad, with dark-coloured scales. Stevi tawny, pruinose, 2 — 3 inches long, 4 lines to | an inch thick : Ring white." — Intermediate between A. imiscarius and A. rubescens. It seems to be a very beautiful species, having when dry somewhat the appearance of a large variety of A. cltjpeolarius, the scales not being merely superficial but intimately connected with the true epidermis. (In Fries' Ind. Alph. p. 29. 1832, the above notion is confirmed by the observation, A, Mariee, Klotzsch, med. int. Aman. et Lepiot. — Lin- n«a, VII. 198.)
6. A. pantherinns, Dec. (^Panther Agaric) ; pileus warty, margin striate, stem equal subsolid, volva adnate the margin only free. Dec. FL Fr. v. 6. p. 52. Fr. Sysl. Myc. v. ].p. 16. — A. maculattis, Scho'ff. t. 90. — A. miiscariits, var. 2. Purt. v. 3. p. 200. {in part). — var. 6. With. v. 4. p. 174. — A. cinereus, Boqnes, Hist, des Champ. t.2\.f :?. 3.
Borders of woods. Aug, — Oct. Not common. Lytchett, Dorset.
Agaricus.] fungi. 5
Rev. M. J- Bcrkeletj. — Solitary. Fileus 4 inches broad, at first convex with many flat mealy warts which rub off with difficulty ; then expanded and slightly depressed, glutinous when moist, when dry soft to the touch like kid leather ; beneath the gluten are minute fasciculato-pilose scales, but quite adpressed and innate ; reddish grey or brown, accord- ing to Fries sometimes livid ; margin sulcate and tubercled. Gills broad in front, free, white. Spondes round, pure white. Stem 5 inches high, ^ an inch thick, stuffed, at length more or less hollow, bulbous, either' silky and even or torn into reflexed scales ; ring deflexed ; volva quite smooth, connate, the extreme margin only free all round. — Fries describes the warts as white, minute, and subinnate. My speci- mens agree exactly with Schoeffer's figure which is tolerably character- istic ; but I find that in the advanced state of the plant the warts vanish. If Persoon's Amanita wnbrina, Sijn. ^;. •254- (which is quoted by Fries) be the same, this accords with his observation " a variety occurs in which the pileus is destitute of warts." The contents of the stem are quite tliffcrent from those of A. vaginatus. The synonym of Purton certainly includes A. rubesccnSy and perhaps belongs entirely to that, but as the synonyms of ^. pantherimis are also quoted, I consider it incum- bent upon me to insert it, though I have not put down his localities, it being fincertain to which of the two species they refer.
**** Volva obliterated : margin of the pileus even. Suspicious.
7. A.exctlsus, Fr. (tall Fly Agaric); pileus unequally warty, margin even, flesh unchangeable, stem solid bulbous, tiie bulb scaly. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \. p, 17. — Amanita anipla, Pers. Syn. p. 256.
Woods. Aug.— Sept. Shorne Wood, Kent, Aug. 9, 1832. Rev. M, J. Berkeley.— Solitary. Pileus 4 inches broad, umber-grey, slightly viscid, smooth, with a few unequal more or less conical irregular scattered warts, easily rubbed off; epidermis tough and chuumy, easily peeling off; margin not striate. Gills obtuse before and behind, but much broader in front, truly free, ^ an inch broad, the margin slightly uneven. Stem 6 inches or more liigh, 1 inch thick, going deep into the earth ; scaly below the ring,scalcs thick and squarrosc ; abSve the ring the scales are closely adpressed, their interstices finely silky, apex striate, tolerably firm, juicy, of an unchangeable white, distinct from the pileus, Ihough nearly of the same substance ; ring half-way down, large, substriate within, externally downy. Taste pleasant. The above description, made upon the spot, exactly agrees with that of Fries. The species is evi- dently very nearly allied to the following, the principal difference con- sisting in the unchangeable white of the flesh.
8. A. rubcsce9is,Fers. sub Am. (changeahle-Jleshed Fly Agaric); pileus clothed with unequal mealy warts, margin not striate, flesh turning red, stem stuflVd scaly suhbulbous. Pers. Syn. p. 254. py. Syst. J/yc. v. \. p. 18. — A. pustulatus, Schaff. t. 01. — A. niyodcs, Sclia^ff^. t. 2G1. — A. verrucosus, Curt. PL Loud. t. ?t\'l. jig. sin. et mod. — A. muscnrius. var. 7. lyitli. r.^fl. p. 17 [.—^Purt. V. f). jf. 200 {in 2>art) var. 2.
Woods, especially fir woods. Autumn. — Pileus convex, reddish, un- e(|ually warty, warts flat; smooth and even on the margin, in ohl s|)i'ci- mcns there is sometimes an appearance of striic on the margin in consc- (jwcncc of its becon)ing transparent, slightly viscid; flesh turning red when
6 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
cut, more or less completely. Gills broad in front, narrow behind, ad- nexed by a fine prominent line. Spoi^ules subelliptic. Stem stuffed, at length more or less hollow, bulbous, the bulb more or less smooth, above the ring clothed with flat adpressed scales; below the ring the scales have their upper margin free and patent ; ring large, deflexed striate. — Smell strong, taste not unpleasant. — Such is the form which occurs not unfrequently in the South of England. The discoloration of the flesh is by no means strongly marked. Indeed I find specimens in which it is very slight, and the change is rather to brown than red ; the stem furfuraceous below the ring, and above striate and pulverulent ; the volva thick and smooth. Smell strong like that of mould ; taste like that of a germ/mating walnut. — In Scotland where it is exceedingly abundant, the change of colour appears to be much greater, and is very evident in the dry specimens ; though in individuals gathered by M. Klotzsch at Inverary, the flesh remains quite white. In a specimen in Dr. Hooker's Herbarium the pileus is 7 inches broad, stem 7^ inches high, 1^ thick; the more general size, however, is pileus 3 — 5 inches broad, stem 2 — 4 inches high. According to M. Cordier it is much eaten in Lorraine under the name of Golmelle or Golmotte vraie, where- as, according to Roques, it is poisonous. Rogues, Hist, des Champ, p. 130. Since the above was written, specimens occurred at Laxton, Norths, in which the change of colour was very strongly marked and almost instantaneous.
9. A. dsper, Pars, (rough-ivarted Agaric); pileus subumbo- nate rough with acute warts, margin even, stem stuffed attenu- ated squamulose. Pers. Obs. Myc. 2. p. 38. Abbild. d. Schw. F. Scum. ic. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. !./>. 18. — Amanita aspera, Pers.
Syn. p. 256 A. verrucosus, Bull. t. 316. — A. myodeSf Bolt. t.
139 A. mnscarius, var. 5. With. v. 4./). 174.
Woods. June— Oct. Lee Bridge. Bolton. East Morden, Dors. CoUyweston, Norths. Rev. M. J. Berkeley.— ^oYit^ry or subgrega- rious. Pileus 2 — 3 inches broad, at first convex, then expanded, scarcely umbonate, reddish, with various tints of livid and grey, clothed with small acute warts, margin not striate ; flesh thick permanent white, except immediately beneath the epidermis. Gills white, broad in front, with sometimes a little tooth behind running down the stem, at length more or less imbricate. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, sometimes l^ inch thick at the base, but often much less, bulbous, the bulb rather rough, striate above the ring, difFracto-squamulose, or silky below ; stuffed ; ring broad, striate. Flesh of the stem when eaten by maggots and bulb when old, red. — The delicate surface of the ring and stipes is brick-red when touched, or from the pressure of the surrounding grass. Odour strong, taste not unpleasant. Poisonous according to Roques. My specimens accord exactly with Bulliard's figure ; but I have found it occasionally much larger; pileus 5 inches broad, stem 4^ high.
Subgenus 2. Lepiota ; (from Xs-^r/j, a scale.) Veil single, universal, closely adhering to, and confluent with the epidermis, when burst forming a more or less persistent ring towards the mid- dle 1 of the stem. Stem hollow, stuffed with more or less densely
' In Amanita the ring takes its origin within the pileus, forming a cover to the gills ; in Lepiota the ring is merely the free portion of the universal veil, answering to the free portion of the volva in Amanita.
Agaricus.] FUNGI. 7
interwoveii aracfmoid threads; equal or thickened at the base^ Ji- brillose, Pileiis more or less fleshy, hut not compact, ovate lohen young, soon campanulate, then expanded and umhonate. Flesh white, soft. Gills unequal 7iever distant or decurrent. Colour of tbe gills white, in some varieties yellow. — Solitary, persistent, au- tumnal Fungi growing on the ground ; not dangerous. * Veil at length hose ; gills remote, (ending at a considerable
distance from the stem.) 10. A. procerus. Scop, {large shaggy Agaric) ; large, epidei'- mis of the pileus breaking up into scales, gills remote, stem cylindrical bulbous, ring moveable. Scop. Fl. Cam. n. 1465. Schceff. t. 22, 23. Curt. Fl. Lond. t. 69. Soio. t. 190. With. V. 4. p. 241. Purt. V, 2 and 3. n. 954. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 20. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 370. — A. colubrinus, Bidl. t. 78. 583. — A. annulatus, Bolt. t. 23.
Gardens, hedge-banks, pastures and woods. July— Oct. Common.— Pileus 3—7 inches broad, at first obtusely conic, at length campanulate, strongly umbonate, fleshy ; ejndermis velvety, red-brown, broken into subreflexed scales, the whole resembling brown shaggy leather ; margin white or pinkish, silky ; fe^ih soft and cottony except in the centre when young. Gills perfectly free, separated by a considerable space from the point'of insertion of the stipes, ventricose, margin serrated, pale pinkish yellow or white. Sporules white, elliptic. Stem 8—12 inches high, | an inch thick, attenuated upwards, sunk deep into the flesh of the pileus as into a socket, very bulbous, scaly, hollow but stuffed with a cottony web. J{i72g coriaceous, thick and spongy, convex below, moveable. Taste and smell pleasant. Forming, on the continent, a frequent article of food. Roques, Hist, des Champ, p. 120.
11. A. excoridtus, Scboeff. {excoriated Agaric); not large, epidermis of the pileus close broken into little patches, gills remote, stem equal, ring moveable. Schceff. t. 18, 19. Fr. Syst. Myc. ?;. 1. /;. 21. Purt. MSS.—A. procerus, var. 4. With. V. 4. p. 242. — var. Purt. v. S. p. 418.
Pastures, especially under trees. May— Sept. Edgbaston, under Spanish Chestnut. Withering. Apethorpe, Northamptonshire. Rev. il/. J. Berkeley. —Pileus 2\ inches across, expanded, often a little irregular, carnose, umbonate; flesh spongy; t'/^ic^t-rwis cracked into small areolae, silky between them, especially on the margin, pale fawn, the umbo dark. Gil/s ventricose, free, so as to leave a broad space round the top of the stem, which is sunk into the substance of the pileus, dull white, slightly watery, imbricate when old ; sometimes much broader on one side than on the opposite side of the pileus, and sometimes stained with claret-coloured blotches. Sporules white, elliptic, with an evident trans- parent border. Stem U— 2 inches high, j— .', of an inch thick, at- tenuated regularly upwards without a decided bulb, n)inutely fibrillose, hollow but stutttid with a beautiful cottony web. Ring dcflexed, moveable, but not so free as that of //. procerus.— 'SmcW scarcely any ; taste like that of A. orendes.
** Veil fixed or fugacious ; gills remote or free. 12. A. ce])d stipes, Sow. (white bark-bed Agaric) ; pileus ram
8 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
panulate truncate at length plane, more or less scaly, margin plicate, gills remote, stem hollow ventricose glabrous, ring per- sistent. Sow. t. 2. Pers, Syn. p. 416. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 280. Grev. Sc. Crypt. Fl. t. 833.—^. luteus, With. v. 4. p, 212. Bolt t. 50. — A. cretaceus, With. v. 4. jo. 201. Purt.v. 3. n. 1455. — /3. stem equal.
Bark-beds in stoves. Summer and Autumn. Not uncommon. /3. Elton, Hunts. Rev. M, J. Berheley. — " Gregarious or tufted, white, pale sulphur, or yellow. Pilem 1 — 3 inches broad, ovate conical when young, then campanulate, and finally nearly or quite plane, darkest in the centre, and more or less covered with small scattered fibrous scales; flesh thin, margin very thin and semitransparent plicate ; substance tough and bears fielding between the fingers without tearing. Gills nu- merous, thin, broad, and rounded near the stem, and separated fi-om it by a circular space; but the stem does not penetrate into the substance of the pileus. Sporules white, copious, elliptic. Stem 3 — 6 inches high, straight or crooked, firm, even, smooth, narrow at the top, but ventri- cose below and then narrower again at the very bottom, somewhat pruinose, the centre at first filled with delicate silky fibres, at length hollow. Ring perfect, erect, persistent. In decay the pileus becomes brownish, and according to its situation, either dries up or becomes covered with little globules of fluid and gradually dissolves." Grev. I. c. In /3. the stem is quite equal and the gills have the palest yellow tinge, like that assumed sometimes by A. cristaius and A. polystictus ; in every other respect it agrees with A. cepcesiipes. A.cretaceiis, Bull, if rightly placed by Fries, has dark sporules. Every thing about the species in- dicates a complete affinity with A. 2)rocerus and A. cristatus.
13. A. Clypeoldritis, Bull. (Shield'like Agaric) ; inodorous, epidermis of the pileus broken into scales, gills approximate, stem floccoso-squamose, ring evanescent. Bull. t. 405,506./. 2. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \. p. 21. Sow. t. 14. With. v. ^. p. 244. Purt. V. 3. p. 420. {in part.) Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 370. — A. Meleagris, With. ed. 2.
Woods, especially of beech; borders of shady fields. Oct. — Nov. Eare. Duddingston. Greville. Canterbury. Rev. 31. J. Berkeley. — Pileus \\ inch broad, subcampanulate, strongly umbonate, whitish with reddish scales. Gills numerous, quite free, nearly reaching the stem, ventricose. Stem 2 — o\ inches high, 2 lines thick, hollow but stuffed with cottony fibres, whitish, pale brownish or rufes- cent, the whole clothed with fibrillose scales. Ring sometimes remain- ing on the stem, but more generally attached to the margin of the pileus or evanescent. Inodorous and insipid. — Bearing some resem- blance to A. procerus^ but smaller and more delicate. M. Roques in- forms us that while some pronounce it excellent for food, others declare it to be poisonous, and adds that he has twice eaten a small quantity, without experiencing any bad effects. Sowerby's plant is set down by Fries in Syst. Myc. as a variety ; but in his Ind. alph. as A. cristatus^ which it cannot be, for the gills are not remote : and M. Klotzsch in Hook. Herb., seems almost disposed to consider it a distinct species. The flesh in the centre is far deeper than in the connnon state, and the stem nearly naked. His specimens were gathered in the stoves, at Castle-Semple, near Glasgow, in the month of July.
Af/aricus.] FUNGI. 9
14. A. polf/siwtus, Berk. (Jies/it/ moUled Agaric) ; inodorous, fleshy, epidermis of llie pileus and stem broken into scales, gills broad approximate, stem attenuated above and below.
On a lawn after a fortnight's stormy weather. July 26, 1828. Cot- terstock, Northamptonshire. Hev. AI. J. Berhdey. — Pileus H inch broad, not at all campanulate, expanded, and broadly and obtusely um- bonate; Jiesh thick in the centre, firm and tough, the cjndermis broken into minute flat scales of a rich red-brown. Gills numerous, unequal, rounded before and behind, broad, ventricose, quite free, the margin serrulate, white with a slight yellowish tinge. Stem 1 inch high, | of an inch thick in the middle, divided into two distinct por- tions ; the upper one silky of a pinkish hue, the lower scaly like the pileus, but the scales browner ; attenuated at the base where it is fur- nished wiih many branched fibrous roots, hollow, stuffed with fine silky filaments. Ring fugacious, attached in minute portions to the edge of the pileus. Inodorous and insipid. — I have met with this plant only once, but there can be no doubt that it is very distinct from A. clyi^eola- rius, with which it has the nearest affinity. It may possibly be A. colu- briniis, vai\ /S. j)cint1icrinus^ Pers. Syn. p. 259. It agrees with it in many points, but he describes his plant as subbulbous, and I am not sure whether the expression '^ subcarnosiis^^ will apply correctly to a plant in which the flesh is \ of an inch thick and only H across.
15. A. Meledgris, Sow. (checquered Agaric); pileus earnose spotted with distinct dark scales, gills subremote moderately broad, stem stout scaly like the pileus, the lower half black. Sow, t.ni. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 346. Klotzsch, 31 SS,
in Hook. Herb A. colubrinvs, Tratt. Fung. Aust. t. 13.y. 26. —
A. chjpeolarins, Fl. Dan. I. I7S2./. 1.
Hot-beds. Melon-beds atErskine, Scotland, the seat of Lord Blantyre. Klotzsch. ISIay — Oct. — The stem appears stuffed in M. Klotzsch's speci- mens. " It has a solid stem and a curious, somewhat reticulated root. In drying it becomes of a blush-red all over, except the lower part which retains the darker hue." Soio. I. c. M. Klotzsch's specimens have a very flexuous stem, above three inches long, | inch thick, nearly equal. Pileus 1 j inch broad. In Sowerby's figure and model the stem is in- crassated below. But in either case it is much stouter in proportion than in A. clypcolarius. Fries' supposition in the Elcnchus that it is the same as A. ciineifolius is certainly wrong.
16. A. cristdtus, Bolt, (crested Agaric) ; strong-scented, epi- dermis of the pileus breaking up into scales, gills remote, stem smooth, rinj>- fugacious. Bolt. t. 7. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 22. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 370. Sc. Crypt. Fl. t. 176. Purt. MSS.— A. clypcolarius, var. 3. With. v. 4. p. 245. Purt. v. 3. p. 420. (in part.) — A. subantiquatus, Batsch, Cent. 2./. 203.
In grassy and mossy places, especially on lawns, sometimes on gar- den-beds, Aug. — Nov. (Jommon. — Solitary or subgrrgarious. Pileus ^ to 1^ inch broad, expanded, umbonatc, white, the epidermis broken into rufescent scales which arc cither Hat or reHexcd, less frequent on the margin ; ////ij sometimes attached in fragments to the margin, soim'tiines moveable on the stem ; flesh firm, thin. d'Hls re- mote, numerous, slightly ventricose, the margin uneven often imbricated,
10 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
tinged slightly with yellow. Sporiiles white, elliptic. Slein 1 — 2 inches high, 1 — 2 lines thick, tough, composed of fibres, smooth or fibrillose ; hollow but with a few cottony fibres ; Jlesh towards the base reddish. " Root a mass of white branching fibres of considerable tenacity, and generally retaining a quantity of soil." Smell and taste strong and un- pleasant. There are two distinct forms, besides the white one figured by Micheli. The one described above is that figured by Greville ; the other that of Bolton, very different in habit as may be seen on compar- ing the plates. Bolton's figure is however by no means uncharacteristic. I found two specimens exactly agreeing with it, amongst sticks, at the root of a tree, under Wollarton Park wall, Notts. The gills are broader the scales are sharp, strongly elevated, almost conical, dark brown. Stetn sericeo-pulverulent above the place of the ring, which is very fu- gacious ; below rufous and furfuraceous. Odour strong, but resembling that of//, oreades.
*** Veil fixed or fugacious ; gills suhadnexed.
17. A. granidosus, Batsch, {small yelloio scaly Agaric^; pileus furfuraceous, gills fixed, stem more or less hollow scaly beneath the patent ring. Batsch. El, p. 79. /. 24. Pers. Syn. p. 264. Fr. Syst. 3Iyc. v. I. p. 24. Grev. Fl Ed. p. 370. Sc. Crypt. Fl. t. 104.—^. ochraceus, BidL t. 362, 530./. 2>.—A. Jlavo-fioccosus, Batsch y Cent. \. f. 97 / — A. croceus^ Bolt. t. 51. f. 2. Sow. t. 19. With. V. 4. p. 183. Purt. v. 2 atidS. n. 925. — A. carcharias, Pers. Ic. Pict. t, h.f. 1 — 3.
Woods, especially of fir, and on heaths amongst moss, roots of grass, &c., and on the stumps of old fir-trees. Autumn. Not uncommon. — Pure white with a slight rufescent tinge on the centre of the pileus and base of the stem; Aimer, Dorsets. Rev. M. J. Berkeley. — Flesh-colour- ed ; Scotland. Klotzsch in Hook. Herb. — Subgregarious. Pileus ^ to 1 inch broad, in general dull reddish-yellow, but occasionally ferrugin- ous, pink, Vermillion or white. Fleshy in the centre, at first convex or obtusely umbonate, at length often plane or depressed somew^hat wrinkled, covered with furfuraceous scales. Gills white or yellowish white, fixed to the stem ; ventricose and nearly free in depressed spe- cimens. Stem 1 — 3 inches high,l — 4 lines thick, slightly incrassated at the base, when young solid, but in age hollow, with a core occasionally run- ning down from the centre of the pileus, and the base stuffed, sometimes slightly compressed, with a subfugacious flocculose ring about the mid- dle, above which it is slightly fibrillose, and beneath it scaly like the pileus. In the white variety above mentioned, the pileus and stem were mealy rather than scaly, and the ring attached in fragments to the edge of the pileus.
Subgenus 3. Aumillaria; (from armilla, firing.') Veil single, partial, springi7ig from the stem., and forming a persistent ring ivhich in the unexjmnded plant is joined to the margin of the pileus. Stem solid, firm, suhfihrillose, U7iequal. Pileus fie shy, convex, expanded, obtuse, the epidermis always close even in the scaly species, plainly distinct from the veil. Flesh ichite, firm. Gills broad, unequal^ subacute behind. Colour of the gills ivhite or pallid. — Autunmal species, persistent, esculent. Ring superior, (refiected from the top of the stem^ ; or inferior, inserted at the
Agaricus.
FUNGI. 11
middle of the stem, closely connected with its epidermis, or inserted above the middle.
18. A. constrictus, Fr. (white rneal-scenfed Agaric) ; pileiis fleshy plano-convex obtuse smooth, gills close emarginate, stem solid nearly equal, ring very narrow. Fr, Syst. Myc. v, I. p. 28. Fr. El. p. 4.
In a meadow, on a spot bleached and scorched by cow-dung, (in moist places in grass scorched by horse urine. F>. /. c.) and in the path of a wood in a tuft of grass amongst which lay the bones of a rabbit. Sept. — Oct. Woodnewton. King's Cliffe, Northamptonshire. liev. M. J. Ber- keley.— Pure white. P'llevs obtuse, plano-convex, broadly umbonate, fleshy, shining with a silky lustre like A. prunulus ; w hen bruised, it assumes a very pale yellow tint. Gills close, very deeply emarginate, even when quite young. " Sporules white, subelliptic. Slem 2 inches high, ^ of an inch thick, rather flexuous, fibrillose, solid, but the substance within more lax and fibrillose, though not eminently so, very brittle. When young there is a delicate web-like curtain, but this soon vanishes. Odour very strong, like that of fresh flour. — This agrees so exactly in every point but one with the description of A. constrictus in Fries' Elen- chus, that I cannot persuade myself that it is different, though my specimens, as regards the veil, seem rather to point to Tricholoma than Armillaria. There is, however, no species of Trichoioma with which it at all accords ; and as the veil is more subject to vary than almost any other part of an Agaric, I venture, in the absence of any figure, to con- sider my plant as the same with that of Fries. 1 am the more confirmed in doing so, because in thousands of specimens of A. fastibilis, even in the youngest stage of growth, I have never been able to see the least trace of a veil, though Fries assigns it, and Schoeffer figures a distinct one.
19. A. mucidus, Schrad. (musty Agaric); more or less tufted, pileus thin glutinous, gills distant adnexed, stem bulbous, ring sulcate superior reflexed and then erect. Schrad. Spic. p. 116. (Jide Fr.) Pers. Syn. p. 266. Tratt. Fung. Aust. t. 14./. 27. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. /?. 28.—^. nitidus, Fl. Dan. t. 77S.—A. splendens, Fl.Dan.t. 1130. — A. olivaceo-fuscus, Fl. Dan. t.lS72.
On trunks and sticks, especially of beech. The Rookery, Dorking, Oct. 9, 1828. — Gregarious, caespitose. F i leiis \h \uch broad, (1—5, Fr.) white tinged with brown, hemispherical, clammy, uneven, radiato- rugose, tough, margin thin somewhat turned in. Gills broad distant rounded behind, but not in front, adnate, margin serrulate. Stem l^—ii inches high, 1 — 2 lines thick, bulbous, attenuated upwards often curved, white, brown at the base where it has very minute adprcssed scales, juicy, composed of fibres, solid, with a pale line down the centre. Ring persistent, the margin often brown and slimy conijiosed as it were of two coats the one arising from the sciuamula*, the other from the real epidermis of the stem. Fries describes the ring as superior, deHexed but close, and then again erect. But it adheres so closely to the stem by its upper portion as very easily to escape notice in an ailvanced stage of growth : when yotuig before the expansion of the pileus, the little channel is visii)le between the ring and stem.
20. A. milieus, \M. (Uack-scaled Agaric); tufted, pileus dirty yellow, rough witli black hairy scales, gills distant
12 FUNGI. [Agariciis.
adnato-decurrent, stem fibrillose, ring tumid patent. Fl. Dan. L 1010. Bolt, t, U\. Ft. Sysl, Myc. «;. 1. p. 30. Grev. Fl. Fid. p. 379. Sc. Crijp. Fl. t. 332. Klotzsch, Fang. Germ. Exs. n. 2. — A. annularis. Bull. t. 370. 540. /, 3. — A. fusco- jyallidus, Bolt. t. 138. — A. congregatus, t. 140. — A. laricinus, t. 14. With. V. 4. p. 179. — A. elasticus, Bolt. t. 16. — A. stipitis, Sow. t. 101. With. V. A. p. 178. Purt. v. 2 (^ 3. n. 920.
Near or upon old stumps. Sept. — Oct. Common. — Densely tufted. Pileus 2 — 7 inches broad, fleshy, at first convex, then piano-expanded, often subumbonate, and variously lobecl, dirty yellow, brownish-yellow^ or reddish, rough with reflexed scales, especially towards the centre, which are first of a bright wax-yellow, but at length become dark brown ; margin slightly striate ; flesh firm, consisting of fibres. Gills distant adnato-decurrent, at first pale, at length reddish, mealy with the white sporules. Stem 2 — 8 inches high, swollen at the base, thinnest in the middle, fibrillose with a slight yellow pubescence at the base, yellowish or reddish, occasionally somewhat scaly near the apex ; when old often assuming various tints of blue, cinereous, &c., firm and elastic, solid ; n«g large, yellow, tumid, spreading. In the young state, the stem is nearly white from the fibres of the veil, which, as they become separated, display the subjacent tints, and render the stem fibrillose. Odour agreeable ; taste like that of A. campestris, with a slight degree of acidity and somewhat acrid. — Notwithstanding Trattinnick's assertion of its good qualities, and frequent' use in Austria, in which he could scarcely be mistaken, Essb. Sclav, p. 46. t. D., it appears that it has by others been found poisonous. See Grev. Sc. Crypt. Fl. I. c. and RuqueSy Hist, des Champ.
Subgenus 4. Limacium ; (from Umax, a slug ; in allusion to the sliminess of the species.) Veil slimy, thin, miiversal, very fugacious. Stem tolerably firm, equal or attenuated at the base, solid or stuffed, squamulose or spotted, not even. Pileus fieshy, convex, expanded, firm, viscid when young or moist from the veil. Flesh white. Gills constantly adnato-decurrent, rather thick, distant, unequal, quite entire, white, in one species yellow, — Solitary, autumnal, persistent Fungi, growing on the ground, often late in the year.
* Ste7n squamidose.
21. A. cerasinus, Berk. (Laurel- scented Agaric) ; pileus pale umber, the margin minutely tomentose, gills pinkish, stem solid attenuated below, punctato-squamulose above.
Fir plantation, Winkbourn, Notts, Oct. 15, 1833. — Subgregarious, sometimes three from the same root. Pileus 1^ — 2|- inches broad, pale umber or ochraceous-bistre inclining to grey when old, fleshy, convex, broadly umbonate, often more or less wavy, at length sometimes some what depressed, viscid, shining when dry : margin clothed with minute white down, divided into little linear heaps by the pressure of the gills in the early stage of growth. Gills broad, decurrent, white with a slight tinge of ochre or flesh colour, thick, very distant, some of them forked. Sporules white. Stem 1 — 2 inches high, 2 — 6 lines thick, white solid, generally attenuated below, punctato-squamulose above.
Ayaricus.] r U N G 1 . 13
Odour pleasant, exactly like that oV the leaves of Pntnus Lauro-cerasus. A. eruhescens seems to be the nearest to this species which is remark- able lor its pleasant smell of" bitter almonds. It is a very neat-looking Agaric, and an undoubted Liviacmm.
22. A. eburneiis, Bull. (Ivory Agaric); white, smell not un- pleasant, pileus smooth, gills broad, stem stuffed squamulose. Bull, t, 1 18. 551. / 2. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 33. Grev. Ft. Ed. p. 371 (m part). Pers. Syn. p. 264. Roques, Hist, des Champ, p. 107. — A. nitens, Soiv. t. 71. With. v. 4. p. 150.
Woods. Oct. — Nov. Not common. Nork Park. Lady Arden. Packington, Warw. Withering. — ^^ Pileus 2 — 3 inches broad, shining when dry. Stem at length hollow, very various in stature, flexuous in elongated specimens." Fr. I. c. — Inodorous, according to Bulliard ; of a faint pleasant odour, according to Sowerby ; and, according to Roques, not disagreeable, eaten in Italy under the name of jozzolo. — Fries seems to have been somewhat puzzled with A. Cossus, Sow., and in his " Elenchus" says that it has the habit of ^. incmcenus, but differs from it in having a slimy pileus. Having found the plant, I am enabled to vouch for the accuracy of Sowerby's figure and descri[)tion, and further, to state positively that it belongs to the tribe Limacium, appearing to differ principally from A. eburneus in its peculiar odour. The best course at present will be to keep A. Cossus distinct, till it shall be ascertained whether A. eburneus is constantly mild-scented. — Purton has by some mischance misunderstood A. eburneus ^A. Virgineus ; Fries will cer- tainly be found to be correct, if attention be paid to the characters which bring them under two distinct subgenera. Greville united the two in his Flora Edinensis, but in the Scottish Cryptogamic Flora he has properly separated them.
23. A. Cossus, Sow. (Goat-Moth Agaric); fcetid, white, smootli, gills broad, stem stuffed glanduloso-punctate above, clothed below with a matted down. Sow. t. 121.
Woods. Oct. Peckham Wood, Surrey. Soiverby. King's Cliffe, Northamptonshire. Rev. M. J. Berkeley. — Pileus H inch broad, pure white, slimy (slime consisting of round and oval bodies under a high magnifier), shining when dry, stained here and there with yellowish ; the disk sometimes subochraceous. Gills broad, thick, distant, adnato- decurrent, connected by veins and themselves slightly veined. Spondes white, elliptic. Stem i-^- inches high, 1 — 3 lines thick, nearly equal, here and there yellow when bruised. Smell like that of the Larva of the Goat-Moth, or a damp meadow, and remaining for a long time on the fingers after touching it.
** Stem spotted.
24. A. olivdceo-albiis, Fr. (olive and white Agaric) ; pileus umbonate smooth olive-brown, gills connected white, stem solid spotted witli brown. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 34. — A. limacinusy Schujf. t. 312.
Under trees and in bushy ground. Sept. — Oct. Laxton Park. Wo- thorpc, Nortli:im|)tonshirc. Rev. M. J. Rcrhtlcy. — Pileus 2 — 3 inchrs broad, at first conic, then expanded and broadly umbonate, livid olive- brown, varied with tints of yellow and unil)er, very viscid (the slime com- posed of flexuous filaments under a high magnifier), flesh thin on the mar-
14 FUNGI. [Agarictis,
gin which is turned in, white, minutely downy, sometimes slightly grooved or striate. Gills adnate, scarcely decurrent, white, in decay greenish yellow, sometimes ventricose, veiny. Sporules white, elliptic, with a distinct border. Stem H — ^h inches high, \ — ^ an inch thick, generally curved, fibrous within, above granulato-fibrillose, pitted, covered with milky drops as in Boletus gmnulatiis. Ring in general indistinct, though sometimes the margin of the viscid veil which clothes the rest of the stem marking it with irregular dark blotches, is visible ; the base of the stem yellow.
25. A. hypothejus, Yv. (yelloio slimy Agaric); pileus obtuse smooth dirty yellow covered with olive slime, gills distinct yellow as well as the somewhat spotted stem. Fr. Syst. Myc, V. I. p. 35. — A. limacinus, Sow. t. 8. Piirt. v. 3. p. 209. — A, citrijius, With, v, 4. p. 195.^ — A. vitellinus, Alb. 8^ Schw. p. 179, t. 10./. 3.
Fir groves (principally, perhaps, where the soil is sandy). Oct. Local. — Pileus 1 — 4 inches broad, fleshy, at first conic obtuse, at length expanded and depressed round the umbo or even infundibuliform, covered with a thick dark gluten ; yellow towards the margin and beneath the gluten ; the extreme margin turned in. Flesh yellow, deeper towards the margin. Gills adnato-decurrent, yellow, sometimes varying to a flesh-coloured tint, distinct, distant. Stem H — 3 inches high, 2 — 9 lines thick, flexuous, stuffed above, fibrillose, below slimy, submaculate, yellow. Odour fungoid, rather disagreeable.
26. A. aromdficus, Sow. {aromatic Agaric); pileus smooth cinnamon, gills decurrent when young, rufescent as well as the hollow stem. Sow. t. 144. Pers. Syn. p. 306. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. I. p. 33.
Walthamstow. Mr. B. M. Forster. — Pileus 2 — '6^ inches broad, fleshy, generally covered with a thick glutinous skin which becomes corrugated in drying, cinnamon, blackish like the rest of the plant when bruised. Gills pinkish. Stem H — 3 inches long, 3 — 5 lines thick, hollow and pithy. " Whole plant when fresh so tender that it is diffi- cult to gather. Odour agreeable spicy. Taste watery with a pepper- mint-like coolness in the mouth and a lasting roughness in the throat." Sow. I. c. The above account is compiled from Sowerby. The stem in the figure appears to be rather reticulated than spotted as Fries supposes; and stuffed rather than truly hollow. The account of the gills in the advanced stage is rather at variance with the figure, in which they are adnate, the decurrent appearance being altered by the growth of the pileus. In my copy the gills appear much darker than they probably are in reality, owing to the colourer having used some pre- paration of lead. In the section they are represented scarcely of a darker pink than that which is assumed sometimes by the gills of ^4. hypothejus.
Subgenus 5. Tricholoma ; (from ^^/g a hair, and >,w,aa a fringe.) Veil partial, Jibrillose or floccose, very fugacious. Stein fleshy, firm, subattenuated upwards, not even, but scaly, fibrillose, or striate with innate fibrillce. Pileus fleshy, sometimes compact liemisphericaly then expanded obtuse ; sometimes thi?i7ier, cam.
Ayaricus:\ FUNGI.
15
panulale when young ; margin thin, when young injiexed con- tiguous loith the veil. Gilts unequal, juiceless, obtuse behind, emarginate or rounded. — Rather large Fungi, persistent, solitary or gregarious, growing on the ground ; many of them esculent ivith an agreeable flavour ; others bitter.
* Pileus slimy when moist.
27. A. albo-brunneus, Pers. (white and brown Agaric); pileus smooth slimy umber, gills white with a decurrent tooth, stem stuffed. Pers. Syn. p. 293. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p, 193. Fr.Syst.Myc. v. I. p. 37. — A. striatus, Schceff. t. 38 — A. glutinosus. Bull. t. 258, 539, 587. /. 2 — A. viscosus, Purt. V. 3. p. 208.
In clusters on the ground and on stumps thickly covered with mould. Nov. Iron-cross, near Evesham, and Fairtree near Bridg- north. Purton. — " Caespitose. Pileus 3 inches broad, convex, flattish, very glutinous, dirty white, changing to a ferruginous tint. Gills white or brown, very broad and slightly angular near the stem. Stem 3 inches high, ^ an inch thick, generally swollen near the middle, attenuated above and below, towards the base highly ferruginous. When young covered with a kind of shaggy wool, which disappears in the perfect plant. Remarkably glutinous, so that the leaves and sticks which are in contact with it can scarcely be separated from the pileus without tearing it." BuUiard describes his plant as having no unpleasant taste nor smell ; and Fries in his Obs. Myc, confirms this, and suspects that it may be eatable. Persoon, on the contrary, who describes four states, pronounces all more or less bitter and acrid. The pileus ap- pears when grown to be constantly smooth ; but the stem though occasionally smooth appears generally to have the apex pale and squamulose, and the lower part of the stem more or less marked with transverse scales.
28. A.fulvus, Retz, {tawny Agaric) ; pileus slimy streaked with small fibrillous scales rufous-tawny, gills adnexed yellow, stem hollow equal fibrillose. Bull. t. 555. /. 2. 574. /. 1. Dec. Fl. Fr. V. 2. p. 186. Fr. Syst. Mijc. v. 1. j). 37 — A. incertus, Schceff. t. Q>±-.b. gills pallid, Retz, V. A. II. 17G9. p. 'il'l. {fide Fr.) — A. compactus, Sow. Sapp. ^ 416.
Var.b. Grassnndertrees,andridings ofwoods. Sept. Keynston, Dors. Miss Rackctl. Fineshade, King's Clitle, Northamptonshire, llcv. ]\f. J. Berkeley. — PUeus 3 inches or more broad, when young conico-hemi- spherical, the margin involute and minutely tomentose, when old ex- panded, discoid, broadly umbonatc, fleshy, very slimy when moist, when dry most minutely aclpresso-s(|uamulose of a beautiful deep red-i)rown, the margin paler and slightly tubercled, the tul)ercles not round but long and simple. 6'///.v pale, a dilute shade of the pileus, somewhat undulated, rounded behind, nearly free (in Sowerby's fig. adnexo- decurrent) ; when wounded by insects red-brown. Sponihs white, round. Stem 21 inches high, nearly \ an inch thiik, rather thickest at the base, curved, rufescent below, nearly white above, subfibrillosc or subs(|uamulose below, fibrilloso-glandidose al)ove, at first solid, then more or less hollow. Odour like that of fresh meal.— My specimens agree more ncarlv with Bull t. 555. /. 2, than with the other figure, but they
Hi FUNGI. [Ayariciis.
evidently are Fries' var. b. There is little doubt that Sowerby's A. com- pactus is the same, though rather more robust and the stem more strongly marked. He describes it as rather viscid, white, and blush- coloured within. The gills pale buft^ with a blush shade more or less conspicuous. Pileus white within. Fries, however, in his Ind. alph. p. 14. considers it his A. virgatus.
29. A./ucdtus, Fr. (^stained Agaric); pileus flexuous streaked slimy lurid, gills emarginate yellowish-white as well as the subsqiiamulose stem. Fr, Syst. 3Iyc. v. \. p. 40. Pers. Myc, Etir.v. S.p. 182.
Open grassy places in woods. Autumn. King's Cliffe, Northampton- shire. Bev. M. J. Berkeley. Oct. — Pileus slightly viscid, flesh thick in the centre, the margin thin,yellowish with cinereous fibrillae,subrimulose,with a satiny lustre. Gills broad, emarginate, slightly wavy, moderately thick, not distant, scarcely connected by veins, with a very slight tinge of yel- low. Stem tinged with yellow, as is the outer flesh, punctato-squamu- lose, bulbous, attenuated upwards. Odour like that of new flour. — Dif- fers from the following in being decidedly viscid. The stem is more shortly bulbous, not apt to become elongated or flexuous, more decidedly squamulose and with the gills of a yellowish tinge. The gills of both are broad in my specimens. Persoon in his specific character of _4. luri- dus, calls them narrow, but mentions likewise a state with whitish, broad gills. I find no difference in odour.
30. A, luridiis, SclicefF. (Jiirid Agaric) ; pileus flexu- ous not viscid, gills emarginate, stem solid subsquamulose. Sc'hceff. L 69. Pers. Sijn. p. 321. 3Iyc, Eur. v. 3. p. 181. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 40.
Grassy paths in woods. Sept. — Oct. Cotterstock, Northamptonshire. Rev, M. J.Berkeley. — Subgregarious. Pileus 3 inches broad, at first con- vex, then expanded, often lobed and waved, brown or greyish with tints of yellow, subumbonate, fibrilloso-striate, fleshy, flesh firm. Gills broad, thick, rounded behind, nearly free, but adnexed by a small tooth, connected by veins much broken, or notched. Stem 2 — 4 inches long, 3 — 3 lines thick, obese, nearly equal, or slightly attenuated, solid, mi- nutely and closely fibrillose, pulverulento-squamulose above where it is yellowish, undulated, sometimes but not constantly of a beautiful red when bruised. Odour like that of new flour. — Persoon describes it as varying with a pileus quite smooth and almost shining, or minutely squamulose, the squamulae black or of the same colour with the pileus. Gills yellowish or dirty white, narrow or broad. Stem straight or in- curved and flexuous. Repeated observations will probably convince us of the necessity of uniting this and the foregoing species.
** Pileus always dry.
31. A.pachyphyllus, Berk, (thick-gilled Agaric); pileus fleshy- waved minutely adpresso-squamulose umbonate ochraceous, the disc umber, gills thick moderately distant nearly free, stem solid nearly equal pruinose.
Fir plantation among fir leaves. Winkbourn, Notts. Oct. 15, 183.3. — Gregarious, subcaespitose. Pileus 2 — 4 inches broad, rather wavy, umbonate, at length often depressed, ochraceous, shaded towards the
A^aricus.] FUNGI. 17
centre with umber, minutely squamulose, sometimes in large old speci- mens the epidermis cracks in broad scales, but then these are clothed with the smaller ones ; flesh ver}' firm. Gills slightly adnexed or nearly free, acute behind, moderately distant, thick, fleshy, having somewhat the appearance of those of Dcedalea hetidina, acquiring at length an ochraceous hue, here and there stained with umber. Sporules white. Stem \\ — 2 inches long, | of an inch thick, solid, nearly equal, pruinose, much paler than the pileus. Odour rather strong. It does not appear to be viscid in any state, my specimens being quite dry though gathered in very rainy weather.
32. A. rutilans, SchcefF. (crimson-red downy Agaric) ; pileus obtuse dry yellow covered with crimson-red scaly down, gills close yellow rounded, stem subsolid variegated. Schceff. t. 219. Pers. Syn. p. 320. Fr. Sijst. Myc.v. l.;j>. 41. Grev, Fl. Ed. p. 371. Klotzsch, Fung. Germ. exs. n. 4. — A. xeram- pelinus, Soiv. t. 31. With. v. 4. p. 197. Purt. v. S.p. 210. — A. serratis, Bolt. t. 14.
Woods, on stumps, especially of fir. Sept. — Oct. Not unconmion. — Subcasspitose. Pileus 2 — 4 inches broad, at first hemispherical or somewhat cylindrical, at length expanded, obtuse, more rarely plane ; clothed with a short dense crimson-red, or olive-purple down ; margin involute, white ; as the pileus expands the yellow epidermis becomes visible in the interstices of the down which is then- scattered. Gills free, broad, rounded behind, but often when old adnexed, sometimes forked, bright yellow, floccoso-serrate ; margin turning sometimes to a rich yellow-brown. Stem 2^ — 3^ inches high, ^ — 1 inch thick, downy like the pileus, only the down is shorter, very obtuse at the base, atten- uated upwards, solid at first, afterwards occasionally hollow. Odour strong, disagreeable ; taste bitter, nauseous.
33. A. imhricdtus, Fr. (large brown Agaric) ; pileus dry squamulose umber-rufous, margin paler pubescent, gills dirty wiiite with a ruddy tint, stem stuffed pale and pulverulent at the apex. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1 . p. 42.
In fir plantations. Sept.— Oct. Beeston, Notts. 1832, 1833. On a sandy soil. — (iregarious. Pileus 2 — 3^ inches broad, dry, obtuse, at first subconic, then convex, expanded, sometimes plane, very broadly umbonate, fleshy, rich red-brown, fibrilloso-squamulose, rimulose, the umbo darker with the fibrillas closer; occasionally the pileus is scarcely .s(juamulose but clothed with ad|)ressed silky fibrilke. Margin involute, paler, tonientose. Gills slightly rounded behind, subadnate, with a minute tooth, or nearly fi'ee, umber when bruised, not very broad. Sporules round, white. Stem 2^ — 4 inches high ; h — '^ of an inch thick, firm, stnfted, at length more or less hollow ; sometimes strongly attenuated, but in the same groupe incrassated at the base, fibrillose, of the colour of the pileus, nearly white above, where it is s(|namulose or pubesccnti-s(|uamulose. There is no trace of a ring in any stage of growth. Odour and taste scarcely any. Habit somewhat like that <>l" Boletus scuber.
34. A. vacciuus, Scha»ff. (scaly brown Agaric); pileu;^ umbo- nate rufous, epidermis torn into hairy scales, margin tonientose,
c
18 FUNGI. [Aijaricioi.
gills fixed dirty white with a ruddy tinge, stem hollow fibrillose. Schceff. t. 25. Pers. Syn. p. 293. With. v. 4. p, 185. Fr. Sijsi. Myc. v. 1. p. 42. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 184. — A. impubery Batsch, Cont. 1. /. 116. — A. rufus, Pers. Ic. et Descr.p. 6. t. 2./. 1 — 4.
Fir woods. Sept. — Oct. Edgbaston. Withering. Kinnordy, Scot- land. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb.—" Pileus 1—2 inches broad, when young campanulate, clothed with scales, those in the centre thick, broad, short^on the margin consisting of fasciculate hairs. Gills rather broad, emarginate, nearly free, at first dirty white, in age of a rufous hue, the margin generally stained with rusty spots. Stem 3—4 inches high, ^ an inch thick, beset with hairy scales which mostly point upwards, paler than the pileus, whitish above ; base clothed with white down. Veil fugacious. Taste bitter." Pers. Ic. et Desc. I. c— Fries describes this species as smaller, less firm, thinner, the gills more adnate and dis- tant than in the last. Klotzsch's specimens, which are almost smooth, if he is correct in referring them to A. vaccinus, would go far, if we may judge from the dried plant, to show the propriety of uniting them. Persoon in his 3Iyc. Eur. does not admit A. imbricatus to the rank of a species.
35. A. multiformis, Schceff. (cinereous dotv?iy Agaric); pileus mouse-grey thin obtuse clothed with matted down more or less raised into minute scales, stem white stuffed fibrillose, Schopff. t. 14. — A. lividus, Huds. Fl. Aug. p. Q>\Q. — A. terreiis, Sow. t. 76. rar. 4. With. v. 4. p. 176. — A. madreporius, Batsch, Cont. 2. /. 203. — A. myomyces, var. madreporius, Pers. Myc. Eur. V. 3. p. 202.
Fir plantations. Sept.— Oct. Very common. Gregarious, often in large rings. Pileus 1 — 2^ inches broad, when young conic with a deli- cate arachnoid veil, then obtuse expanded, quite plane, variously waved, sometimes minutely umbonate, thin, mouse-grey, or very dark cinereous approaching to blue, clothed with flat and matted down, with sometimes a few depressed or raised squamulae of the same colour ; margin in- flexed ; flesh cinereous. Gills rather distant, broad, the margin wavy more or less rounded behind and attached by a tooth, more or less cin- ereous especially when young, sometimes almost violet ; traversed by a few indistinct connecting veins. Spondes white. Stem 1 — 3 inches high, i— i an inch thick, stuffed, at length hollovv, beautifully fibrilloso-sericeous, sometimes a little pulverulent, white, the base occasionally subnifescent ; sometimes short and obtuse and sometimes subattenuated. Pileus and stem very brittle. No particular taste or
odour. There appear to be two distinct species included under A.
myonnjces by authors, and that of Fries is probably a third. A. midti- formis, Schceff. appears to be one, and A. argijracens. Bull, the other. The two frequently grow together in fir plantations, but the latter is by no means confined" to them, and while the one is almost void of taste or scent, the other has decidedly a smell like that of new flour, varying occasionally to the peculiar fungoid smell of Polyporus squamosus.
36. A. argyrdceu^. Bull, (brown-scaled Agaric); pileus dry firm tufted with dark hairs, gills emarginate rather distant dirty white, stem solid unequal. Bull. t. 156, 513./. "^..—A.terreus,
Agaricus.] FUNGI. 19
Schoeff. L 64. With. v. 4. p. 175. — A. myomyces^ Pers, Syn. p. 345. Myc, Eur, v. 3. p. 202,
Fir plantations, borders of woods, &c. Oct. — Nov. Not uncommon. Pileus 1^ — 3 inches broad, fleshy, obtuse, generally umbonate, often depressed, pale rufescent, lilac-brown, whitish,yellowish, &c., with rufous squamulae, and sometimes a depressed down. Gills rounded behind or emarginate, nearly or quite free, exceedingly brittle, dirty white with sometimes a cinereous tinge towards the margin, turning yellow in decay. Stem 1 — H inch high, | — % of an inch thick, of a more waxy appearance than the last but fibrillose, stuffed, white; sometimes of the same colour as the pileus, swollen below and marked with little dark scales. Odour strong, like that of new flour. — I think it better to call this species by BuUiard's name than by that of SchoefFer, as the figure of the latter is not very good, while that of Bulliard, especially^. 513./. 2, is an exact representation of the plant I have in view. In general there is scarcely any trace of a ring, but I have m.et with a variety with a very thick, narrow, permanent, woolly ring. Fries' plant has a smell like that of mice and is reddish when cut, characters wholly at variance with this or the foregoing species. According to his Ind. Alph. it is now A. snjjonaceus, Linnaea, V. p. 721.
37. A. Columhetta^ ¥i\ (white downy-hordered Agaric) ; white, pileus irregular at length often rinioso-squamose, gills- close emarginate, stem solid blunt smooth. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1.
p, 44 A. leucocephcdiis, Bidl. t, 428./. 1. 536. With. v. 4.
p. 176.
Amongst grass. Pasture-land, particularly by the long stew, Edgbas- ton. Oct. 27, 1790. Withering. — "■ Pileus 1^ — 4 inches broad, con- vex, silky, centre dilute mouse-colour lightly shaded off, border white when young, sometimes tinged with pink, cracking with age. Gills fixed, white, brittle. Stem 2 inches high, 3 — 6 lines thick, solid, white, cylin- drical, but often compressed, crooked, silky, central when young, not always so in a more advanced age." With. /. c. Fries' plant is pure white, often spotted with reddish ; that of Bulliard has a yellowish tinge. The only point of discrepancy in Withering's species is the silky stem, but this does not decidedly disprove the correctness of his quota- tion, and it is therefore inserted on his authority.
38. A. sejmictusy Sow, (yellow-ivhite Agaric) ; pileus subum- bonate dry yellow streaked with black hairs, gills emarginate broad white as well as the solid stem. Soiv. t. 120. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. I. p. 47. — A. Icucosanthiis, Pers. Syn.p.'dW). Myc. Eur. V. S.p. 180.
Woods. Autunm. Suwerby. — *' Pileus dirty yellow or nearly white. (rills whitish and thickest near the stem, somewhat flattened, as it were, by separating from it in a peculiar manner and partly adhering to each other." Sow. I. c. " Bitter. Gills rather distant, brittle. Pileus 2 — 5 inches broad. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, i — 1 inch thick, nearly equal, smooth, slightly striate." Fr. I. c.
39. A. persondtus, Fr. (variable blue-stemmed Agaric) ; pileus smooth, margin villoso-pruinose, gills rounded free inclining to violet as well as the solid somewhat bulbous stem. Fr. Syst. Myc.
20 FUNGT. [Jgaricu^.
V. I. p. 50.—^. hulhosus, Huds. Fl. Ang.j). 611. Bolt. Ul,—A,
violaceus, Soiv. t. 209 A. nudus. var. 2. With. v. 4. p. 192.
Pastures. Oct. — Jan. Very common. — Gregarious, frequently in large rings. Pileus 2 — G inches broad, j3eshy, firm, pale bistre or purple- lilac, occasionally violet, convex, obtuse, very smooth and shining as if oiled but not viscid, margin involute, pulverulento-tomentose. Gills rounded, free, not distant, narrow in front, paler than the pileus, some- times violet, turning to a dirty flesh colour, especially when bruised. Stem 1 — 3 inches high, | of an inch thick, firm, bulbous, solid, mottled within towards the apex with watery spots ; clothed more or less with villous fibrillae, tinged with violet. Odour like that of A. Oreades, but rather overpowering, taste pleasant. This species has been confounded, by both Purton and Greville, with the true A. inolaceiis ; but in a MSS. of the former now before me it is rightly distinguished. Sold, accord- ing to Sowerby, in Covent Garden market under the name of Blewitts.
40. A. 7iudus^ Bull, {naked violet Agaric) ; gregarious, pileus thin smooth lilac changing to rufous, gills rounded pale violet, stem solid equal naked. Bull. t. 439. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. 7?. 52.
Gardens, woods, and pastures. Sept. — Oct. Oundle, Woodnewton. Northamptonshire. Rev. M. J. Berkeley. — PUeiis about 2 inches broad, thin, obtuse, plane or subdepressed at first amethyst-coloured, but changing to a pinky rufous ; margin involute. Gills of the same colour as the pileus, rounded behind though sometimes decurrenti-adnate, con- nected and traversed by veins. Stem 2 inches high, 3 — 4 lines thick,, stuffed with spongy fibres, subequal, at first fibrillose, at length nearly smooth, more or less of the colour of the pileus.
41. A. bldfidus, Berk, (ptdverulent dore-coloured Agaric) ; pileus thin pulverulent grey-lilac, gills broad rounded behind and nearly free pure white, stem slender subfibrilloso-rimose subbulbous, the base brown.
Plantations and road-sides. Sept. — Oct. Milton, Norths. Mr. ,/, Henderson. Stibbington, Hunts. King's Cliife, Norths., &c. Rev. M. J. Berkeley. — PUeiis 2^ inches broad, plano-convex, umbonate, very mi- nutely pulverulento-tomentose, so that when touched the impression of the fingers remains upon it, not brittle, moderately fleshy, dry, the mar- gin sometimes undulate, grey-lilac with a tinge of brown on the umbo. In young specimens the pileus is sometimes of a browner cast, the edge white and minutely downy, but the pulverulent appearance scarcely discernible. Gills broad, rounded behind and nearly free, white, their margin undulate, brittle, becoming rather brown at the edge as they dry. Sporules white, round. Stem 2 inches high, 2 lines thick, (f of an inch at the base) subbulbous and brownish at the base, the brown colour penetrating the flesh to the centre ; solid, rather brittle, composed of fibres, pulverulento-squamulose at the apex, subfibrilloso-rimose below, with a little down at the base. — I cannot find any species at all agree- ing with this well-marked and elegant Agaric. The gills have not the slightest tinge of violet, nor is the habit that of y/. nudus. Indeed, were it not for the subbulbous stem and nearly free gills, I should have placed it in the division Thrausti of Clitocybe.
Subgenus 6. Russula ; (a name formed by Scopoli from rifs-
Aguricm.] rUNGI. "gl
stilus, red). Veil none. Stem smooth^ spongy within, Pileus with a fleshy disk and thin murgiri which is not ir flexed at any period of growth. Gills juicelesSy either all equal, or with a few shorter intermixed or forked, rigid, brittle, broad in front, narrow behind, acute, properly free, but apparently adnato-decurrent from the diffusion of tJie stem into the pileus. Asci slender, sporules white or subochraceous. Gills white or yellow. Large or middle-sized Fungi, rigid, persistent, solitary, growing on the ground.
* Sporules yellow.
42. A. alutdceus, Pers. (buff-gilled Agaric) ; pileus subcom- pact, margin at length furrowed, gills broad equal tan-coloured. Pers. Syn. p, 441. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 55. JRoques, Hist.
des Champ, t. 10./. 3. — A. pectinaceus, Bull.t. 509./ Q.R.S
A. campanidatus, Pers. I. c. p. 440. — A. auratus, With. v. 4. p. 184. — A. olivaceus. With. I. c. p. 199. — A. sapidusy Roques, L e. /. 10./4.
Woods. July — Oct. Not uncommon. — /''i/e?^,? 3 inches broad, fleshy, timooth, viscid when moist, depressed, margin at first even, more or less furrowed and tubercled when old, pink, livid, oHve, &c. Gills broad, ■equal, sometimes slightly forked, ventricose, free, connected by veins. Sporules yellow. Stem H inch long, 1 inch thick, blunt, surface longi- tudinally wrinkled or grooved, solid, spongy within, smooth, white, some- times yellow. Taste mild, pleasant, acrid when old. By common con- sent pronounced esculent, but individual specimens occur which prove almost as acrid as A. emeiicus.
43. A. luteus, Huds. (^yellow simple-gilled Agaric) ; middle- sized, margin of the pileus even, gills narrow close equal egg- yellow. Huds. PI. Ang. p. 611. Pers. Syn. p. 4A2. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \.p. 55. — A. integer, var. 6. With. v. 4. p. 182.
Woods. Aug. Kinnordy, Scotland. Klotzsch, in Houk. Herb. — *' Pileus 1 — 2 inches broad, piano-depressed, rather viscid, yellow, becoming pale, rarely white. Gills connected by veins. Stem more or less hollow, slender. Taste mild. Brittle." Fr. I. c.
44. A. nitidus, Pers. {iieat simple-gilled Agaric) ; pileus thin, margin furrowed, gills broad rather distant equal yellow. Pers. Syn. p. 444. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 56. Grev. PI. Ed. p. 372. — A.purpureus, Schaff. t. 254. — A. risigalliuus. Putsch, Cont. 1. /72.
Woods. Autumn. Not uncommon. — Pileus 1 — 2 inches broad, convex, becoming nearly plane or depressed, viscid when moist, margin very thin, at first even, afterwards furrowed and tubercled, mostly yel- low but occasionally tinged with purple. G'/7/j bufi", coiuiecteii by veins, all e(jiial, free. Spunilcs round, pale yellow. Stem 1 — 2 inches long, h an inch thick, spongy, at length hollow, white or yellowish, covered N\ilh a minute white meal so that the im|)ression of the fingers is left U])on it.
** Sporules white.
45. /I. emeiicus, Schteff. (common simplc-gillcJ Agaric) ; lai'ge
22 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
compact, margin of the pileus at length furrowed, gills broad mostly equal white. Schceff. t. 15. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \. p. 57 Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 372. Eoques, Hist, des Champ, p. 82. t. 2. — A. cyanoxa7ithes, Schceff. t. 93. A. virescens, Schceff. t. 94. — A. in- teger, Bolt. t. 1. Sow, t.20\. With, v. 4.;^. iSO. Piirt. v. 2. 4* 3. n. 922.— A. pectinaceiis, Bull. t. 509.
Woods. July — Dec. Very common. — Pileus 2 — 5 inches broad, glutinous when young, smooth, hemispherical, at length plane, depres- sed in the centre; margin thin, striato-sulcate, purple, rose-red, bluish, fuscous, )ellovv or even white. Gills rather distant, broad, rigid, thick- ish, connected by veins, equal, with a very few smaller interspersed, al- ways white. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, longitudinally rugulose, firm, solid, white or tinged with the colour of the pileus, very acrid and poisonous, a very small piece producing bad effects. See Roques, I. c.
46. A. ruher^ Lam. {red simple-gilled Agaric) ; very acrid, pileus deep rose-red, margin even, gills forked white. Dec. Fl. Fr. V. 2. p. 140. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 58. — Amanita rubra, Lam. Encycl. p. 105. (fide Fries). — A. sanguineus, BidL t. 42 A. integer, var. 4. With. v. 4. p. 181.
Pastures, particularly under large oaks. Aug. Edgbaston. Withering. — " Pileus compact dry, even, scarcely brittle, of a cellular texture. Gills close. Stem 2 'inches high, firm, often tinged with rose. Very bitter like gall. Extremely acrid." Fr. I. c. According to Decandolle the stem is often marked with little black or rose-coloured streaks. With- ering describes the stem as eminently spongy and this accords with M. Roques' description of it when old.
47. A. fcetens, Pers, {f(Etid simple-gilled Agaric) ; acrid, strong-scented, pileus cl'.rty yellow, margin furrowed and tuber- cled, gills connected, white as well as the hollow stem. Pers. Syn. p. 443. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 59. — A.pipiratus, Btdl. t. 292. — A. incrassafus, Sow. t. 415.
Woods. July — Sept. Not uncommon. — Gregarious. Pileus 4 — 5 inches broad, at first convex, the margin broadly folded inwards, convex, at length more or less depressed with the margin somewhat vaulted, fleshy in the centre, the margin thin, furrowed and tubercled, the striae appear- ing as if a glutinous membrane were stretched over them, dirty yellow, rather brittle. Gills forked, dirty white or yellowish, moderately broad, connected by veins. Stem 3 — 4 inches high, above 1 inch thick, obtuse, incrassated "at the base, ruggedly hollov/ within, as if eaten by snails, white or with a dirty yellow tinge, depresso-tomentose ; beneath the gills minutely pitted 'longitudinally, /^s/i rather yellow. — Highly acrid, odour very strong, and penetrating, empyreumatic, somewhat resembling that of prussic acid, but exceedingly disagreeable.
48. A.furcatus, Lam. (green forked-gilled Agoric) ; inodor- ous, subacrid, pileus greenish, margin even, gills forked white. Pers. Syn. p. 446. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 59. Rogues, Hist, des Champ, t. 12./. 2. — Amanita fur caia. Lam. Enc. I. p. 106. (fide Fries).— A. hifidus, Bull. t. 26.
Woods. East Morden, Dors. Sept. Bev. M. J. Berkeley.—'' Stem
Af/ancus.] FUNGI. 23
stufltd, moderately firm, white. FUeus when young plane, the margin deflexed, then subinfnndibuliform, green." Fr. i. c. Taste acrid in my specimens,— bitteribli. I'ers. — subnauseous. Fr. Ruqucs,
49. A. viresci7is, Pers. (jnild forhed-gilled Agaric); mild, pileus nearly plane, margin even, gills forked and dimidiate white. Per^. Sf/n. p. 447. Tratt. Fang. Aust. <. 11. ?/. 21. Fr. Syst.3Iyc.v. 1.;?. 59. Roqiies, Hist, des Chanrp. t. i2.f. 3, 4. — A.farcatus, vur. heterophyllus, Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 59.
Woods. Not uncommon. Jtily — Sept. Scotland, Kloizsch in Hook. Herb. Kensington gardens. \Vansford, Norths. Rev. M. J. Berke- ley.— Pileus 4 inches broad, convex, at length slightly depressed and irregular, of various livid hues, yellow, purple and green, fleshy, rugulose, very slightly viscid, margin even. The edge of the pileus sometimes hangs down in a singular manner. The texture is altogether vesicnlose, cpnsisting of roundish cells. Gills white, forked, sometimes anastomo- sing at the base, rather close, moderately rigid, elastic. Sporides round, white. Stem 1 — 2 inches high, ^ an inch or more thick, obtnse at the base, various in form, slightly reticulated with raised lines. Taste and odour mild.— Excellent for food according to M. Roques and eaten under the nam.e of " verdelte,^' but requires to be carefully distin- guished from the foregoing and other acrid Rn.vuilcc. Trattinick's figure belongs apparently to this, his description evidently embraces this and A. furcatus.
50. A. adiisfKs, Pers. (scorc/ied Agaric) ; pileus depressed changing to black as if scorched, margin oven, gills unequal distant white, stem solid blunt. Peis. Syn. p. 459. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. \. p. GO. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 207. — A. rtigricansy Bull. t.2\2.
Woods. Sept. — Oct. Conmion. — Pileus 2^ — 3^ inches broad, white, smooth or clothed with a very minute pubescence or meal, which, when touched, turns black, plauo-d-pressed, at length infundibuliform, flesh thick, firm, crisp, turning red when cut ; when old the whole plant is black and remains in that state for a long time. Margin not involute. Gills narrow, pale yellowish, thick, distant, forked, decurrciit. Sporules white, round. Stem .3 inches high, nearly 1 inch thick, siihincrassated below, very obtuse ; substance and surface like that of the pileus. In a specimen with a cinereous-olive pileus, broken into areola?, the gills were nearly free.
/3. eJephantinus ; pileus yellowish-brown ; gills yellowish- white ; stem solid white. Soiu. t. SG. Part. v. 3. p, 203. — A, adustiis, var. elej)hanlinns, Grev. Fl. Fd. p. 373.
Woods and shady ()laces. — P^Yc-w* large, inelegant, 4 — 7 inches broad, rather pale when young and glutinous becoming yellowish dingy brown and cracking, at length blackish as if it had l)een exposed to fire. Stem 2 — 3 inehes high, 2 inches thick, dirty white." Grev. I. c.
Subgenus 7. Galoruheus; (fvomyaXu, wil/i,iiiH\ ^iu), tojloir). Veil none. Stem naked , Jinny suhcrp/(d, dijf'used into the pileus. Pileus fleshy, firm, phi no-depressed, umbilicate, margin cv(n, when young involute. (nils vncfpudy often forked, lutrroWy attenuated
24 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
behind, adnato-decurrent. The whole plant ahoiinding with a i milhy juice. Asci small. Sporules white, yellow in A. fiiliginosus. Large or middle-sized persistent frequently acrid Fungi growing on the ground,
* Pileus more or less viscid.
51. A. torminosus, Schceff. (bearded pepper Agaric) ; pileus smooth zoned pale, margin sliaggy, stem hollow even. Schceff. t. 12. Sow. t. 103. Purt v. S.p. 397. (quoad syn. Bull.) Fr. Syst. 3Iyc. v. 1. p. 63. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 373.— J. piperatus, Linn. Suec. 1 195. With. v. 4. p. 164.—^. Necator, Bull. t. 529. /. 2. With. V. 4. p. 168. Boques, Hist, des Champ, t. 13./. 3, 4.
Klotzsch, Fung. Germ, exs. n. 5.
Woods, especially of fir, heaths, thickets, borders of fields, &c. June — Oct. Local. Dundas Hill near Edinburgh. Dr. GrevUle. Cliftou. Lambley, Notts. Laxton, Norths. Rev. M. J. Berkeley. N. Wales, W. Wihon, Esq. — Pileus 2 — 5 inches broad, smooth or nearly so, except the involute margin which is most copiously shaggy ; depressed, more or less zoned, of a beautiful ochre or (sometimes) strawberry colour, at first viscid. Milk white, very acrid, not changeable. Gills rather narrow, nearly of the same colour as the pileus, but yellower and paler, slightly forked. Stem 1 ^ — 2 inches long, ^ an inch thick, sometimes shining, obtuse, paler than the pileus, at length hollow, clothed with a minute depressed down. Very acrid ; but the Russians preserve it in salt and eat it seasoned with oil and vinegar. See Rogues, Hist, des Champ, p. 88.
52. A. cilicioides, Fr. (downy milhy Agaric) ; pileus tomen- tose, dingy pale reddish or salmon-colour, gills yellowish, stem robust partly hollow. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \. p. 63. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 373. JoJmst. Fl. Bcrw. v. 2. p. 165. — A. Necator, var. 2.
With. V. 4.]). 168.
In woods or in grassy places under large trees. Autumn. Under large Spanish Chestnut trees in Edgbaston Park. WitJiering. Braid Her- mitage near Edinburgh. Grev. Near Berwick. Johnston. — ''Pileus 2 — 4 inches broad, depressed, margin rounded, involute, reddish-buff", some- times glutinous, very downy, becoming fibrillose at the margin. Gills yellowish, irregular and often branching, apparently decurrent from the expansion of the stipes into the substance of the pileus. Flesh yellow- ish-white, darker towards the surface. Stem about 2 inches high, nearly 1 inch thick, dingy white, yellow or brown. There is no juice, but a considerable moisture on the surface of the pileus which seems to originate from the plant." Grev. I. c.
53. A. Necator, Bull, (deadly milky Agaric); pileus smooth zoned olivaceous-umber, margin shaggy, stem stuffed. Bull. t. 14. — A. torminosus, Purt. v. 3. />. 396 (quoad Sy?i. Bidl).
' In A. Volemum I have seen particles in the milk moving nbout in every direction with immense rapidity, exactly like those observable in Gamboge mixed with water. Sometimes specimens of various species occur entirely destitute of milky juice, and at other times the juice is watery.
Agaricus.]
FUNGI. 25
Woods and heaths. Hare. Sept. Piirton " *S'/e?« short, attenuated,
paler than the {)ileus, white within, Fileus regnhu', often plano-disci- forni, viscid, firm, margin at length unrolled. GUIs dirty white, yellow or flefth colour." Fr. l. c. The account of A. iorminosiis and A. Neratur is somewhat confused in the Midland Flora, but after a careful consider- ation of it, as well as of a MSS. now before me, it appears quite certain that Mr. Purton's A. Necator is the real A. turniiiiusus, as he quotes Bull. t. 5'29.f. 2 ! !, though not so sure whether he has ever found the real A. Necator. His account, however, as regards the surface of the pileus, agrees with that of Bulliard, who describes and figures it not only as ciliated on the border, but as having the whole surface tufted. 1 feel myself therefore bound to insert it.'
54. A. zo7idrius, W itli. Qurid-zoned Agaric) ; pileus viscid zoned lurid, gills white, milk changing- to red, stem hollow. With. V. 4. p. 180. Sow. t. 203. Purt. v. 2. p. G32 Sf 3. p. 398. (m part). — A. biridus, Pers. Syn. p. 43G. JFr. Syst. Myc. v. 1 . p. 65. — A.fuscus, Schceff. t. 235.
Plantations and heaths. Aug. — Oct. Rare. Edgbaston. Withering. Kinnordy. Garscube, Scot. Klotzsch in Houk. Herb. — " Pileus 2 — 3 inches broad, nearly plane, rufescent from cinereous with brown zones. Milk at first while. Stem H inch high, pale." Fr. I. c. As there is a species with the specific name oi'lnridus in the subgenus Tricholoma, it is necessary to alter that of Persoon and Fries, I have therefore restored Withering's name.
55. A. dcris, Bolt, (acrid milhy Agaric) ; pileus viscid not zoned sooty-cinereous, gills yellow, milk turning red, stem stuffed. Bolt. t. 60. With. v. 4. p, 166. Fr. Sysf. Myc, v. 1. p, 65. — Owphalomycesy S)C. Batt. t. 13. E — A. deliciosus, var. Batsch, Cord. 1./. 68.
Woods. Aug. — Nov. Near Halifax. Bolton. Grounds of C. Lyell, Esq. Kinnordy, Scotland. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb. — " Pileus almost always excentric, emarginate, unequal, livid brown. Gills rather distant. Stem attenuated downwards, short, i)allid. Milk extremely acrid, dirty white, then rose-coloured, then yellowish ; seldom unchangeable." Fr. I. c. 1 find a state of this scarcely excentric, and viscitl only when young. The milk undergoes precisely the same changes, but ai)[)arently with much less intensity.
56. A. tividus, Fr. (lilac-JIeshid milhy Agaric) ; pilous viscid not zoned livid flesh colour or fuscous, gills wiiite, flesli chang- ing from white to lilac, stem hollow. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 66. — A. livido-rubcscc?is, Batsch, Cont. 2./. 202. With. v. 4. p. 165.
Woods. July— Sept. Edgbaston. Witherin-r. King's Clifte, Norths. Abundant. — Pileus 2 — 2A inches broad, Heshy, tlepressed, sometinies obsoletely zoned, viscid, pale dirty rufescent or cinereous with a shade of lilac, speckled with small watery .spots, which originate beneath the epidtrn)is. Gills [)aler, adnato-decurrent, the shorter ones very obtuse
' 111 tlif I>i,l,x Alp/iiilx tints, |Mil.li>!ir<l witli til.- .on. lij.liiiu part ol tli.' tliinJ vtiliiiii.- ..ftli.- Si/sl,miiM!/cnlui,ir,nii,\t' 1 imhI. r>t.iinl Jliml•i^ht, I'lios »«Tins to roiisidiT his A. \\\catnr :is not «lisliiKt alter all from A. fonninosus.
26 FUNGI. [Agaricus,
and truncate behind, connected by veins. Mi//c white, acrid. Stem-^ inches high, } inch thick, spongy, at length hollow, marked with little longitudinal pits, strigose at the base, the whole plant when cut white turning to a beautiful lilac. It is not however the milk which changes colour, on exposure to air, but the flesh itself.
57. A. hysgiiius, Fr. (^pink-dyed Agaric) ; pileiis viscid even zoneless flesli-coloured, gills and milk white, stem hollow spotted. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. Q7 . — A. depressus, With. v. 4. p. 171.
In grassy places, fir woods, &c. Aug. — Oct. Edgbaston Park. Withering. — " Pileus 4—5 inches broad, pinky or brownish white, viscid. Gills white yellowish with age. Stem 3 — 4 inches high, ^ an inch thick, solid (hollow and scrobiculate, Fr.) white with a pinky tinge. Juice dilutely milky, very acrid." With. I. c. The only difference between this and A. hysgimis, Fr. is the solid stem, but no character is more variable in this tribe. No other species will answer at all to the characters.
58. A. blemiius, Fr. {greenish-Jieched Agaric) ; pileus viscid pitted not zoned greenish, gills and milk white. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. I. p. 67. Fl. Dan. t, 1961. /. 'l.—A. xylopliilus, var. viscosus, Pers. Syn. p. 438. — A. Listeria var. 5. With. v. 4. /?. 154. var. 2, Purt. v. S. p. 191.
Woods, especially of beech. Sept. — Oct. Not uncoMimon. Bees- ton, Notts." King's Cliffe, Norths. Rev. M. J. Berkeley. — Pileus 2 — 4 inches broad, fleshy, rarely subzonate, convex, the margin generally involute and adpresso-tomentose, (quite smooth, Fr.) at length more or less depressed, dull cinereous-green, at first viscid ; more or less pitted. Millc white, not changeable. Gills rather narrow, pale ochraceous, scarcely forked not connected by veins. Steyn 1 inch long, |— | an inch thick, paler than the pileus, attenuated downwards, obtuse, smooth, at length hollow, sometimes pitted. Very acrid.
59. A. deliciosus, L. (oraiige- milked Agaric) ; pileus viscid obsok'tely zoned orange turning pale, gills and milk orange, stem hollow smooth scrobiculate. Linn. Suec. 1211. Schceff. t,U. Sow. t 202. With. V. 4. p. 163. Tratt. Essb. Schivam, t. M. Purt. V. 3. p. 187. Fr. Syst. 3Iyc. v. I. p. 67. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 374. Poques, Hist, des Champ, p. 93. Klotzsch, Fung. Germ. exs. n. Q.
Fir woods. Sept.— Oct. Not uncommon. — Gregarious, sometimes subcsespitose. — Pileus finches or more broad, zoned, orange-rufous, dull as if there were the remains of a minute very closely pressed dirty white web, hemispherical when young, in which state the margin is decidedly involute and tomentose, at length expanded, depressed, fleshy. The whole plant abounding with orange milk and when bruised or old, stained with green. Gills decurrent, from the first of the same colour as the pileus, forked at the base, rather broad and distant. Spnrules round, white. Stem 3 inches high, curved, stuffed, more or less hollow, scrobiculate, strigose at the base. Odour and taste agreeable, like that of Cantharellus cibarius, but slightly acrid. From the account given by M. Roques it should seem that this Agaric however delicious is not always to be eaten with impunity. I have always found the milk acrid.
Agaricus.]
ruNGi. 27
** Pikus dry.
60. A, Volemum, Fr. {mild red milky. Agaric); large, sweet,
pileus obtuse dry tawny becoming pale, gills white changing to
yellow, stem solid blunt. Fr. SysL Myc. v. I. p. 69. — A. ruber,
Tratt. Fung. Aust. t. 15. n. 29. Essh. Schwam. t. M.— ^. lacti-
Jluus, Schceff. t. 5.
Woods. July — Aug. Inverary. Kloizsch in Hook. Herb. King's Cliffe, ^ovths.— Pileus 4 inches broad, flesh thickish, moderately firm, obtuse, minutely umbonate, though the umbo at length vanishes, sub- depressed, sometimes very faintly zoned, with a few minute wrinkles towards the margin, dry, at length cracked, of a rich orange brown darker in the centre, the whole rather dull thai shining; margin not the least involute, though when young the edge of the pileus is regularly incurved. Milk white, abundant, not acrid, quite mild. Gills pale ochraceous, becoming fuscous on being touched, not very close, scarcely decurrent even in depressed specimens, sometimes slightly forked. Sporulcs white round. Stem 2^—31 inches high, above 1 inch thick, obese, minutely attenuated downwards, sculptured longitudinally, paler than the centre of the pileus : it bears a strong compression without giving way, but it is spongy in the centre ; outer flesh reddish. Schoeffer's figure agrees exactly with Trattinnick's, and is now in the Ind. Alph. allowed to be the same. A. ruber, Pers. has acrid milk. It is pronounced by Trattin- nick to be excellent for food if properly prepared, but very unwholesome if not sufficiently stewed. M. lloques' account, if in the cases he men- tions there was no mistake as to the species, is even more unfovourable. In Dr. Hooker's Herbarium there is a MSS. species of M. Klotzsch, which he states to be intermediate between A. Volemum and A. subdulcis ; not being able to draw up from his notes a satisfactory specific charac- ter, though as far as may be judged from dried specimens it should seem to be really distinct, 1 give its description here.— yl. Smilhii, Klotzsch. Pileus U— 2i inches broad, obsoletely umbonate, then altogether infun- dibuliform, tawny with a shade of fuscous, dry, opaque : margin sulcate tubercled. Gills 2—3 lines broad, dilute, tawny-fuscous or flesh- coloured, adnato-decurrent. Stem 1—2 inches high, 4— C lines thick, spongy, at length more or less hollow, smooth, tawny-rufous turning pale.— In beech woods in mountainous places. Aug.— Oct. Inverary. Rev. Colin Smith. Helensburgh. Mr. Joseph D. Hooker. Near Glas- gow. Klotzsch.
61. ^. quietus, Fr. {mild rufous Agaric); sweet, pileus obtuse even dry opaque, gills testaceo-rufescent, stem solid firm. Fr, Syst. Myc. v. i. p. G9.—A. ruhcscens, Fl. Dan. t. 1069. /. 2. {Jidc Fries). — A. scrosus, With. v. 4. p. 160.
Woods. iSept. — Nov. Very conmion. — /^j/<wa- 2 inches or more broad, opaque, rufesccnt,often slightly zoned, at first deep livcr-colourcd, obtuse, at length depressed, smooth, the margin incurved and delicately downy. Fle&h thick, firm ; milk white, but sometimes of a deciiled but pale yellow, the i)lant dithring in no other respect. Gills pale rufesccnt, gradually becoming darker, decurrent,forkcd at thebase, rather numerous, and narrow. Sporulcs white, round. Stem 2 inches long, .} — k an inch thick, thickest u|)wards, of tiic same texture and colour as the pileus ; Jlesh firm, bearing a strong pressure wiliiout breaking ; w hen old less firni, but not hollow. Mild ; odour oily and sometimes like that o( bugs.
28 FUNGI. [Ar/aricus.
The variety with yellow milk I have found at Barnby in the willows near Newark and at King's Cliffe, Norths., where A. theiogalus abounds; but the two are quite distinct.
62. A. subdulcis, Bull, (subacrid rufous Agaric) ; subacrid, pileus smooth polished dry rufescent, gills flesh-colour at length ferruginous, milk white unchangeable, stem smooth at length hollow. Bull t. 224. Pers. Syn. p. 433. Fr, Syst. Myc, V. I. p. 70. Giev.Fl. Ed. p. 374. Klotzsch, Fung. Germ. exs. 91. 8. — A. lactifiims, Sow. t. 204. With. v. 4. p. 160. Purt.v.
2. Sf 3. n. 906 A. Bulliardi, Fl. Dan. t. 1 069./ {^fide Fries).
— /3. camphoratus, Bull. t. 567. /. 1. — A. cimicarius, Purt. v. 3.;>. 191. Batsch, Cant. l.f. 69.
Woods. Sept. — Oct. Not so common as the last.— Pi/ez<5 1 — 4 inches broad, dark chocolate, sometimes slightly viscid when young. Alilk white, acrid when the plant is old. Gi/is at length deep red-brown, scarcely at all forked. Stem 1 — 2 inches high, | — k an inch thick, substance looser than in the last at length hollow. I once found a most splendid variety of this at Colly weston. Norths., in which the pileus and stem were of a bright orange, very like Bolt. t. 9, but the milk was not yellow.
63. A. theiogalus, Bull, (jjelloiv-milked Agaric) ; subacrid, pileus dry smooth somewhat zoned, milk white changing to yellow. Bull t. bQl.f. 2. Pers. Syn. p. 431. Fr, Syst. Myc. V. \.p. 71. — A. cimicarius,var.S. With. v. A. p. 165. — A. zona- rius, Bolt. t. 144.
Woods amongst dead leaves. July — Nov. Woolhope, Herefordshire. Mr. Stackhuuse. King's Cliffe, Norths. Bev. M. J. Berkeley. — Pileus 1 — 3 inches broad, buff, sometimes slightly tinged with tawny, at first hemispherical, dimpled, at length depressed, more or less zoned ; mar- gin wavy, involute and minutely downy when young ; Jiesli firm, crisp. Gills very slightly decurrent, connected by veins, distant, by no means rigid, salmon-coloured, slightly forked, about as broad as the flesh of the pileus. Milk white, rather acrid with a peculiar taste, changing instantly on exposure to air to a delicate but beautiful yellow, as does the whole plant when cut. Stem U inch high, ^—1 inch thick, at first nearly white, obese, paler than the pileus, downy at the base, more or less hollow. — A very elegant species, not to be confounded with the variety of A. quietus mentioned above. A. zonariusy Bolt, is quoted by Fries under A. deliciosus, but a comparison of the figure with the description shows it I think to be certainly the present species.
64. A. rufus, Scop, (rufous milky Agaric) ; extremely acrid, pileus subobtuse dry polished or squamulose rufous, milk white, stem subsolid. Scop. 451. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 71. Klotzsch, Fung. Germ. exs. n. 7. — A. ruber, Pers. Syn. p. 433. (exc. Syn. Schceff.).— A. rubescens, With. v. 4. p. 159. b. — A. helvus, Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 72.
Plantations at Edgbaston in clayey soil. Withering. Fir plantation between Poole and Bourne Mouth, on a sandy bank. Sept. — Pileus 3 inches broad, plano-convex, slightly or strongly umbonate, with a de- pression round the umbo as the plant advances, deep rufescent, adpresso-
Agaricus.]
FUNGI. 29
tomentose, the margin slightly turned in and snbstriate, fleshy, firm, not very brittle nor zoned/ Milk white, insn[)portably acrid, not change- able. Gills at first pale, then slightly rufescent, decurrent, here and there forked. Stevi 'Ih inches high, ^ of an inch thick, nearly equal, obtuse, firm, bearing a'strong pressure, rufescent, but hoary or mealy; turning brown when bruised, somewhat stuffed at length partly hollow base downy. The differences between A. rufus and A. helms which are now united by Fries are said by him to depend upon their place of growth. iMy specimens, according to the place of growth, should be A. rufus, whereas in character they come nearest to A. lielvus. Wither- ing speaks of his plant as hot and acrid like Mczereun or CiLckow Pint which can scarce apply to any state of ^. subdulcis.
65. A. ghjciosmus, Fr. {siveet- scented milky Agaric) ; strong- scented, pileus thin sqnamulose opaque sublurid, gills yellowish close, milk white, stem smooth. Fr, Syst. Myc. v. \.p. 72.
Woods especially of Pine. Sept. — Oct. Scotland. Klutzschjn Hook. Herb.—'' Pileus more or less plane, often umbonate, various in colour, lurid-brown, brick-red, flesh colour, or rufous ; known by its peculiar scent ; brittle. Gills opaque, pale when young. Sporules white. Milk white, at length acrid." Fr. I. c. Pileus 1—3 inches broad. Gills narrow. Stem U inch long, 3—4 lines broad.
G6. A. plumbetis, Bull. (lead-coloured milky Agaric) ; pileus dry not zoned dark fuscous or deep dingy grey, gills yellowisli, milk white. BuU. t. 282. t. 539./. 2. Pers. Syn. p. 435. Fr. Syst Myc. V. 1. p. 73. Grev. Ft. Ed. p. 375 — A. Listeri, Sow. t. 245. Johnst. Fl. Berw.v. 2. p. 104.
Woods. Autumn. Rare. Dundas Hill near Edinburgh. Grcvillc. Near Berwick. Johnston.—"' Pileus 3—5 inches broad, large, convex, becoming depressed, firm, never zoned or glutinous, margin mostly involute^dark, fuliginous-grey or brown. Flesh compact, white. Gills numerous, yellowish, varying with different shades. Stem 2—3 inches high, firm, thick, brownish or dingy olive." Grev. I. c.
67. A. fuUgiiwsus, Fr. (coffee-coloured Agaric) ; pileus zone- less dry umber sprinkled with brown meal, gills ochraceous, flesh changing from white to saffron. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 73.— A. azonitcs, Dull. t. b(M.f. 3.
Woods. Aui:.— Nov. Inverary. Klotzsch, in Honk. Herb. Canter- bury. King's Cliffe, Norths. Rev. M. J. Berkeley.— Pileus 1— .'3 inches l)road, not viscid, minutely pitted, plane, slightly depressed, of a dull grcy-bufl' or umber with a minute bloom; not zoned ; the margin not the least involute ; y/r.s7i when cut soon chanuing to salmon-colour. I\Iilk white, not changeable. Gills slightly forked at the base, not con- nected with veins, ochraceons, subdecurrent, mealy, with the yellow sporules, which are very minute, round ami echinulate. Stem \\ — 3 inches long, 4— .J lines thick, s()liil,but the inner substance less dense, obese, nuich paler than the pileus, with a minute bloom.— The colour of the pileus is exactly that of coffee and milk, as observed by Decandolle. who however confounds two species. It may be always known from A. arris by atteniling to the sporules.
68. A. pyrogaliis, Bull, {small-zoned Agaric) ; pileus dry *nn»oth nwM-o <»r loss zoned livid, gills distant yellow, sUmu
,30 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
hollow cinereous. Bull, L 529. f, i. Pers. >Si/?i. p. 436. Fr, Syst. Myc. V. l./>. 74. Roques, Hist, des Champ, t. 13./. 5.
Woods and meadows amongst grass. Eaglesham, Scot!. Klotzsch^ in Hook. Herb. King's Cliffe, Norths. Aug. — " Pdeiis 2—3 inches broad, firm but thinner than the following species; at length dirty- yellowish ; in shady places almost zoneless. Milk abundant, extremely acrid. Stem H inch long, 3 — 5 lines thick, stuffed, soon hollow, often attenuated, smooth or scrobiculate." Fr. I. c.
69. A. JiexudsKS, Pers. (icoody-zoned Agaric); compact, edge of pileiis turned down dry smooth, gills distant pale, stem solid short. Fr. Syst. 3Iyc. v. I. p. 74. — a. pileus nmher. — A, azonites, Bull. t. 559./. 1. — A. umbrinns^ Pers. Syn. p. 433. — b. pileus ruddy-yellow. Fungus lignosus, S^c. VailL Bot. Par. p. 61. t. 12. f. 7. / — A. zonarius, Bull. t. 104. — A.flexuosus, Pers. Syn. p. 430.
Pastures amongst bushes. July — Oct. Hamilton, Scotland. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb. — Cotterstock, Tansor, Norths. Rev. M. J. Berkeley, (b.) — Caespitose or solitary. Pileus 4 inches or more broad, crisped, and waved, infundibuliform, zoned, more or less rufescenti-ochraceous, viscid when moist, fleshy, milk white very acrid. Jfargin almost smooth, very slightly involute; flesh zoned. Gills nearly of the same colour, very much forked and anastomosing^ below from the intermediate veins. Stem short and thick, blunt, white and very minutely downy, occasionally quite smooth, firm and solid. Sometimes very much deformed and scarcely rising above the soil ; very harsh and woody. My specimens, though certainly belonging to A. flexiiosns, have the pileus viscid when moist. The sporules I find decidedly ochraceous, as also in A. pyro- galus.
70. A. piperdtus, Scop. (Pepper Agaric) ; pileus infundibuli- form rigid smooth white, gills very narrow close, milk and the solid blunt stem white. Scop. p. 449. Bolt. t.2\. pers. Syn. p. 429. Fr. Syst. Myc. v, 1. p. 76. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 375. Roques, Hist, des Champ, t. 13./. 1. — 2 — A. amarus, Schceff. t. 83. — A. Listeri. var. 1. With. v. 4. p. 153. Purt. v. 2. p. 624. S^ 3. p. 394.
Woods. Not quite so common as the next. July — Aug. — Pileus 3 — 7 inches broad, slightly rugulose, quite smooth, white, a little clouded with yellow or stained with umber where scratched or bruised, convex more or less depressed, often quite infundibuliform more or less waved, fleshy, thick, firm, but brittle ; margin involute at first ; some- times excentric. 3Iilk white, hot. Gills generally very narrow, ^V of an inch broad, but sometimes much broader, cream-coloured, repeatedly dichotomous, very close " like the teeth of an ivory comb," decurrent from the shape of the pileus, when bruised changing to umber. Stem 1—3 inches high, 1^ — 2 inches thick, often compressed, minutely pruinose, solid but spongy within, the substance breaking up into trans- verse cavities. Specimens occur, exactly similar in habit to A. parga- menus. Though very acrid when raw, it loses its bad qualities entirely by cooking and is extensively used on the continent, prepared in various ways. It is preserved for winter-use by drying or pickling in a mixture of salt and vinegar.
Agnricus.]
FLJNGI. 31
71. A.vellereus, Fr. {fieecrj Agaric); white, pileus tomcutoso rigid, gills narrow distant, milk white, stem solid hhmt. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 76. — A. Listeri, Sow. t. 104. Klutzsch, Fling. Germ. exs. n. 9.
Woods. July — Oct. Exceedingly common. — Vilem 4^—7 inches broad more or less infnndibnliform, the whole surface minutely but densely tomentose ; Nvhite, firm, fleshy ; margin at first involute. Milk white, acrid. Gills white, narrow (but occasionally broad and brittle like A. exsuccua) distant, forked, connected by veins, at length slightly buflf or yellowish, rufescent after being bruised. Stem I inch high, 2 inches thick, blunt, rather less downy than the pileus, solid.
72. A. exsuccus, Otto, (Jiiicekss Agaric); not milky, pileus infundibuliform clothed with a depressed down, gills broad crisp pallid. — A. vellereus, var. exsuccus, Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \.p. 77. — A. piperatus, var., Pers. Syn. p. 429.
Woods. July— Sept. Common.— Pileus broader even than in the last, white, fleshy ; flesh white without milk and not changing colour. Gills distant, white with often a tinge of verdigris, very crisp and brittle some- what forked, \ of an inch broad, connected by veins. Spondes white, round. Stem obtuse, short, thick, surface like that of the pileus. This is not precisely the same plant as A. re/Zc/r^.v, putting out of view the absence of milk, and seems to have as much claim to rank as a species as A. vellereus, differing as nuich from that, as that does from A. jnjiera- ius. The gills are very different ; though as there is a state of A. jnpera- tus very near to A. vellereus as regards the gills, so again looking to the same organ there is a state of ^. vellereus approachuig to A. exsuccus.
Subgenus 8. Clitocybe; (from xX/ro; asleep or declivity, and jcuiBri a head, pointing to the shape of the pileus when young, in contradistinction to omphalia in which the pileus when young is umbilicate). Veil none. Pileus convex when young, not ^imbilicate ; at length often depressed or infimdibuliforni. Gills unequal, jiiiceless, unchangeable, tough, variously Jixcd or free. Sporules white.
A. Dasvphylli (from daavg, close, and fuXXov, a leaf.) Pileus dry, smooth. Gills close dccurrent or acutely adnate.
7S. A. gilcus, Pers. (suJnnvolute Agaric) ; pileus convex obtuse then infundibuliform smooth rigid, gills decurrent from pallid becoming reddish, stem stuffed somewhat rooting shaggy at the base. Pers. Syn. p. 448. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 80. Fr. EL \.p. 10— A.' subinvolutus, Batsch, Cont.2.f 204.— .4. sonlidnflacus, With. r. 4. p. 183. — A. cyathiformis, Fl. Dan. t. 1011.
Under trees in Edgbaston Park. Withering. Aug.— Sept.— " Very distinct as a species from all the forms of A.i!,il>hus:\\u\ A. nrhuluris, and when once seen can be confoiuuled with neither. Its distinguishing marks are, stem stout fleshy ; pileus when s[)ringing up moist, when full grown dry, polished, here and tliere spotted ; flesh compact or brittle not flaccid, reddish like the pileus, not white ; gills very close, oltcn
32 FUNGI. [Afjaricus.
branched, never white. There never is a central umbo. Scent none. In other respects, its stature size and intenseness of colour vary, so that it is hard to believe that certain specimens belong to the same species. Stem attenuated, sometimes above, sometimes below." Fr. EL I. c. — This species is introduced solely on account of Fries' reference to Withering. One of his references however I have rejected, being certainly another species and probably the true A. cinnamomeus, and I perfectly agree with Dr. Greville that Bolton's A. cinnamomeus, is quite different. I believe it to be a state oi A.fastibilis. A. pileolarius , Bull, quoted by Fries, does not agree with the account given above. It is described as farinose or subtomentose and its odour and taste as very agreeable, especially when young. Of this I once found some small specimens in Laxton Park, Norths, under Scotch firs, and I have before me what I believe to be the same (as far as I can judge from dried specimens) from the Sandy Denes of Yarmouth ; but never having seen it fully developed and having neglected to take notes at the time, I leave the point for further investigation. — Whatever may be thought of the correctness of Fries' citation of Withering's A. sordido-flavus, the remarks given above from his Elenchus will be found of great value as affording points of comparison between this and the two next species.
74. A.Jidccidus, Sow. (^flaccid Agaric) ; pileus thin depres- sed obtuse even, margin deflexed, gills decurrent very close dirty white, stem slender equal. Sow. t. 185. Fr. Syst.Myc. V. l.p.Sl. El. l.p. 11.
Fir plantations. Sept. Not uncommon. Seldom in other situations. Amongst grass, Aimer. Dorset. Rev. M. J. Berkeley.— Fllem 2—3 inches broad, always of a peculiar form and substance ; orbicular, depres- sed, rather plane than infundibuliform by reason of the deflexed margin. No central umbo ; very even and smooth, various in colour, generally reddish but sometimes white. Gilh very much attenuated behind, very close, tender and narrow, not running far down. Stem 1—2 inches long, 2 lines thick, slender, generally equal, smooth with a subcartilaginous bark; not fleshy as in A. gilvzis, nor elastic and spongy as in A.infundi- buliformis, but stuffed and soon hollow or fistulose ; not rooting nor in- crassated and villous, excej)t from peculiarity of situation." Fr. El. I. c. In grassy places, as in the locality mentioned above, the stem is some- times densely covered with wool above the peculiar bark-like coat, evidently springing from the villosity of the base; the pileus in the same locality was very brittle. Fries' remarks apply admirably to the form well figured by Sowerby, which commonly occurs in fir plantations. Schceffer's figure when compared with his character will be seen to belong clearly to some other species ; and most of Bulliard's figures t. 553, except perhaps that marked P., rather to the following species. He says expressly that it has a fungoid smell, which is one of the distin- guishing marks of A. infundibuliformis. Few Agarics have greater pretensions to beauty.
75. A. infundibuliformis, Bull, (variable wood Agaric); pileus umbonate smooth at length infundibuliform, gills decurrent reddish, stem stuffed elastic attenuated upwards. Bidl. t. 28G. 553. Fr. El. l.p. 12. Ind. Alph. p. 22.-^ A. gibbus, Pers. Sijii.p. 449. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 82. Klolzsch, Fung. Germ. exs. 71. 10.
Agaricus.] FUNGI. 33
Woods, roadsides, &c. amongst roots of grass, rotten leaves, 6cc. Aug. — Oct. Extremely common. Pileus H — 2 inches or more broad, dry, elastic, pale reddish cream colour, at first convex quite white and narrower than the stem and scarce to be distinguished from it, then umbonate, soon depressed or quite infundibuliform with traces — rrr^ umbo, variously crisped and lobed, the margin involute and downy ; the whole being clothed with a delicate closely-woven web which is often on the margin pinched up as it were into little raised striae ; these how- ever in general vanish as the pileus becomes completely expanded. Flesh moderately thick in the centre, of the same colour as the pileus. GUIs white, attenuated at each end, numerous, unequal, some of them forked at the base. Steyn very various in length, 2 — 9 lines thick, attenu- ated upwards, elastic, stuffed, paler than the pileus. Odour strong but grateful like that of Jl. oreades. — Differs from the last in the following characters, " odour pleasant. Pileus with a thin margin at first inflec- ted at length erect, truly infundibuliform, with a central umbo on account of the more fleshy centre which is rarely absent in this, though always in the foregoing species. The surface of the pileus is dry, never moist on account of its silkiness, always more or less perceptible, nor Is the stem polished. Gills close, but not very close, very decuirent." Fr. EL I. c.
13. major. Fr. El. 1. c. pileus firm broadly and obtusely um- bonate.— A. yeotrupusy Bull, t 573. /. 2. — A. pikolarius, Sow. t.6l. Part. V. 2 Sf 3. 7i. 902.—^. gilvus, Grcv. Sc. Crypt. Fl. A 41.
Woods. Not uncommon. — Pileus 4 inches broad. Stem fi inches long, nearly 1 inch thick, H at the base, more or less fibrillose, sometimes with broad transverse'closely-pressed scales. I quite agree with Fries that this is nothing more than a large variety of A. infumlihulifonnis, agreeing with it in every point except the superior development of all its parts.
76. A. gigdnteus, Sow. (not of Fr. El.) (giant Agaric) ; very large dirty-white, pileus broadly infundibuliform, gills close decurrent, stem solid subpubescent blunt. Sotv t. 244. With. V. 4. ;;. loO. Furt. v. 2 (^ 3. n. 915. Grtv. Fl. Ed. p. dlb.— A. infundibnliformis, y. maximus^ Fr. El. p. 13.
Meadows and woods. Sept. Not common. Blymhill, Shropshire. Mr. Dirhnson. Newliston, near Etlinburgii. CapUiin W(nt<jh. Wol- hirton, Notts. Ucv. ill. J. licrkdey. — F'llcus 4 — 14 inches inroad, fleshy, often splitting at the margin, broadly infundibuliforn), the base of the funnel sunk into the stem with no trace of an umbo, dirty white with an ochraceous tinge, minutely adprcsso-squanudose to the naked eye, sometimes guttate ; the whole surface uniler a lens clotlicd w ith a fine matted silkiness ; margin grooved, the grooves shallow. Gills close, forked, yellow-white, as broad as the flesh of the pileus. Stem 2\—i\ inches high, nearly '1 thick at the base, firm, fleshy, elastic, (juite solid, .subbulbous, sometimes attenuated upwards, n)innttly but conspituou.sly pubescent; when bruised dirty rufe.scent. O^/o///- strong like that of A. arcades. — Certainly very nearly allied to the last, and diflering only in its larger size, pubescent sten),and in its growing in rings which arc some- times seventeen yards in diameter. I am not however convinccil ol thr projirif'ty of nccountirig it a mere variety. Its large size certainly does
D
34. FUNGI. [Agaricus.
not, as Fries supposes, depend upon the mere richness of the soil on which it grows, for I have found it in abundance above a foot in diame- ter on extremely barren soil. Fries finds it with an umbo, in my speci- mens there is not the slightest trace of one.
77. A. 7iigrescens, Lascb. (^dark infundihuliform Agaric) ; pileus plane fleshy at length infundibuliform cinereous-brown, dark in the centre, gills decurrent, stem thickest above solid lanato-pubescent. Lasch. LinncBa. IV. p, 528. Fr. hid. Alph. j9. 31.
Amongst dead leaves. Scotland. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb. — Pileus 1^ — 2 inches broad. Gills when dried of the same colour as the edge of the pileus, very decurrent even in young specimens. Stem IJ inch high, 4 lines thick. — The characters given above are necessarily taken from dried specimens, as I have no opportunity of referring to the work in which the species is described. There is no doubt of its being perfectly distinct. Found originally near Dresden.
78. A. phyllophilus, Pers. (white wood Agaric); gregarious, white, pileus even umbonate, at length infundibuliform, gills subdecurrent, stem hollow, the base incurved villous. Pers. Syn. p. 457. Fr. Syst. Mijc. v. 1. p. 83. Fl. Dan. t. 1847.
Amongst dead leaves, especially in beech and fir woods. Sept.
Kinnordy. Klotzsch, in Hook, Herb, amongst fir leaves " Generally
sweet-scented, subcaespitose. Pileus 2 — 3 inches broad, slightly fleshy; when young nearly plane ; sometimes repand. Stem 2 — 3 inches long, obliquely-rooted at the base." Fr. 1. c.
79. A. jiebuldris, Batsch, (neiv-cheese Agaric) ; pileus com- pact even cinereous, gills subdecurrent close whitish, stem stuffed, attenuated upwards. Batsch, Cont. 2. f. 193. Pers. Sy7i. p. 349. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 86. FL Dan. t. 1784, Roques, Hist, des Champ, t. 15. y. 5. — A. mollis. Bolt. t. 40. — A. cuseus, With. v. A. p. 152.
Fields and fir woods. Autumn. Not common. Halifax. Bolton. Pendarvis, Cornw. Mr. Stackhouse. Duglestone, Garscube (amongst fir leaves) Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb. Margate (pastures) Mev. M. J. Berkeley. — Pileus 4 inches broad, at first conico-convex, fuligineo-cine- reous, obtuse, the margin waved, involute and pruinose ; gradually expanded with a broad umbo and quite smooth, dirty white or ochraceo- fuliginous, spotted by rain ; Jiesh thick white. Gills paler than the pileus, rather broad, slightly decurrent or slightly emarginate, with a decurrent tooth ; often forked in distorted specimens. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, ^ an inch thick, 1 at the base, more or less bulbous at first fibrilloso-squamulose, paler than the pileus ; solid but the central substance softer, sometimes twisted ; odour strong, like that of A. oreades. Excellent for food.
80. A. ca7ialiculdtus, Schum. (swollen- stemmed Agaric); pileus even smooth convex compact greyish-brown, gills narrow pale flexuous behind wdth a decurrent tooth, stem bulbous stuffed streaked. Schum. Flor. Siell. v. 2. p. 331. Fl. Dan. t. 1844. /. 2. Fr. Syst. Myc. v.l.p. 46. Grev. Syn. Scot. Cryp. Fl. p. 32. — A. tnrgidus, Grev. Crypt. FL t 9.
Agaricus.] FUNGI. 35
Dry woods amongst beech and other leaves. Autumn. Foxhall, near Edinburgh. On worn-out bark in a cold Grape-house. March. Apithorpe, Norths. JRev. M. J. Berkeley. — " Plants much scattered. Pileus 2 — 3^ inches in diameter, flattish in young plants, more or less convex in the old ones, of a greyish-brown, very smooth, feeling, a short time after gathering like fine kid leather, margin rounded, slightly depressed. Flesh very thick, extremely white, rather dense, becoming spongy and loose as it enters the stem. Gills very slightly decur- rent, pale-yellowish, numerous, narrow. Stem 4 — 5 inches high, about 1 inch in diameter at the top, much thicker and ventricose downwards, and again somewhat swollen at the base, hollow ; white, with an uneven but not striated surface, streaked with pale pink, brown or dirty-yellow, white and downy at the base, which is very obtuse. The whole stem feels extremely hollow and elastic between the fingers. Jloot a fine dense white down, intermixed with a few minute fibres." Grev. I. c. My specimens, which are not fully developed, differ from the above description, in the place of growth, in being gregarious and very min- utely tomentose ; in the gills being flexuous behind with a decurrent tooth, so as to form a little channel round the stem, and in the stem being spongy and not hollow. Schumacher describes the gills as truncate behind, and forming a canal round the solid stem. The gills in Greville's figure do not accord with that of Schumacher; nor the figure of either with my specimens; which, combining the peculiarities of both, tend to prove that both are correct, and that Fries judged rightly in considering them as identical, while he pointed out their proper affinity to be with A. nehularis, and A. Schumac/ieri. There is a peculiarity in the gills in my specimens, which is evidently acciden- tal ; they are minutely crenate and plicate so as to appear marked with prominent veins.
81. ^. fumosus, Pers. (smoki/ Agaric) ; pileus smooth lig^ht bistre, gills adnate close dirty-white as well as the even stuffed stem. Pers. sjjn. p. 348. Ic. PJct. t. 7. / 3, 4. Fr. SysL Mi/c. V. 1 . p. 88.
Woods. The Cheverill near Hockerton, Nofts. Oct. — Pileus 2i — .3 inches broad, fleshy but thin on the margin, more or less wavy, slightly unibonate, with a thick skin marked with little pits so as to present the a[)pearance of innate fibrillui; bistrc-coloured. Gills rather pale, variously adnate, rounded behind or eniarginate, sometimes almost decurrent. Stem 1 — 2} inches long, j! of an inch thick, quite smooth except at the aj>ex where it is punctato-squamulose, nearly equal, stuffed. /3. A. polius, very thickly cavspitose, pileus grey, gills and stem unequal dirty-white. A. alhcllus. Sow. /. \-l'l. Steins 40 or oO growing together by their bases into a fleshy body, wavy, smooth. Pileus A — '^ inches broad, plano-convex, white or greyish, reddish where bruised.
82. A. viridis, With, {green Agaric) ; pileus smooth «;ieen, gills adnate narrow wliite as well as the solid smooth stem.
With. V. 4. p- 184. />. Syst, JIgc. v. l.p, 90.-/1. arnilcus, Bolt. t. 12.
Woods. Aug. Hare. Whcatly, Yorks. Bolton.— Pileus 2 — .1 inches broad, carnosc; //t.s/i white, obtuse, <onvex, rugose, dry, grc\i^h blue, firm and liard but very brittle. Gills white, thitk niid brittle.
36 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
narrow, adhering to the stem by their base. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, 2 — 3 lines thick, dusky white, hard and solid.
83. A. odorus, Bull, {green sweet- scented Agaric) ; fragrant nearly plane more or less green, pileus even, gills decurrenti- adnate rather close, stem stuffed unequal smooth. 3ull. t, 176, 556./. 3. Sow. t. 42. Pers. Sy7i. p. 323. With. v. 4. p. 376. Purl. V. 2 (^ 3. n. 904. Fr, Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 9a Grev. Sc, Cryp. Fl. t. 28. Fl. Ed. p. 376.—^. cmisatus, Roques, t. 15./ 4.
In shady thick woods amongst moss and dead leaves. Aug. — Nov.
General but seldom abundant Pileus 3 inches broad, plano-convex.
with or without an umbo, smooth, of a lurid pale green, sometimes here and there whitish so as to appear zoned ; fleshy but rather watery ; Jlesh dull dirty-white, margin not striate but sometimes transparent ; in the young plant inflected tomentose. Gills pale, rather waved decurrenti- adnate, the interstices wrinkled. Sporides round, white. Stem 2 inches high, 4 Hues thick, firm somewhat flexuous, subfibrillose with a little scattered down, stuffed, attenuated towards the base, which is downy and furnished with strong-branched greenish or whitish roots. Odour like that of aniseed.
84. A. cdndicans, Pers. (shining-white depressed Agaric); small shining white, pileus even convex at length umbilicated, gills adnate at length decurrent, stem even fistulose. Pers. Syn. p. 456. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \.p. 91. Fl. Dan. t. 2021./ 1. — ^. umbilicatus, Bidl. ^. 411./ 2. Bolt. t. 17.
Amongst leaves of oak and beech. Fr. I. c. Plantations of fir and larch, Fixby Hall. Bolton. July — Oct. — *' Pileus scarce 1 inch broad, subcarnose, tough, regularly deflexed at the margin, rarely subdeformed. Gills rather close. Stejn 1 — 2 inches high, 1 — 2 lines thick, nearly equal, incurved at the base, rooted and villous, the rest smooth. Aberrant forms numerous." F?-. I. c.
85. A. dealbdtuSf Sow. (dirty-white Agaric); inodorous dirty-white, pileus more or less unequal thin even, gills adnate close, stem stuffed equal smooth. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 92.
Gregarious on the roots of grass in old pastures. — Pileus f — 1^ inch broad, at first convex, then plano-convex, the margin somewhat undulate very slightly involute, dry, smooth though when examined with a lens clothed with a very minute farinaceous silkiness which retains the marks of the fingers, dirty-white, subcoriaceous, cream- coloured or of a beautiful rose colour. Gills adnate, shghtly emargi- nate when young, brittle, white, moderately broad. Sporules white round. Stem I inch high, 2 lines thick, often curved, farinaceous at the apex whitish or rose-coloured, stuffed, occasionally in age hollow above, but appearing as if the more tender inner substance were carried down by the knife. Odour fungoid. — This very common species I believe to be Fries' A. dealbatus, but if so my specimens are certainly not inodorous.
7. pileus renaiid and lohed, stem short. Sow. t. 123. Grev. FL Ed. p. 376.
Agaricus.] fungi. 37
Pastures, woods, &c. Autumn. — " Pileus 1 — U inch broad, smooth slightly fleshy, plane, umbonate sometimes depressed from the turnino; up of the margin Gills narrow, irregular, white. Stem short, cruoked or straight, rather tough, smooth, white. Subgregarious, polymorphous. Grev. I. c.
86. A. cerusscitus, Fr. (white lead Agaric) ; inodorous white, pileus fleshy even, gills adnate close, stem solid even tomen- tose at the base. Fr. SysL Myc. v. I. p. 92. EL I. p. 15. — A. opacus, Soio. t. 142. With. v. 4. p. 172.
Woods and heaths. Sept.— April.— " Often gregarious. Pileus 2 — 3 inches broad, a little convex but soon plane and obtuse, rather shining. Gills not decurrent. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, somewhat thickened at the base, furnished frequently with fibrillose radicles." Fr. I. c. Sowerby describes his plant as distinguishable by the silvery glare and opaque surface of the pileus. Taste like that of A. oreades.
87. A. gramnwpddius, Bull, (sukate-stefmned Agaric) ; large, pileus obsoletely umbonate even, gills adnate close, stem solid smooth sulcate. Bidl. i. 548, 585. /. 1. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 93. — A. graveole?is, With. v. 4, p. 170. Purt. v. 3. p. 206. (not of Sow.)
Woods and plantations amongst grass. June — Oct. Edgbaston. In rings under trees at Packington. Withering. In rings under trees, Ragley Park. Purton.—" Pileus 3—5 inches broad, fleshy, margin thin, rather brittle convex firm campanulale, then somewhat plane, also de[)ressed and repand. Gills not decurrent, narrow, sometimes divided. Stem 3 inches high, | an inch thick, firm, of the colour of the pileus, thickened at the base and villous." Fr. I. c. A. (jraveolens, Sow. is certainly very different from the plant of Bulliard quoted above, and as Persoon suspects, probably a state of A. fastihilis. It is however quoted by Fries in his Ind. Alph.p. 23. as a synonym of A. saponaceus, {A. myomyces, Fr. Syst. Myc.)
88. A. melius, Sow. (large-collared Agaric) ; pileus subum- bonate even brownish, gills decurrent with a tooth, the base loose and curiously recurved, stem solid equal woolly. Sow. t. 184. Fr. Syst. 3Iyc. v. 1. p. 93.
Kensington gardens. Jan. — Pileus 2 inclics broad. Stem '> — 3 inches high, \ an inch or more thick. Root reticulated.
89. A. i?wr7iditis, Sow. (smooth histre-colourcd Agaric) ; pileus obtuse even bistre, gills adnate at lenglii subdecurrent, stem solid even smooth tliickened below. Sotv. t. 342. />. Syst. Myc. V. \. p. 93.
Pih us 3 inches broad, fleshy, plane or snbdcprcssed, margin turned in. Gills of the same colour as the pilous. Stem 2 inches long, k an inch thick, paler than the |)ileus. Fries FA. p. 1."), thinks that this may be a variety of A.fumosus, lVr.s. and my s|)ecimens of that species describeil above, seem to connect them, as also A. amjdus, l*crs.
90. A. /imhrintiis, Holt, (fimhrintcd Agaric) ; ilirty-wliitr, pileus even at length infuntiibuliform. margin ^innatnl and
38 FUNGI. [Agarictts.
lobed, gi\h adnate very tender, stem short stuffed. Bolt. t. 61. Pers. Si/tu p. 466. Fr. Sijst. Myc. v. 1. p. 94.
On the ground and upon rotten wood. Aug. Halifax, Northowran.
Bolton "Gregarious or tufted. Pikiis 3 inches broad, slightly fleshy,
plano-convex when young, often excentric ; turning pale like A. meta- chrous, Sic. Gills very close, narrow and tender, often forked. Stem about 1 inch long, smooth." Fr. I c.
jS. A. lobatus ; pileus thin brownish-red, gills much paler deeurrent, stem stuffed thickened upwards. Sow. t. 186. Pers. Syn. p. 450.
Kensington Gardens Sowerhy. Pileus 4 inches broad. Stem
2 inches high, 3 — 4 lines thick.
9\. A. adhcsrens^ Alb. & Schw. {adhcesiue Agaric); csespi- tose gluey, pileus unequal lacunose at length dirty-pallid, gills very thin very deeurrent white, stem hollow somewhat rooting. A. Sf S. p. 187. Fr. Syst. 3Iyc. v. \. p. 96.
/3. A. adhcEsivus, pileus plane discoid viscid, gills deeurrent white as well as the solid attenuated stem. With. v. 4. p. 154. Purt. V. Q.p. 187.
In very shady woods and plantations. Sept. — Oct. lied Rock Plantations, Edgbaston. Withering. Ragley Wood. Purton. — Pileus 1^— 2|- inches broad, brownish-white. Stem 3 inches high, ^ a line thick.
92. A. cBdemdtopus, ^c\\oi&. (^sivollen- stemmed Agaric) ; sub- csespitose, pileus conic pulverulent rufous, gills deeurrent rufescent as well as the solid ventricose pulverulent stem. Schceff. t. 259.— A. fiisifor7nis, Bidl. t 676.
/3. pileus small rufous convex, gills narrow white as well as the stem. Batt. p. 51. r. IX.. f, F. A. coralloides, Dicks. Cryjjt. Brit. \. p. \Q. With. v. 4. p. 158. — The synonym of Sibthorpe quoted by Fries appears to belong rather to A. pwiiceus. The only authority therefore that remains for introducing the species (if indeed it is really distinct from A. fusiformis) as British, is the undeveloped plant of Dickson.
B. Camarophylli ; (from %aiiaoa. a vaidt, and ^uXXoi/ a leaf.) Pileus subcompact, dry. Gills very distant^ vaulted deeurrent.
93. A. camarophyllus^ Alb. and Schw. (arch-gilled Agaric) ; pileus subcompact streaked smoky, gills deeurrent white at length glaucous, stem long stout fibrillose. Alb. et Schw. p. 177. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \. p. 99.—^. elixus, Sow. t. 172. Pers. Syn. p. 460
Damp meadows. Autumn. Kensington gardens. Soiv. Garscube, Scotland. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb.— ''Pileus 3—6 inches broad, convex, expanded, fibrilloso-striate, at length brittle, sometimes black or bluish. Stem 3 — 4 inches high, ^ an inch thick, nearly equal, changing to cinereous, white within." Fr. I. c.
Agaricus.]
l-'UNGI. 39
94. A. prat^nsis, Pers. (reddish Field Agaric) ; firm, pileua subcompact convex becoming partially expanded smooth, gills thick decurrent, stem short stuffed attenuated below. Pers. Syn. p. 304. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 99. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 376.
Grev. Sc. Cry p. FL t. 91 A. mijiiatus, Schoeff. ^.313. Sow.
t. \A\.—A.futvosiis, Bolt, t 56.—A.ftdui/s, With, v. 4. p. 169. —A.Jicoides, Bull. t. 5S7.f. 1.
Pastures and grassy places. Aug.— Nov. Not uncommon, but scarce in some seasons. In the two last years I have not met with a single
specimen " Pileus 1—2 inches broad, at length spreading towards the
margin, but leaving the centre more or less convex as if umbonate glabrous, margin often cracked, frequently contracted or lobed, bufhsh reddish or brownish ; fesh whitish, thick in the centre, thin at the margin. GUIs thick, distant, decurrent, connected by veins, separable from the flesh of the pileus. Slem 1—2 inches high, 3—8 lines thick, whitish, attenuated towards the base." Grev. I. c. A. ericeiis, With, is a white variety with buff gills ; but with an incorrect synonym from Bulliard.
95. A.virgbmis, Wulf. (ivhite Field Agaric) ; white, pileus thin moist convex then umbilicated, gills decurrent distant connected by veins, stem slender stuffed attenuated downwards.
Wulf. in Jacq. Coll 2. t. 15. / ]. Soiv. t. 32. Pers. Syn. p. 456. Grev. Sc. Crypt. Fl. t. 166.—^. niveus, Schceff. t. 232. With. V. 4. p. 214.—^. ericeus, Bull. t. 188.—^. ebiir- neus, With. v. 4. />. 149, Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 371.
Pastures. Sept Nov. Extremely common. — Pileus 1 inch or
more broad, slightly viscid when moist and shining as if oiled, with a satiny lustre when dry, white, sometimes with a tinge of yellow or pink ; various in shape, sometimes umbonate, often quite plane or depressed, frequently obconic, margin more or less thin and transparent. GilU broad, distant, with very prominent connecting veins, adnato-decurrent, sometimes forked above. Stem 2 inches long, 1 — 2 lines thick, under a lens fibrillose and sometimes pjilverulento-squamulose at the apex, stuffed, the centre com[)osed of crisped fibres, at length more or less hollow, with frequently a core running down from the {)ileus ; white, with sometimes a tinge of pink at the base. Tdste like that of A. arca- des This and the last are both eatal)le. There is no glandular ap- pearance at the top of the stem as in A.cburncus ; with which when once understood, the present species cannot be confounded.
C. Hygrocybi; (from -jyoo; moist and xjp/; a head.) PiUus thiUy viscid when moist. Stem hollow,
96. A. psittacinus, Sclueff. (pnrrof/uet Agaric); green changing to yellow viscid, pileus euinpanulate spreading striate when moist, gills adnate ratiier distant, stem equal even. Sc/urjf. t. 301. Sow. t. 32. With. v. 4. p. 336. Pnrt. v. 2 Ss 3. n. 948. Fr. Sy.st. J/yr. v. 1. p. 102. Grev. Sc. Crypt, t. 74. Fl. Ed, p. 37(). — A. vhatmdco. Bull. t. 545./. 1.
Pastures. Sept Nov. Common " Pdeus I inch brond, conical,
at length spreading, sometimes concave from the margin turning up,
40 FUNGI. [Agaricus,
smooth, glutinous, green at first, partly changing to yellow of various intensity, often cracking. Gills slightly adnate, bright yellow, often shaded with green, subdistant, thick, broad in the centre. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, about 2 lines thick, hollow, splitting, green, yellow at the base very slimy." Gi'ev. I. c.
97. A. cerdceus, Wulf. {wax4ike Agaric) ; pileus convex thin plane viscid substriate dull-yellow, gills adnato-decurrent distant yellow as well as the somewhat unequal stem. Wulf. I. c.f. 2. Sow. t. 20. With. v. 4. p. 235. Pers. Syn. p, 337. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. l.jo. 102. Grev. Ft. Ed. p. 377.
Pastures. July — Nov. Not uncommon.— Pz'/ews 1 inch broad, con- vexo-plane, occasionally subumbonate, viscid, subcarnose, margin sub- striate. Gills very broad (| of an inch), ventricose, connected by veins. Stem 2—3^ inches long, 2 lines or more thick, flexuous, equal or slightly unequal, sometimes compressed, yellow, occasionally orange at the base.
98. A. conicus, Schoeff. (cofiic black-stained Agaric) ; pileus conic acute more or less iobed, gills close ascending ventricose attenuated and free, stem cylindrical striate. Schceff. t. 2. Pers. Syn. p. 335. Fr. Syst. 3Iyc. v. 1. p. 103. Grev. Fl. Ed. p, 377. — A. croceus, Bidl. t. 50, 524./. 3. — A. auraiitius, Curt. Loud, t 308. Bolt. t. 67. f. 2. Soio. t. SSI. right hand figs.
Pastures. Sept Nov. Common.— PzVews 1—2 inches high, acutely
conic, variously waved and Iobed, fibrillose, viscid when moist or young, juicy, turning black, as does the whole plant when broken or bruised, orange, yellow, scarlet, brown, dusky &c., various colours often blended together. Gills thick, fleshy, ventricose, attenuated behind, free or adnexed, yellowish with frequently a cinereous tinge. Stem 3 — 4 inches long, 2—4 lines thick, often splitting, fibrilloso-striate, coloured like the pileus. Fries has observed the gills to pour forth a sulphur-coloured milk like A. scrohiculatus.
99. A. puniceus, Fr. (swollen'Stemmed scarlet Agaric) ; pileus campanulate obtuse Iobed orange-scarlet, gills fixed ascending yellow, stem thick ventricose, base white. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1.
p. 104 A. aurantius, Fl. Ban. t. 833./. l.—A. rigidus, Bolt.
4S.—A. cedematopus, Sibth. Fl. Ox. p. 350. With. v. 4. p. 196. — b. smaller. — A. cocci7ieus, Bull. t. 202.
Plantations and woody grounds. July — Aug. Not common. Fixby Hall. Bolton.—" Pileus 2—4 inches broad, at first campanulate, then explanato-convex, broadly and obtusely umbonate, even, undulated and Iobed, irregular, when moist subviscid, blood-coloured ; when dry the centre becoming pale. Gills ventricose, 2 — 4 lines broad, at length connected by veins, altogether adnate, but because of the form of the pileus appearing free, yellow, varying to whitish-yellow and purplish at the base. Stem 3 inches long, i— 1 inch thick, attenuated at both ends, dry, striate, often squamulose at the apex ; stuffed when young, then hollow, yellowish or of the colour of the pileus." Fr. I c.
100.^. cocci?ieus, Wulf. {changeable scarlet Agaric); pileus convex expanded viscid at length depressed, gills adnate with
Ayaricus.] FUNGI. 41
a deciirrent tooth connected changing colour, stem compressed scarlet. Wulf. I c. 2. p. 106. Pers. Syii. p. 334. Fr. Syst. Myc. v.l.p. 105. — A. Kermesinus, Fl. Dan. t. 715.—^. scarla- tinus, Bull. t. 570. f, 2.— A. aurantius, Soiu.t.^^l. {scarlet figure.) With. v. 4. p. 234.
Pastures. Sept. — Oct. Extremely common — Pihiis 1—2 inches broad, at first obtuse, conico-campanulate, at length inverted, sometimes strongly umbonate, splitting from the centre, yellow, orange or scarlet, viscid when moist, when dry pallid, appearing to the eye fibrillose, but not really so ; margin thin, more or less wavy. GUIs broad, ventricose, wrinkled, thick, connected by veins, retaining their colour longer than the pileus, adnate, with a decurrent tooth in depressed specimens. Stem 1^ inch long, ^ of an inch thick, more or less hollow, subflexuous, smooth," though apparently subfihrillose, tough, but easily splitting. — Fries describes the gills when full grown as purple at the base, yellow in the middle, glaucous at the edge; and the stem as scarlet above, always yellow at the base.
101. A. miniutus, Fr. {dry scarlet Agaric ;) pileus convex dry at length umbilicate scarlet as well as the cylindrical equal subsolid stem, gills adnate distinct yellowish. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. \.p. 105.—^. glutinosus, Fl. Dan. t. 1009. / 2 — A. coccinellus^ Ehr. Syl. Ber.
Grassy places in woods, especially such as are boggy. July — Aug. Highlands of Scotland. Khtzsch, in Hook. Herb — Pileus ^— I inch broad, obtuse, even, moist but not viscid, turning pale. Gills not decur- rent nor connected by veins, distant, broad, plane, yellow with a tinge of scarlet, or dull yellow. Stem 2 inches long, I line thick, brittle, even, shining, at length hollow at the apex." Fr. I. c.
D. (EsYPii ; (from oig-jtto:, dirty wool, alluding to the more or less scaly opaque epidermis.) Pikus dry, minutely squa??iU' lose. Gills generally arcuatO'decurrent, seldoju adnate.
102. A. laccdtus, Scop, {lake Agaric) ; gregarious, pileus subcarnose tough farinaceous with minute scales at length pale, disk d('i>ressed in age, gills subdecurrent distinct distant, stem long elastic. Scop. FL Cam. n. 1530. ScJurff. t. 13. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. 1. p. 106. — a. pileus reddish or Hesli-coloured, when dry ochraceous. — A. rnhellus S; carnvus, Schaff. t. 303, 304.—^. farinaccns, Bolt. t. 64. Soto. t. 208 — A. rosellifs, Sf suhcarneus, With. v. 4. 102 c^ 237.— yl. larratus, Grcr. PI. Ed. p. 378. Scot. Crypt. Fl. t. 249. — b. pileus amethyst-coloured, whitish when dry. A. amethystinus. Bolt. t. 63. Sow. t. 187. With. V. 4. p. 169. Grcv. Fl. Ed. p. 378.— yJ. livido-purpn- reus, With. v. ^. ]). 23.'^.
Woods. June — Nov. Extremely common. — J^ileus 1 — i inches broad, convex, tiie centre more or less depressed, often cracked or sijuamulose with a mealy appearance, subcarnose, brownish-red. llesh- coloured, or bright amethyst, turning pale when dry ; margin incurved, often very much lobed and waveil. Gd/s more or less of the colour of
42 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
the pileus, not changing colour, horizontal, broad behind and adnate, thick, distant, sometimes forked above, mealy from the white round sporuies. Stem 1 — 6 inches long, thickest and downy below, fibrillose, tough, hollow, of the colour of the pileus but not becoming pale. — However striking at first the difference may be between the two varieties, there is no doubt of their specific identit3% Schceffer rightly included both in his t. 13, and his synonyms show that he did so advisedly, Purton had come to the same conclusion. See 3Iid. Fl. v. 3. p. 399. His A. subfarinaceus however is not the same, but A. gentilis. The specific name refers to the peculiar red of the pileus, resembling that of gum-lac. It has a singular tendency to form monstrosities, reminding us of analogous states oi Holy menia pur pur ascens. See Grev. Crypt. FL t. 240.
103. A. helhis, Pers. (orange farijiaceous Agaric); pileus sub- carnose depressed squamulose orange-tavs'ny, gills distant paler as well as the tough stem. Pers. Syn. p. 452. Fr. Syst. Myc, V. 1. p. 107.
Fir plantations. East Morden, Dors. Sept, 12, 1832.— Caespitose, foetid. Pileus 2| inches or more broad, tough, subcarnose, at first without any umbilicus, at length deeply umbilicate, deep orange-brown, squamulose, wavy and crisped at the margin, becoming gradually pale. Gills exceedingly broad, at first adnate, then decurrent with a tooth, crisped, distant, incarnato-ferruginous. Sporuies round, white. Stem 2| inches high, ^ of an inch thick, tough, thickest below, almost coria- ceous, fibrillose, hollow in age. — Growing with the two varieties of A. laccatus in great abundance, and certainly very nearly allied. But it is very foetid, nmch tufted, and, when young, not nearly so tall in pro- portion. The gills in the earliest state extend beyond the margin of the pileus, whereas in A. laccatus the edge of the pileus is rather incurved.
104. A. sitlpJmreiis, Bull, (brimstone Agaric) ; pileus carnose subumbonate slightly silky dirty-yellow with a tinge of red, gills arcuato-adnate rather distant sulphur-coloured as well as the stuffed stem. Bull. t. 168, 545./. 2. Sow. t. 44. Purt. v, 2 S^ S. n. 912. Fr. Syst. 3Iyc. v. I. p. 110.
Thick woods, amongst leaves and rotten sticks. Sept. — Nov. Not uncommon. — Pileus 1 — 2 inches broad, fleshy, obtuse^ at length expanded or depressed with a slight appearance of an umbo, sometimes flexuous and irregular, dirty-yellow or ochraceous-umber, darker in the centre, the margin at first involute and minutely tomentose, the whole clothed with extremely minute silkiness or squamulae so as to give it a pulverulent appearance, retaining the impression of the fingers ; flesh yellow. Gills subdistant, rounded, flexuous, emarginate or arcuato- adnate. Stem 2 inches or more high, 4 lines thick, occasionally sub- bulbous, stuffed, sometimes at length hollow, the surface of the cavity rather slimy, yellow within, furnished at the base occasionaJly with many rather strong yellow fibrous roots. Odour disagreeable, at first farina- ceous, then like that oi Hemerocallis flava. Taste unpleasant, but not acrid.
105. A. lascivus, Fr. (pale strong-scented Agaric); pileus fleshy obtuse slightly silky pallid-tan, gills arcuato-adnate,
Agaricus.] FUNGI. 43
close wliite as well as the downy solid equal rooting stem. Fr. Si/st. Myc, v. 1. ;?. 110.
Woods. Canterhury. Oct. 23, ]833.—Pileus 2^ inches broad, convex, at length depressed, firm, fleshy, under the lens minutely adpresso-silky, margin at first involute ; Jiesh white. Gills white, when young arcuato-adnate, nearly horizontal, when old subilecurrent, very brittle, closer than in the last, but still not very close. Stem firm, solid, composed of fibres, more or less fibrillose or fibrilloso-squamose, the fibrillae curved up from below ; paler than the pileus ; rooting, downy at the base, not bulbose, apex pruinose. Odour in all respects like the last, only not quite so strong.
106. A. inamck'niSy Fr. (tvfiite strong-scoited Agaric) ; pileus fleshy subumbonate nearly smooth whitish, gills variously fixed distant white as well as tlie equal rooting stem. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. \.p. 111.
Woods. Oct. Not uncommon. Cranbourne Chase, Dors. Cot- tei-stock. King's Cliffe, Norths. &c. Bev. M. J. Berkeley. — Pileus 1 — 3 inches broad, convex, with or without an umbo, fleshy, but not very thick on the margin, under the lens adpresso-silky ; white with a slight tinge of ochre in the centre. Gills broad (^ — 3. of an inch,) distant, emarginate. Stem 2 inches or more long, 3 — 6 lines thick, equal, tough, composed of fibres, not rooting in my specimens. Odour like that of the two last. — I find a state of this with the pileus singu- larly compressed all round, minutely pitted and wrinkled, the epider- mis cracked so as to appear tesselated. Fries in his specific character describes it as smooth, but in his subjoined remark im[)lies that it is "sericeo-adpressus." A.Cossus, Sow. with which Fries compares it in his Elenchus, is certainly quite different, as stated above. My specimens have not so much the habit of that, as of ^. cinerascensy Bull, or A. Columbetta.
E. Calodontes ; (from xa>.o; heautifnl, and oooj; a tooth.) Pileus smooth, sub/tumid. Gills arcuato-adnexed, connected by reticulate veins, margin ivith lUtle tooth-like processes.
\07. A. pelinnfhinus, Fr. (black-toothed Agaric) ; pileus con- vex livid-purplish, margin striate, gills arcnato-adnexed purple with black teeth, st<'m fistulose equal. Fr. Syst. Jiyc. v. I. p. 112. — A. denticulatus, Bolt. t. 4. /! 1. Pers. Syn. p. 4'23.
Woods near Halifax. Sept. Bolton. — ''Pileus I — 2 inches broad, when moist transparent, when dry, whitish tinned with purple, the disk fleshy, even, rather ohtwsc ; Jlesh white, (tills elegantly connected by a net-work of veins, distant, purple ; when dry, fuscous-umber. Sporules white; I'eil none. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, \] — 2 lines thick smooth, becoming pallid." Pr. I. r.
V. TfruAUSTT; (from ihaj^oc, brittle.) Pileus thin, dry. Gills emarginate. More or less brittle.
108. A. nuirinuceus. Bull, (large niouse-scenttd Agaric) ; pileus snlxarnose irregidar cinereous cracked and sqiiamulose, gills distant branched and inosculating with a cinereous tint as
44 FUNGI. [Ayaricus,
well as the irregular hollow stem. Bull. t. 520. Sow. t. 106. Fr. Syst. Myc. v, \.p. 116. — A. nitratus^ Pers. Myc, Eur. v. 3. p. 209.
Woods. Peckham Wood, Sowerby. — " Odour nitrous. Pileus 1 — 4 inches broad, at first campanulate, then plane, rigid, brittle. Gills emarginate, broad, thick, dirty-white, at length cinereous. Stem 2 inches high, 1 inch thick, rarely stuffed when young, ventricose, com- pressed, with deep furrows." Fr. I. c.
109. A. cimeifolius, Fr. {wedge-gilled Agaric) ; pileus sub- carnose even at length cracked, gills white ventricose, stem hollow pruinose at the apex. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 116. — A. ovinus, Bull. t. .580. AB. — A. cinereo-rimosus, Batsch, Cont. 2./. 106.
Pastures. Sept. — Nov. Margate. King's Cliffe, Norths. Rev, M. J. Berkeley. — Pileus about 1 inch broad, brownish or subochraceous, subcarnose, at first conic, obtuse, afterwards expanded with a strong umbo, much waved and split at the margin which is at first involute and minutely tomentose ; the surface rimose. Gills distant, broad in front, ventricose, acutely arcuato-adnate, thick, connected and traversed by veins, white with a slight reddish-cinereous tinge. Stem 1 — H inch high, 2—4 lines thick, nearly equal, stuffed, at length hollow, pruinose above, with sometimes a few superficial squamulae towards the base.
G. Rhizopodes ; (from ^/^a, a root, and crou^, Sifoot.) Pileus fleshy, viscid. Gills suhadjixed. Stem rooting.
110. A. radicaius, Relh. {deep-rooting Agaric); pileus wrinkled glutinous, gills fixed white, stem long rigid, root long fusiform. Relh. Fl. Cant. ed. 3. p. 329. With. v. 4. p. 202. Sow. t. 48. Purt. «;. 2 4- 3. n. 931. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 118. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 378. Grev. Sc. Crijpt. Fl. t. 217. — A. longipes, Bull. t. 232, 515.—^. Vmhraculupi, With. v. 4. p. 155.
About the roots of trees. June— Sept. Common. — Pileus S'mches or more broad, fiat, more or less umbonate, radiato-rugose, smooth, at first slimy, carnose, tough and elastic, delicate fusco-ochraceous, oliva- ceous &c. often irregular, triangular &c. Gills white, thick, distant, ventricose, adnate, with or without a tooth, sometimes almost decurrent. Sporules white, nearly round. Ste)n 4 — 8 inches high, about f of an inch thick, attenuated upwards, twisted, not smooth but rather furfura- ceous, sometimes striate above with raised lines, paler than the pileus, juicy, brittle, splitting longitudinally, but sometimes tough, stuffed, at length sometimes hollow, rufescent within, penetrating very deeply into the ground by a fusiform root.
111. A. velutipes, Curt, {velvet- stemmed Agaric); pileus unequal tawny slimy, gills ventricose white tinged with yellow, stem incurved velvety dark-bay. Curt. Lond. t. 70. Bolt, t, 135. Sow. t. 263, 384. f. 3. With. i;. 4.jo. 258. Purt. v. 2 c^ 3. n. 965. Fr. Syst.^Myc. v. 1. p. 119. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. S7 8.— Fungus glutinosus, Sfc.— Vaill. Bot. Par. t. 12. / 8, 9. — ^. nigripes, Bull t. 344, 519. /. 2.—^. sidcatus, With. Purf,
Ar/aricus.] FUNGI. 45
Rotten stumps, trees, &c. The whole year. Extremely common
Caespitose. Pikus 1 — 3 inches broad, smooth, slimy, of a beautiful tawny colour, convex, expanded, fleshy ; margin thin subtransparent. Gills ventricose, broad, scarcely adnate, ochraceous. Stem 2 — 9 inches high, I of an inch thick, incurved, velvety, rich tawny-brown, pale above, often compressed and striate, fistulose.
H. Chondropodes; (from -/ovhog^ cartilage^ and -row^, 2i foot.) Pileus tough, dry. Gills nearly free y close, white. External coat oftJie stem subcartilaginous.
112. A. fusipes, BuW. (spi7idle-stem7?ied Agaric) ; gregarious, pileus fleshy loose, gills nearly free serrated, stem hollow ventricose sulcate dirty-white rooting. Bidl. t. 106, 516. /. 2. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. ;;. 120. — A. crassipes, Schceff. t. 87, 88. Sow. t, 129. With. V. 4. ;j. 172. Purt. v. 2 Sc S. n, 917. — A. elasticusj With. v. 4. p. 177. Purt. v. 3. p. 199.
Old trunks of trees, felled stumps, &c. July — Aug. Not uncommon. — Densely tufted. Pileus H inch broad, when young hemispherical, smooth, dull vinous-brown, fleshy, margin incurved ; then expanded, cracked, sometimes tesselated and warty, paler but here and there towards the margin marked with dark patches, as if burnt. Gills pale umber, free or only apparently adnate from the change of form of the i)ileus, sometimes rounded behind and then separating from the stem, as represented by Bulliard t. lOG, they have a rather watery appear- ance, though dry, like that of a piece of half dry parchment, connected by veins, distant. Stem 2 — Cinches long, i — 1 inch thick, ventricose, rooting, paler than the pileus, marked towards the base with little dark specks, striate longitudinally, not truly though apparently fibrillose, often cracked longitudinally and transversely, the transverse cracks extending only through the cartilaginous coat; substance within loose and fibrous, the fibres crisped ; at length hollow. Taste agreeable.— A small variety occurred at Margate, Oct. 9, 1832, amongst grass on buried wood, of a reddish-brown, changing to dirty-white, subviscid when moist. Gills white, broad, ventricose. Stem dark red-brown with sometimes a few scattered branny scales, attenuated below and somewhat strigose, striate, fistulose, the inner walls woolly as in A. erythropus. A. contortus, Bull, seems very like this variety, though more fleshy.
113. yl. inacululus, Alb. Sc Schw. (spotted Agaric); pileus flesliy nearly plane obtuse dry dirty-white spotted with rufous, gills free close, stem stuffed ventricose striate. Alh. S)- Schir. p. 186. /'V. /iV. \. p. 17. — A.carnosiis, Sow. t. 246. Curt. Lond. t. 315. With. V. 4. p. 243.— A. fusipes, h. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. /^ 121.
Fir plantations, in moist mossy places. — " Pileus 3— (I inches broad, even, smooth, truly carnose, rather compact, hemispheric at first with an involute margin, then (juite plane, the margin often repami, w lute, here and there spotted witli rufous, at length altogethi-r dirty-rufv)us. Gills free, very close, narrow, scarcely above 2 lines l)roaiI, linear, dirty- pallid. Stent 3—4 inches high, but much drawn out when growing amongst moss, + — 10 lines thick, stout, une<iual with an obsoU-tc carti- laginous bark, n)ore or less ventricose and atteiuiated below ." /•>. /. r. Nearly allied to A. fusipes.
46 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
114. A. butyrdceus, Bull, {oilt/ Agaric); pileus fleshy at length umbonate, g-ills nearly free crenulate, stem stuiFed striate rufescent the outer coat cartilaginous, incrassated and tomen- tose at the base. Bull. t. bl-1. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I, p. 121. — A. trichopus 8^ leucophyllus, Pers. Syji. p. 308, 309.
Amongst leaves in woods and fir plantations. June — Oct. Not uncommon. Beeston, Notts. Rev. 1\1. J. Berkeley. — Pileus 1^ inch broad, subcarnose, convex, expanded, umbonate, subviscose of a livid ochre or dull green ; when quite young livid-brown, the margin subru- fescent, but a portion below the umbo soon grows pale, so that the pileus appears of four colours. The umbo is always dark, but some- times the rest of the pileus is pale rufescent or ochraceous ; margin occasionally striate ; flesh white, mottled with rufous. Gills close, free, not ventricose, rounded, edge rather uneven and notched. Sporides white. Stem \^ — 2 inches high, f of an inch thick below, somewhat twisted, smooth, slightly striate, downy at the bulbous base, stuiFed, white within, the outer coat being of quite a different structure and rufescent.
113. A. compressus, Sow. (Jlat-stalked Agaric) ; pileus sub- carnose irregular smooth thin fuscous, gills distant white, stem hollow whitish compressed. Sow, t. ^^. With. v. 4. p. 221. Pers. Syn. p. 363. Purt. v. 2 8f Q. n. 942. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. 1. p. 115. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 215.
In woods and pastures. Oct. — Nov. — " Pileus 2 — 3 inches broad, campanulate at length nearly plane, dry, smooth, thin, brittle, pellucid, grey-brown lighter at the margin. Gills distant, thickish, white, almost free, broad towards the stem and truncate " sometimes forked at the outer end." With ''Stem 2 — 3 inches high, ^ — ^ inch thick, com- pressed, often splitting, twisted or irregular. Whole plant brittle and of a watery substance." Grev. L c. I am not acquainted with this species except from dried specimens, marked by M. Klotzsch, and the original ones of Sowerby. I feel, however, quite convinced from these, that its closest affinities are with A. butyraceus and other similar species of this section.
\\Q. A. coiijluens., Pers. (confluent hoary Agaric) ; confluent csespitose, pileus subcarnose dirty-white, gills free close, stem fistulose compressed villoso-pulverulent. Pers. Ic. &; Descr. t. 5./. 1, 2. Fr. Syst Myc. v. 1. p. 123. Klotzsch, Fung. Germ. exs. n. 12.
Woods. Aug. — Oct. Not uncommon. Wanstead. Soiu. Herb. Scotland. Klotzsch, in Hooli. Herb. Yarwell, Norths. Beeston, Notts. Hev. M. J. Berkeley. — Densely tufted, often in large rings. Pileus 1 — H inch broad, reddish-brown, changing when dry to cream- colour, at first convex, with the gills perfectly free so as to leave a naked ring round the top of the stem, at length exyianded obsoletely umbonate more or less irregular and compressed, the margin when fresh finely striate. Gills distinct, free, linear, finely serrulate, pale changing to cream colour. Stem 2 inches or more high, above 1 line thick, compressed, thickest upwards, and pale rufous below; the whole villous with white mealy pubescence ; not strigose.
117. A. xdnthopus, Fr. (jjellow-stemmed Agaric) ; pileus sub-
Acjaricus.] FUNGI. 47
carnose subumboTiate even pallid-yellou', gills free rather broad, stem fistulose equal yellow. Fr, Syst. Myc, v. 1. p, 124. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 149. — A. treimdus, Batsch, Cont. 2.f. 209.
Fir [)lantation3. Kirriemnir, Scotland. July. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb. — " Pileus tough, subconvex, becoming pale. Stem 3 inches high, rigid, strigose at the base." Fr. I. c.
IIS. A. dryopldlus. Bull, {oak-lenf Agaric) ; pileus subcar- nose expanded even sometimes depressed, gills nearly free stem fistnlose smooth yellowish thickened at the base. Bull t. 434. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 124. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 149.—^. dryophyllus. Sow. t. 127. With. v. ^.p. 256. Purt. V. 3. n. 1469. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 379.
Amongst leaves, especially oak-leaves. May. — Oct. Very common. — " Solitary or tufted, very variable in size and colour. Pileus I — 3 inches broad, whitish, pinkish, yellowish or livid, plane, sometimes depressed, fleshy, thin, tender, easily injured, of a watery substance. Gills free, white or very pale flesh-colour, soft, tender, entire or serrate, numerous. Stem 2—3 inches high, \—^ of an inch thick, shining, splitting, sometimes twisted, of the same colour as the pileus, but the summit is generally darker and pinkish. The whole plant is fragile and the pileus easily detached from the stem." Grev. I. c. I copy the above description from Dr. Greville, as applying more generally than my own notes which are taken from red-stemmed varieties. In those neither the pileus nor stem are so tender, but this arises probably from their being examined when the pileus had become pale in consequence of having parted with a great deal of its moisture. I believe A. arjuusus to be only a variety. Fries seems never to have found specimens about which he could satisfy himself, and mine differ only from small varieties of A. dryophdus in the scattered fasciculate pubescence of the stem. I have found a variety o'i A. peronatiis'\n\\\\\c\\ the strigae were arranged exactly in the same way, so that not improbably the appearance is entirely owing to casual circumstances. Persoon quotes A. mollis, ^^i\\\., adding" ex ipso auctore ;" but, allowing all that can be allowed for the depression of the pileus and consequent decurrence of the gills, the figure will show this to be almost impossible. He is probably right in su[)posing A. hariolorum. Bull. t. ^i^o. f. 2, to which A. iiemoralis, Wi t li. i\nd Part, is referred, a variety of A. peroiiatus. Bulliard's other plate seems to be something quite diflerent.
I. ScOKTEi ; (from scorteifs, coriaceous.) Vihits suhcoria- ceous, dry. G ids free, subdistant, at hnytli pad id.
119. A. perondtus, Bolt, (spatterdash Ayarlr) ; pileus fl«'shy convex then expan(le<l subcoriaceous, gills distant palc-rcddisli or bntiish, stem solid rooting below and there clothed with yellow striga>. Bolt. t. 58. Sow. t. 37. With. v. \. p. 196. Part. V. 3. n. ]4\0. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. ;>. l~^6. Grev. FL Ed. p. 379. 77. /Jan. t. 20iH. /! 2. Klotzsch, Fung. Germ. e.xs. 7i. 13.
Amongst rotten leaves, especially oak-lcnves ; in woods. .Inly— Nov. i'oxmwon.— rdcus I— 2^ inches broad, convex or campanulatc at IcMRth
48 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
expanded, sometimes umbonate, carnoso-coriaceous, subrutescent or yellowish, pallid when dry, clothed with a minute matted silkiness. Gills of the colour of the pileus with a yellowish margin, distant, rounded behind, almost free. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, 2 lines thick, composed of fibres, solid above and downy, hollow below and there covered with dense yellow strigag. Taste acrid. — A. urens, Bull, figured in FL Dan. t. 2018,/. 1., is Fries' var. ,S tomentellus.
120. A. oreades, Bolt, {fairy-ring Agaric^ Scotch bonnets. Champignon); pileus fleshy tough subumbonate, first rufous then pallid, gills distant whitish as \vell as the round solid fibrous-barked stem. Bolt. ^.131. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. Lp, 127. Grev. FL Ed. p. 379. Sc. Crijp, FL t. 323. Klotzsch, Fung. Germ. exs. n. 14. — A Orcades, With. v. 4. p. 202. Purt. V. 2 Sf 3. 91. 932. — A. caryophyllcBus, Schceff. t. 77. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 144. — A. pseudo.mouceron, Bull. t. 144, 528./. 2. — A.pratensis, Soiv. t. 247.
Pastures, often forming rings. May — Nov. Common. — Gregarious. Pileus ^ — l inch broad, smooth, fleshy, convex, at length nearly plane, more or less umbonate, generally more or less compressed and sinuate, tough, coriaceous, elastic, wrinkled and sometimes cracked, watery brown ; as it becomes dry cream-coloured ; margin pale. Flesh white, quite distinct from that of the stem. Gills free, pale, distant, slightly ventricose. Stem 1 — 2 inches high, 2—3 lines thick, equal, solid, very tough, composed of fibres splitting longitudinally, the outer coat squamuloso-fibrous, base downy, somewhat rooting and attached to the roots of grass. Taste and odour strong but agreeable. Though tough, much used as an article of food on the continent and occasionally in this country, but too frequently very different and poisonous fungi are gathered under the name. See Mush, and Champ., Illust, by J. D. C. Sowerby, Jan. and Roques, Hist, des Champ, p. 115. It seems to vary in the degree of smoothness of the stem.
\2\, A.porreus, Fr. {velvety garlic Agaric) ; strong-scented, pileus subcarnose even, gills almost free white, stem long downy rufescent. Fr. Syst. Myc. v.l.p. 128. FL Dan. t. 2020. / 2. Klotzsch, Fung. Germ. exs. n. 15. — A. alliaceus, Bull. t. 158, 524. / 1. Sow. t. ^\. Purt. v. 2 &; 3. n. 959. t. 11 — A. peronatus, var. 3. With. v. 4. p. 196.
In woods, amongst dead leaves especially oak-leaves. Sept.— Nov. Not common. Oversley wood. Purton. Scotland. Klotzch, in Hook. Herb. Colly weston. Norths. Rev. M. J. Berkeley.— Pileus |— 1 inch broad, plane slightly depressed, dirty-white with a brownish shade, paler on the margin which is membranaceous, and regularly striate. Gills nearly free, paler than the pileus, slightly connected by veins. Stem 2—3 inches high, 2—3 lines thick, velvety, albido-pulverulent, as is at once evident even in dry specimens, rufescent, tomentose below, pale above, fistulose ; generally growing on the midrib of the leaves. Odour like that of garlic, very powerful. Specimens in Sowerby's Herbarium gathered July 31, 1796, still retain their garlic scent.— Bulliard's plant t. 158, has the stem attenuated upwards, more tomen- tose and solid, and the gills not so distant, and in consequence a doubt has arisen whether it is correctly quoted here. The stem, however, is
Agaricus.] PUNGT. 49
fistulose, and not so tomentose in t. 524./. 1. ; and Sowerby^s plant, though figured as hollow, is said in the text to he often solid. Fries has carefully re-examined the point and finds nothing to alter on a comparison of specimens o{ A.porrei/s, A..scoro(lonius, and A. (lUificeiis. My plant is certainly the same as that of vSowerby and I'urton, aud I think also that intended by Fries. Klotzsch's sjjecimens, both Scottish anti German, are clearly identical. Specimens on the other hand from the station mentioned by Greville in FL Ed. and marked by him, are certainly different from the true A. alliaams. Persoon in the jMi/c. Eur. unites the plants of Sowerby and Greville as a variety of his A. croceus, keeping A. jwrreus, Fr. distinct with Bulliard's synonyn).
122. A,fusco-p2irpurevs, Pers. (purple-hrown Agaric) ; pilous subcarnose nignlose purple- brown turning pale, gills free rufescent, stem listnlose rusty, base elongated and strigoso. Pers, Ic. 8)' Descr. Fung. t. 4. /. 1 — 3. Fr. Sgst. Mijc. v. 1. p. 128.
Woods on beech leaves and small rotten sticks. Yarwell, Norths. Sept. 28, 1827. llev. M. J. Berkeley. — Gregarious. Plkus 1 inch or more broad ; at first conic, obtuse, then expanded, rugose, dark brown- purple, changing to pallid umber, subcarnosc; flesh white, firm, elastic. GUIs slightly ventricose, almost free, nearly of the same colour as the pilcus : not very close, the edge dark denticulate. Sporuhs white, round. Stem 1^ inch long, 2 lines thick, fistulose, composed of fibres, sometimes slightly compressed, elastic, distinct from the pileus, umber, with a few scattered dark fibrillose specks, strigose at the base, the •strigai pale-brown, and sending down many matted roots amongst the leaves on which it grows.
Subgenus 9. Collybia ; (from zoa/.-j(So:, a sinull piece of money). Stem Jistulose, though often very indistinctly so, skndtr, equal, round, firm, often rooting. Pileus carnoso-mcmhrauaccousy tough, convex, then plane, sometimes depressed iii the centre, smooth, dry. Gills obtuse behind, free or fixed, never decurrent, uner/ual, juiceless, plane, quite entire. — Small dry pers iste?it fungi, grouping on tJie ground or ejnphytes.
* Gills genuine.
123. A. scorod6?iius,Yv. (small garlic Agaric) ; strong-scent- ed, pileus subcarnose dirty-white as well as the cri>p atlnate gills, stem short smooth fistulose rufous. Fr. Sysf. Myc. v. 1. J). 130. Pers. Myc. Juir. v. li. jt. 129. Klatzsch, Fung, d'lnn. exs. n. 1(). — A. alliutus, Schaff. t. 1)9. Pers. Syn. p. 373. Tratt. Fssb. Schxv. p. G2. t. IL— Fungus, c^c. 3Jich. p. 144. /. 77. /. 2.
Heaths and dry |)asturcs. — " J'dnis J? an iiu h or more broad, plane, rugulose. G'iV/.v connected by veins, seceiling. .S7(7/j 1 inih or more high, nearly 1 line thick, scarcely rootini:." /'/. /. r. — My only authority for tin- admission of this species as British, is a single dried specimen in a col- iectiou of fungi from the neighbourhood of liunuav, niade l)y Mr. Stock. It is, however, in such ^ood condition, ami >o cIom'Iv resem- bles Schalltr'b figure, that 1 feci tiuitc confident of its being llic true
£
60 FUNGI. [Agaricus,
A. scorodonius. According to Persoon and Trattinnick, notwithstand- ing its strong garlic scent, it forms an article of food.
124. A, esculentus, VYulf. {small esculent Agaric); pileus subcarnose obtuse clay-coloured, gills adnexed 'loose white, stem fistulose rooting smooth yellowish. Wulf. in Jacq. ColL 2. t, 14./. 4. Pers. Syn. p. 389. Tratt. Essb. Schw. p. 65. t. 1. Fr. St/St. Myc. v. 1. p. 131.— A Clavus, Schceff. t. 59. Pers, Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 150. — A. perjmidicularisy Bull. t. 422.
/. 2.
Fir plantations. Oct. — May. Very common in Scotland. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb. Blackadder plantations, Berwickshire. Johnston. — " Pileus I an inch or more broad, sometimes striate and occasionally fuscous. Gills broad, rather close. Stem 2 inches high, 1 line thick, obsoletely fistulose. Root generally smooth." Fr. I. c. The root is sometimes six inches long and downy when growing amongst leaves, either perpendicular or flexuous. Much eaten in Austria, where, in the beginning of April, large baskets of it are brought to market under the name of NagelscJncainme, which accords with Linnaeus's name, A. Clavus. It has, however, a bitter, unpleasant taste.
125. A. tenacellus, Pers. {dark fir-cone Agaric); pileus sub- carnose, gills adnexed loose subdistant rather broad snow- Avhite, stem fistulose very long tawny, the base villous and rooting. Pers. Ic. Pict. t.l.f. 3, 4. Fr. Sysf. 3Iyc. v. 1. p. 131. Fl. Dan. t. 2021. /. 2. — A. spi?iipes, Soiv. t. '206.
On fir-cones, principally those of the spruce fir. Oct. — Nov. Kot uncommon. Ashton, Norths. Lambley, Notts. Rev. M. J. BcrMey. — Pileus ^ — 1 inch broad, when young conic, then convex and sub- hemisphaerical, at length expanded and nearly plane, sometimes slightly umbilicate ; not striate, subcarnose, smooth, dry, cinereous, inclining to yellowish : often altogether abortive. Gills free or often adnexed, ventricose, sometimes remarkably so, rather distant, the shorter ones truncate behind ; in general pure white but sometimes with a tinge of grey ; under a powerful lens covered with variously hooked or conic papillce. Stem 2—4 inches long, scarcely 1 line thick, flexuous, filiform, attenuated very much towards the base and somewhat strigose, hollow, pale above, below tawny, very minutely pubescent under a good lens ; when young beautifully downy and then not distinctly hollow, but with only a pale line down the centre. Taste very pleasant.
126. A. conigenus, Pers. {inealy -stemmed fir-cone Agaric) ; pileus subcarnose unequal, gills free close linear dirty- white, stem fistulose pulverulent, base rooting strigose. Pers. Syn. p. 388. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 153. {excl. var. spinipes). Fr. Syst. Myc. v.\. p. 132.—^. hippopi7ius, With. v. 4. p. 188. Purt. v.^3.7i. 1452.
On fir-cones, principally of the Scotch fir. Oct.— Nov. Probably not uncommon. Packington, Warw. Withering. Bunker's Hill, near Stourbridge, Worcest. Purton. Ashton, Norths. Beeston, Notts. Rev. 31. J. Berkeley.— Gi-egavious. Pileus 1 inch or more broad, rather irregular, umbonate, expanded, often depressed, sometimes quite smooth, but occasionally more or less lanato-pubescent ; sometimes
Agaricus.]
FUNGI, 51
tinged with chocolate, but generally ochraceo-rufous; pale when dry, and then occasionally zoned : Jhsk woolly when dry, firm when moist. Gills very numerous, linear, fi-ee or only adnexed, tinged with yellow, or of the colour of the pileus, the unequal ones very long. Sporules white, globose. Stem very various in height,^— U lines thick, tough, pulverulento-pubescent with a long very strigose rooting base, rufous, hollow, the inside woolly. — Certainly a very distinct spe- cies from the last. I do not find any processes on the gills. It must not be confounded with A. conjiucns.
127. A. 2i}uhHus,"Berk. (small lorinkled Agaric); pileus tough submeuibrauaceous radiato-rugose minutely pulverulent, gills adnate, stem velvety strigose at the base.
Small stumps and sticks in woods. Oct. King's Cliffe, Wothorpc, Norths. — Pileus 1 line — 1 inch broad, campanulate, at length convexo- planc, wrinkled in the direction of the gills, tough, submembranaccous, minutely pulverulent, dull-brown or cinereous. Gills truly adnate, ascending or horizontal, moderately distant, connected by veins, white with a yellowish tinge. Stem 2— 2i inches high, ^—1 line thick, strigose at the base, rufous, minutely velvety, fistulose, sometimes com-
jiressed A very well marked species, but I can find no description
of it.
128. A. tnherosusy Bull, (small parasitic Agaric); white, pileus subcarnose at length umbonate, gills close adnate, stem fistulose nearly naked. Bull. t. 256, 522. /. 4. Fr. Sijst. Myc. V. 1. p. 133. Grev. Sc. Crypt. Fl. t. 23. FL Ed. p. 380.
Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 126 A. ahwmus, Bolt. t. 155. — A,
Amanit(c, Batsch, Cont. 1. /. 93.
On dry blackened Agarics, either immediately, or growing upon dif- ferent 6[)ecies of Schrotinm ; akso amongst decayed leaves and moss, with or without a Sckrotiiim. Aug. — Nov. Not uncommon. — Films 2—9 lines broad, subcarnose, at first convex then expanded, and sub- umbonate, sometimes depressed, white, shining with a satiny lustre. Gills numerous, close, acutely adnate. Stem 1 inch long, very slen- der, white or subrufescent, under the lens pulverulent, falsely fistulose. The stems have a tendency to become engrafted on each other. There is little doubt that A. nieemostts, Sow. is a state of this species. The tuber I believe to be quite distinct, and the Agaric to be |)arasitic on it. A variety is figured in /•'/. JJan. t. 20^12. f. 1. with broailer gills and a stem pubescent at the base.
129. A. ocelldtusy Fr. (cykt Agaric) ; pilou;> subcarnose piano white at length innbilicate, tlie umbilicus dusky, gills wliito a(huite, stem fistulose subpnlverulent subrufescent rooting and fibrillose at the base. Fr. Sysl. Myc. v. \.p. 131.— /i. Clams, Bull. t. 569./. 1. — A. tuhcrosus, var. cirratus, Pcrs. Syu. p. 374.— yl. cirratus, Pcrs. iSIyc. Ear. r. 3. p. Vi:>.—h. A. pallor, Batsch, Cont. \. f. 95.
On the ground amongst leaves. Sept. — Oct. Kinnonly. Klutzsr/i, in llin>h. Ilirh. — " J'ilrtis even, smooth, sometin.cs rcpand ; di>k yi.l- losv-brown or infous. (lills close, narrow. Stim obsolctcly fibtulose, 1—3 iuchcii long, s>ubfiliforu), i)aler above." Fr, I, c.
52 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
130. A, Cldvns, Bull, (pin Agaric) ; pileus subcarnose nearly plane orange-red, gills fixed rather broad whitish as well as the short smooth stuffed stem. Bull. t. 148. Bolt. t. 39. B. With. V. 4. 'p. 205, Part. v. 3. n. 1478. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1.
p. 134. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 380.
Amongst leaves, on rotten sticks, &c. Aug. — Oct. Not common. Pophills. Purtoji. Balrauto, &c. Greville. Wansford, Norths. Mar- gate. Rev. M. J. Berlieley. — Pileus ^ — 4 lines broad, campanulate, generally umbonate, margin striate, under a powerful lens most minutely pilose, bright orange, the umbo darkest, subcarnose, within deep orange. Gills few, somewhat ventricose, adnexed or adnate with shorter ones between them, white tinged with yellow. Stem about 1 inch long, quite filiform, flexuous, nearly equal, minutely pilose like the pileus, pale yellow with a line within showing it to be fistulose. When grow- ing on sticks there are a few minute strigae at the base.
131. A. rajnedlis, Bull, (stick Agaric); pileus subcarnose nearly plane dirty-white with a rufescent tinge, gills white adnate, stem stuffed short mealy. Bull. t. 336. With, v. 4. p. 149. Purt. V. 3. n. 1438. Fr. Syst, Myc. v. I. p. 135. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 381. Pers. Myc, Eur. p. 124. — A. candidus, Bull. t. 39. D.
Common upon small decaying branches, especially of bramble and hazel, during the whole year. — Gregarious. Pileus 3 — 4 lines broad, plano-convex, at length wrinkled and depressed, pale-rufescent the centre darker, under a lens clothed with minute matted silkiness. Gills distant, adnate, sometimes broad behind, whitish or subrufescent ; mar- gin denticulate. Stem \ — \ inch high, \ line thick, curved, fibrillose with furfuraceous scales ; the base minutely dilated, whitish or subru- fescent.— I believe A. amadelphus to be only a state of this species. The gills are not unfrequently reddish or ochraceous ; generally so in decay, and though often narrow, they vary in breadth and degree of adherence to the stem.
132. A. parasiticus, Bull, {parasitic Agaric); pileus sub- carnose convex soon plane pruinose pale-grey, gills thick ad- nate darker, stem fistulose villous. Bull. t. bl4:. f. 2, Sow, t. 343. Fr, Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 135. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p, 127. — A. iimhratus, With, v, 4. p). 186. — 3Ierulius parasiticus, Purt. V. 3. n. 1425 (in part).
On blackened Agarics. Aug. — Oct. Not common. Oban, Argyle- shire. Thornhaugh. Norths. Ilev. M. J. Berkeley. — Pz'/eMSjofan inch broad, conico-campanulate, silky, subcarnose, somewhat irregular, grey with a slight tinge of umber at the apex ; Jlesh dark. Gills darker than the pileus, paler at the edges, thick, distant, somewhat forked and anastomosing, connected by veins broader towards the apex, slightly adnate, ventricose. Stem 1 — 2 inches liigh, 1 line thick, thickest downwards, very silky es[)ecially at the base, crisp, dark within. Odour like that of Polyporus squamosus.
Fries has made a new genus of this somewhat anomalous species in \\\e Si/n. Orb. Veg., under the name of iVyc^rt//A% characterized by its universal silky veil and fold-like gills. But in his Ind. Alph., which contains his latest views,'! can find no trace of it, and therefore con-
Agaricus.] FUNGI. 53
elude that he Is not quite satisfied about the propriety of doing so. It certainly has little affinity with the species with which it is here asso- ciated, but I know not where to place it more advantai^eously. It must not be confounded with Asterophora (ifjuricoidcsy wiiicli is a perfectly distinct plant, thoiij^h its analogy is very striking. The plicae in that species do not bear sporules.
** Gills more or less rescynhling veins , homogeneous with the pileus.
133. A. Vaillmtiij Fr. ( Vaillant's Agaric) ; pileus plane plicate white as well as the distant broadly adnate gills, stem solid smooth reddish-brown incrassated above and paler. Fr. Syst. Myc, v. \. p. 136. Pers. Myc. Evr. v, S. j). 70. — Fimgus pileolo candicante, c^'c, VailL J3ot. Far, p, 69. ^ 11. /. 21 — 24. — MeriiUus androsaceiis^ With. v. A. p. 143.
On sticks and decayed leaves in beech woods. Packington Park, amongst moss. Withering. — " Pileus h an inch broad, plane, now and then depressed, striato-rugose. GiUs distinct, simple, triangular and thence apparently decurrent. Stem 1 inch high, very tough, yel- lowish when young, base smooth, black, even and shining ; the middle bay, the apex whitish, most minutely pruinose." Fr. I. c. Withering's description accords with his synonym from Vaillant, and will not apply to any of the other species usually confounded under the name of A. andro.sdceus.
134. A. Rotula, Scop, (wheel Agaric); pileus convex iinibilU cate plicate white as well as the gills which are attached to a free collar surrounding the smooth dark fistulose stem. Scop. Fl. Cam. n. 1569. Soio. t. 95. Fr. Sijst. Myc. v. 1. ;?. 136. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 381. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 275.— Meru- lius collariatus, With. v. 4. ;;. 144. Part. v. 2 S^' 3. n. 893. — A. androsaccvs, Bull. t. Q>4^ 569. f. 3.
On sticks, stumps, dead leaves, &c. The whole year. Common. — Pileus 1 — 3 lines broad, hemispherical, umbilicatc, anil minutely um- l)onate, jjlaited, smooth, margin crenate ; white or pale buff with a dark um!)ilicus. (ji//s broad, distant, equal, or occasionally with a fciv short ones of the same colour as the |)ilcus, connate behind and separating from the stem so as to present the appearance of being fixed to a free collar surrounding the stem. Sfrui setiform, slightly flexuous, white above, then tawny, deep-shining brown at the base, striate, fistulosc, frecjuently branched and sarmentose, with or without abortive pilei.
135. A. audrosdc(us,Jj. (Avdrosarc-lihc Agaric); j)ileus con- vex plicate wliite tinged with brown, gills adnate distinct simple, stem fistnlose snlcatc black quite smooth. Linn. Suec. 1193. Bolt. t. 32. Sow. t. 94 ! Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. ;;. 137. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 381. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 273. Klotzsch, Fung. Germ, exs, n. 17. — A. cpiphyllHs, Jhtll. t. 569. /*. 2. — Merulius androsaceus, Purt. v. 2 &; 3. Ji. 849. {not of With.)
On fern stems, oak and beech leaves, Sec , generally <>n the j)rincipal nerves. The whole year. (Jommon — Pileus .') — (» lines l)roaii, con- vex, with a slight depression, pale rufescent, ilarkcr in the centre.
54 ]?UNGI. [Affaricus.
grooved and notched, under a lens clothed with a minute matted silki- iiess. GiHs adnate, sometimes quite simple (about 15) with shorter ones between and no rugas ; occasionally forked with wrinkles in the interstices. Stem 1—2 inches high, filiform, quite smooth, shining- black, twisted when dry, often branched and sarmentose at the base like the last. — A. androsaceus, Sow. t. 94, though represented as growing on oak-leaves, is pronounced by Fries to be A. jjerforans; but an inspection of the specimens in Sowerby's Herbarium proves them to be undoubtedly the true A. androsaceus. A. jjerforans, of which I have before me specimens from Mougeot, is quite different. The stem is not smooth and shining, but velvety. I am not aware that it has been found in Great Britain.
136. A. caulicindlis, Bu[\. (small scaly Agaric) ; pileus imi- bilicate whitish minutely velvety or scaly, gills nearly free, stem bright brown subfistulose fibrillose or scaly. Bull, t. 522./. 1. Pers. 3Iyc, Eur. v. 3. p. 156. — A. stipitarius, Fr, Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 138 A. scabellus, Alb. &>^ Schiv, t. 9./. 6.
On grass, sticks, stumps, &c. Aug. — Sept. Not uncommon. — On grass. Dickson in Sowerby's Herbarium, marked " JL. gra7nineus f On living Festuca j)innata, at Wansford, Norths. On Clematis Vitalba, at Margate. — Pileus 2 — 7 lines broad, convex at first and minutely umbo- uate, then expanded, depressed or umbilicate, whitish, with small shining red-brown scales, disposed sometimes in zones, rendering the margin jagged ; in large specimens it is sulcate. Gills distant with very few fthorter ones, nearly free, thickish, of a yellowish tinge, various in breadth, sometimes rather ventricose. Stem f — 1| inch high, not h a line thick, flexuous, filiform, clothed with red-brown woolly tomentum or squamules, darker than the pileus, often perforating the substance on which it grows, composed of fibres, with a narrow fistulose line down the centre. — I have long considered A. scabellus as the same species with the present, though placed by Fries in "Derminus,'" and gathered by himself. Persoon has come to the same conclusion in the Mi/c. Fur. and Fries in the Ind. Alp/i. declares himself to be now of the same opinion. I strongly suspect A. graminicokiy Nees v. Esen- beck, to be another form. The gills are indeed darker, but the colour- ing of his plates is generally too much exaggerated ; his description does not accord ill with it. When in perfection, few Agarics are more elegant.
137. A.fcetidus, Sow. (small foetid Agaric) ; pileus convexo- plane umbilicate plicate bay-tawny, gills paler adhering to a collar, stem velvety fistulose bright brown. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. I. p. 138. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 382. — Mendius fceddus, Soto. t, 21. With. V. 4. 2?. 146. Felh. Fl. Ca?it. ed. 3. p. 520.^ A. venosus, Pers. Myc. Eur. v. S. ]?. 275.
Eottenwood. Aug. — Nov. Eare. Madingley Wood,Camb. i?e//m?«. Foxhall, near Edinburgh. Captain Wauc/i. Scent like that of garlic. Fel/f. Soiv. — " Pileus ^ — f of an inch broad, convex, rarely quite plane, plicate, reddish-brown, thin, glabrous. Gills adnate, yellow, narrow, dis- tant. Ste7?i 1 inch high, thin, dark-brown, minutely velvety or hairy." Grev. I. c. At the base is a small radiated membrane. This appears to be a rare species. Purton's plant is not certainly the true one, accord- ing to his own statement. In Dr. Hooker's Herbarium are specimens
Agaricus.] FUNGI. 55
sent by Bcrtero from the island of Juan Fernandez, gathered March, 1830, marked (A. alliodorns), and others gathered hi Scotland with a pileus and stem paler than usual, and the interstices of the gills very much veined.
138. A. epijjhylliis, Pers. {scalc-lihe Agaric) ; pileus nearly plane rugose white as well as the few adnate veinlike gills, stem fistulose minutely velvety brown bright below. Pcrs, Sijn. lu 468. Myc, Eur. v. 3. p. 272. Fr. Si/sL Myc. v. 1.
p. 139. Grev. FL Ed. p. 381 A, Sqiiamida, Batsch, Cont.
1. f. 84. Soiu, t. 93. — Merulius Squaimda, With. v. 4. ;?. 14G. Purt. V. 2 S)^ 3. n. 895.—^. iimhelliferus, Bolt. t. 39. A. {not of With.)
Dead leaves, especially of ivy. Sept.— Dec. Very common. — Pik'i/s 3 lines broad, plane, at length umbilicate, cream-coloured, rugose. Gd/s veiny, branched, adnate, broad at the base ; in large specimens they are seen, when accurately examined, to form a close collar round the stem, which is evident even when the gills are almost obsolete ; margin of the collar cream-coloured. Stem 1 — 2 inches high, filiform, brown or blackish below, paler upwards, minutely velvety. — Hdotium 31ehtnopus, Pers. Ic. ct Descr. t. 9. / 7, 8, is nothing more than this species with the gills obsolete.
139. A. Ihtds6?ii, Pers. (small hairy Agaric) ; pileus con- vexo-expanded whitish beset with red erect liairs as well as the red-brown stem, gills whitish. Pers. Syn. p. 390. 3Iijc. Eur. V. 3. ;;. 270. Dec. FL Fr. v. 2. ;;. 164. Purt. v. 2 Sf 3. 71. 970. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 139. — A. pilosusj Huds. Ft. Angl. p. 622. ^ow. t. 164.
In woods on decayed leaves, especially holly-leaves. Winter months. Hare. Croydon. Dichson. Hollybush Hill, Wansted. Mr. Ti. M. Forstcr. — " Pileus 3 lines broad, convex, ahnost hemisphasrical, white, clothed with red erect subrigid hairs. Gdls dirty-white. Stoii 1 — 2 inches high, filiform, whitish, red-brown or reddish, somewhat hairy at the base." /////■/<. /. r. Dccandolie compares this species with A. Po- t/da, and ascribes to it a shining black stem and a pileus beset with black hairs. Sowerby represents the gills as attached to a collar.
Subgenus 10. Mycena ; (from /Mv/.n;, ft fungus). Stem highly Jistulosc, gracfful, suhcartilaginous^ distinct from the jdkus, gcncndly villous or rooting at the base, never bulbous. Pileus membra/uueous, conic or subglobosc, then campanidatc^ seldom more expanded, substriate, generally smooth icithuitt scales, mare or less diajdtanoiis. Gills umyual, ascending^ acute behind. Asci distinct. — Small graceful fungi.
* Stem rooting (except in A. Iris) even, juieeless. Gills free^ tlui margin of the same colour.
MO. A. allidcrus, Ja((|. (rooting garlic Afjaric) ; strong- seontod, pileus louj^h white witii a brownish tint, gills free dirty-white, stem tall blackish between pruinouc and velvety.
56 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
Jacq, AusL t, 82. {fide Fries). With, v, 4. p, 246. Fr. SijsL Ahjc, V. 1. p. 140. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 245. Grev. FL Ed. p. 382. (excL syn.)— Fungus alpinus^ 8fc., Mich. p. 144. t.
78./. 4.
Amongst leaves and on rotten wood. Rare. Foxhall, near Edin- burgh. Captain Waiich. Bungay. Mr. Stock.—'' Pileus 1 inch or more broad, at length plane, subumbonate, even or obsoletely striate, becoming pallid. Stem long, attenuated upwards, rigid rather horny, incurved at the base and rooting." Fr. I. c. " Root crooked, thick, knotty, sunk about an inch into the earth, and always attached to rotten wood." Wit/i.— Withering' s account scarcely admits of a doubt that he was acquainted with the true plant of Jacquin, though perhaps he confounded with it other garlic-scented species. Greville's plant is certainly this, and not J., porreus, as proved by specimens from himself now before nie. The stem when dry is shining and striate, not dull as in A. porreus. Its horny texture also is very different.
141. A. olro'dlbiis, Bolt, (black and ivhite Agaric) ; pileiis even blackish the margin and the free gills whitish, stem tumid at the base and strigose. Bolt. t. 137. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 141. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 230. — A. varius, var. 8.
With. V. 4. p. 219.
In pastures and on sticks in moist shady places. Aug,— Nov. Purton, 3ISS. Amongst moss about the roots of trees near Halifax.
Bolton. " Solitary or gregarious, rather firm. Pileus obtuse. Ste?n
2—3 inches long, sometimes pruinose at the apex." Fr. I. c.
142. A. filojjes, Bull {thread-stetmned Agaric); pilens obtuse striate livid-brown, gills free white ventricose, stem long even, root hairy. Bull. t. 320. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. ]. p. 142. FL Ban. t. 2022. /. 2.—A. pilosus, Batsch, El. f. 2.
Woods. Aug. — Oct. Probably not uncommon. Abundant in Scot- land. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb.— Wmkbourn, Notts. Cottcrstock, ISorths. Pev. M. J. Berkelei/.— Pileus ^ an inch broad, convex or conico-campanulate, striate, livid-brown or umber with a tinge of flesh- colour, striate. Gills free or minutely adnexed, slightly ventricose, white or a dilute shade of the pileus. Stem 2—3 inches long, fistulose, juicy, smooth, except the rooting base which is pilose, livid, dirty- white or brownish. — It is difficult to distinguish this species from some small varieties of A. galericulatus, in which the manner of adherence of the gills varies very much. Similar forms of A. alcalinus are known by their nitrous odour.
143. A. Iris, Berk, (onany 'Coloured Agaric) ; pileus obtuse striate sub viscid adorned with blue fibrillse, gills almost free, stem fasciculato-pilose.
Fir stum[)s. Oct. Clifton, Notts.— Fasciculate or scattered, brittle, when young the pileus and stem are bright sky-blue and beautifully tomentose. Pileus | — | of an inch broad, membranaceous, hemisphaeri- cal, obtuse, striate, umber, clothed with blue fibrillse which are glued down to the epidermis, scattered in the centre, thicker and more free on the margin which is slightly denticulate. Gills free or slightly adnexed, linear, pale cinereous, the margin sometimes denticulate. Stem
Agaricus.] FUNGI. 57
1^ — 3^ inches high, not 1 line broad, not rooting, blue below, above subrufescent, the tonientum below depressccl and blue, above nearly white, minutely but distinctly fasciculato-pilose ; in very elongated spe- cimens obsolete. — Another form has the pileus much longer, subcam- panulate, rutescent, varied with yellow-green towards the margin and blue nearer to the centre ; sometimes the whole rufescent except the extreme margin which is deep blue. The gills paler, but not always so, and more denticulate, their edges milky. Smell strong. — A most ele- gant though small species. The variety is not unlike the state o^ A, galericulatus figured by Sowerby in form and disposition of colour ; but its essential characters are quite different. 1 can find no descrip- tion at all answering to it. A. amictus seems the nearest, and on this account, but especially because of the nature of the gills, though it has no root, it is placed next to it. The wood on which it grew was very little decayed; and perhaps under other circumstances the stem might have been elongated in a softer nidus, and have assumed the appearance of a root.
144. A. pcn/perctdiis, Berk, {srnall tcJiite rooting Agaric) ; strong'-scented, pileus obtuse minutely innato-fibrillose, gills at first free then adnexed, stem smooth except the rooting base.
Inside of decayed stumps. Clifton, Notts. J^ept. 20, 1832. — Pileus 1 line broad, fleshy, for the size of the plant firm, scarcely niembrane- ous, obtusely conic or hemisphierical, most minutely but decidedly innato-fibrillose, pale ocliraceous-white, in age almost tawny, probably stained by the wood on Avhich it grows. M'hen moist, the gills shine through, giving it a striate ai)pearance, but not always. Gills white, adnexed by reason of the growth of the pileus ; in youth they are really free. Sporules white, round. Stem ^ — 1 inch high, h a line thick, white, curved, rooting, the root villous, minutely stuffed", smooth, even under a high magnit\ing power, powdered at the toj) with the sporules, generally thicker below. OdDur farinaceous. — Allicil to A. olralifif/s, but I think distinct from all its small varieties. For its size it is nuicli more ffeshy, and seems to have no tendency to be coloured Uke that i>j)ecies.
** Stem even, Jiiicelcss, more or less rootijig. Gills adnatc; the margin of the same colour.
145. A. nlcalinvs^ Fr. {strong-scented helmet Agaric) ; strongf- secnted, pileus obtuse cinereous striate, gills adiuito white then glaucous, stem oven firm villous at the base. Fr. Sgsf. ]\[}jc. V. 1. p. 14i\ — Fungus mullijdejc obtuse conicus, S)C. )'aill, Jiot.pnr.p. 71.^ 12. /. I, 2.
Woods and hedges, on sticks, stumps, (.^-c. Very conunon. Ashton, Norths. Margate, Sec. J{n\ ]\I. J. Jhrhelri/. — Solitary or dciisily ca'spitosc. Pileus \ — 2 inches broad, subcaniose, uml)oiiaie, siibuiii- bonate or (juite obtuse, even, with or without iml)cd(led fihrilla* at first conico-papill-.ite, rugose, cinereous or tingid with olive, siibstriate, wlit-u old expaiidfd or depressed hut little elianged in colonr, though t)tcn- hionally with a pink or yellow hue. dills adnato with a tooth, distant, when old slightly ventricose, nt first pale then glaucous, |)inkish or yel- lowish, more or less connrctrd by veins. Asri ilistitut, linear, clavate, sporules (luilc globose. Stun 3 inches high, 1 — 2 linca thick, fistulose.
58 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
subfibrilloso-striate, attenuated upwards, downy at the base, the down sometimes rather tawny, sometimes firm and tenacious, sometimes very brittle, grey above, yellowish or reddish beneath when young, but when old sometimes changing above to a bright yellow. Odour pungent, like that of fermented or putrid walnuts.— A very variable species ; often passing away into a loathsome mass before it fully expands, some- times becoming dry and tough, but still with the same peculiar odour and a taste similar to it.
146. A. galcriculdtus, Scop, {helmet ^^f/nc) /inodorous, pileus uneven broAvnish, gills dirty-white adnate with a decur- rent tooth, stem even tough, the base rooting strigose. Scop. Fl Cam. n. 1564. Sch(£ff. t. 52. Sow. t. 165. Purt. v. 2 Sf 3. ti. 941. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 143. Grev. Fl. Ed. p.
382. Fungus midlijjkx campaniformis, S^c, Vaill. Bot. Pur. p.
73. t. 12. / 3, A.^A.Jistulosus, Bull. ^. 5J8. (in part.)— A. va- rius, With. v. 4. p. 217. Purt. v. 3. w. 1459.—^. proliferus, Sow. t. 169.
On or about trunks of trees, &c. Autumn. Extremely common.— Solitary or densely caispitose. Pileus 3—9 lines broad, sometimes, however, much larger, campanulate or conical, often subumbonate, at length depressed, innato-fibrillose, striate, brownish-white, with some- times tints of bltie or yellow. Gills rather distant, not so broadly adnate as the last, sometimes nearly free, often pinkish. Stem very various in length, rigid, smooth, except at the base which is densely strigose. Inodorous, insipid.
*** Stemjuiceless, striated. Gills with the margin of the same colour,
147. A. polygrmnmus, Bull, (scored Agaric); pileus obso- letely striate subcinereous, gills white attenuato-adnexed, stem long rigid striate shining. Bidl. t. 395. Soio. t. 222. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 146. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 383 — A. fistu- losus, Bull, t.olS.f. U.—A. variiis, 4. Purt. v. 3. p. 217.
Woods, on stumps, especially hazel stumps. Sept. — Dec. Common.
Pileus 1 — H inches broad, at first cinereous, umber towards the
margin, glanditorm, pruinose, then livid-brown, conico-campanulate, submembranaceous, rugose with innate fibres, margin striate. Gills rather distant, at first dirty-white, then pinkish, ventricose though sometimes almost linear, all but free, uiargin subserrulate. Stem 3 inches high, 1 line or more thick, regularly and deeply striate, the interstices fibrillose, but occasionally the striae are obsolete, silvery, rooting, fistulose, nearly the colour of the pileus, but paler, twisted brittle. Inodorousy insipid.
**** Stem eve?i, milky ^ somewhat rooting.
148. A. gdlopus, Pers. {milky helmet Agaric); pileus striate blackish-glaucous, gills fixed white, stem replete with white milk. Pers. Syn. p. 379. FL Dan. t. 1550./. 2. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. 1. p. 148.
Amongst leaves in woods. Sept.— Oct. Common. Hainault
Affaricus.] FUNGI. 59
Forest, Oct. 1793. Sowcrh)/, Canterbury. King's Cliffe, Norths. Beeston, Notts. Rev. M. J. Berheley. — Pileus \ — 1 inch broad, campanulate or convex, ochraceous, the centre blackish, (varying somewhat in colour,) {)ellucitl, striate. GUIs white, arcuato-adnate or even dccurrent. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, about I line thick, pale umber, the base somewhat rooting, fibrilloso-tomentoscor even strigosc, fistulotienot brittle. Milk mild. ^Tastc like that of radishes. iSubject to some variation iu size and form and colour, but known by its white milk.
149. A. sa?}giii?iolc?ilii!{, Alb. & Sclnv. (blood-Juiced Agar ic); slender, pileus striate vinous, gills fixed the margin dark- purple, stem replete with vinous juice. Alb. S^ Schw. p. 196. Fr, Si/sf. Myc. v. 1.;^. 149.
Woods, on sticks, &c., but especially on cones of the Scotch Fir. Probably not uncommon. Sept. — Oct. Canterbury. Beeston, Notts. King's Clitic, Norths. Rrv. M. J. Bcrliehij. — Solitary or gregarious. Pili'KS 1 — 2 lines broad, obtuse, margin striate, brownish-purple, resembling that of the crust of port wine. Gills paler, adnate, with a tooth, n)argin purple. Stem straight, smooth, sometimes attenuate upwards, of the same colour as the pileus, darker below, fistulose, re[)letc with pellucid juice of the same colour. When growing on fir- cones strigose at the base. Odour strong, like that of A. alculinns.
* 5. Stem even, not inilhy, gills adnate, margin of a different
colour,
150. A. (llegans, Pers. (yellow-bordered Agaric); pileus striate livid-yellow, gills adnate linear livid, margin yellow, stem rigid even, the base fibrillose. Pers. Sipi. p. 391. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. I. p. 149. Fl. Dan. t. 2024. f. 2.
Woods, on sticks amongst leaves. Sept. — Oct. Probably not nnconunon. Canterbury (on bramble). Rev. M. J. Berheley. — J*il(//s ^ an inch broad, obtuse, striate, livid-yellow, margin paler. (tills rather broad, adnate, with a minute tooth, scarcely vcntricose ; the part nearest the pileus livid ; margin beautiful yellow. Stem 1 — 2 inches high, rather brittle, slender, minutely pilose, yellow above, brown below, fistulose, the base strigosc, rather swollen, filled wiih watery juice.
151. A. slrobUinus, Pers. (scarlet Jir-cone Agaric) ; scarh't, pileus acutely niubonate, margin striate, gills adnate the margin <larker, stem firm jtiiceless furnished with wliite strigiXJ at the base. Fers. tSyn-p. iV.V'}. Fr. St/st. 3Iyc. r. \.]). 150. Grcr. FL Fd. p. 383. Fl. Dan. t. 2025./ 1 .—A. coccinnis, Soir. 1. 1 97.
In woods", on dead leaves and twigs, and on the cones of the Scotih Fir. Hare. Near Newmarket. Mr. Ilemsted. Balmuto near Edinburgh. Grevillr. — " Subgrrgarious, subrisciculate. rih 'la :\ — .") lines l)road, campanulate, with a rather short fleshy umbt), smdoth, bright-red or red-orange, striate at the margin. Gilts adnate, with a dccurrent process, distant, whitish-red, edges dull and darker red. Stew 1 — 2 inches hi^h, hollow, firm, smooth, pale red, strigose at the base and whitisij, often with a long root." Grev. I. c.
60 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
* 6. Ste?n everii juiceless^ scarcely rooting. Gills fixedy margin of the same colour.
152. A. purus, Pers. (rose Agaric;) pileus between fleshy and membranaceous obtuse purplish or rose-coloured, gills paler rounded ventricose, stem even villous at the base. Fers. Syn. p. 339. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 151. — A. roseus, Bull.t. 162, 507. Sow. t. 12. With. v. 4. p. 231 . Purt. v. 2 4* 3. n. 945. & 3. p. 224. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 383 — A. piirpu:eus, With. v. 4. p. 222. — A. suhcmrideus, With. I. c.
Woods and mossy heaths. June— Nov. Very common.— Grega- rious. Pileus ^—2 inches broad, subcarnose, obtuse, convex, at length depressed, themargin thin, pellucid; sometimes marked with two or three concentric grooves, amethyst or rose-coloured, soon changing to a pale brown-purple, at last nearly white. Gills broad, adnate, sometimes almost decurrent, at first whitish, then amethyst or rose, then subrufescent; connected by veins ; margin uneven, ^^em often twisted, more or less fibrillose, at length smooth, tough, hollow, the cavity lined with white silky fibres, splitting easily upwards, the base often strigose. — Sometimes the pileus from the first is pure white, also occasionally brownish or yellowish. Always distinguishable by its taste and odour like that of radishes.
153. A. Adonis, Bull, (beautifid various-coloured Agaric); pileus obtuse even, gills white adnate, stem even smooth not rooting. Bidl. t. 560. /. 2. Sow. t. 385./ 2, 3 ? Pers. Syn. p. 391. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 152.
On the ground in woods. Rare. Kirriemuir, Scotland. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb.—'' Pileus 3—4 lines high and broad, campanulate, rose-colouretl, white, yellowish or green. Gills not decurrent. Stein 2 inches or more high." Fr. I. c.
154. A. luteo-dlbus, Bolt, (yellow and white Agaric); pileus umbonate striate yellow as well as the slender stem, gills white adnate. Bolt. t. 38. /. 1. Pers. Syn. p. 383. Myc. Eur. V. 3. p. 264. Fr. Sijst. Myc. v. 1. p. 152.
Amongst moss in fir plantations. Aug. — Sept. Common about Halifax. Bolton. — " Pileus 3 — 4 lines high and broad, dry. Gills subventricoae. Stem 1 — 2 inches high, filiform, subflexuous." Fr. I. c.
155. A. Idcteus, Pers. (milk-white Agaric); pileus subum- bonate finely striate white with a tinge of yellow, gills fixed or adnexed distinct white as well as the even rather rigid stem. Pei'S. Syn. p. 394. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 267. Fr. Syst. Myc. V. I. p. 152. Fl. Dan. t. 1845./. 1.— A 7ianus, Bull. t. 260, 563./ 3. — A. ochraceus, Pers. Myc. Eur. v. S. p. 264.
Amongst moss at the roots of trees, or amongst small sticks and leaves. Oct. — Dec. Probably not uncommon. Margate, Canterbury. Beeston, Notts.; Woodnewton, Norths. Bcv. 31. J. Berkeley. — Pileus 3 — 6 lines broad, conico-campanulate, at_ length expanded, minutely umbonate, white with a pale ochraceous tinge, when dry pure white ; Jlesh thin, margin transparent more or less striate and cren-
Affaricus.]
FUNGI. 61
ulate. GUIs white, slightly vcntricose, adnate or adnexed, in which latter case when young they are quite free : connected by veins. Stejn 1 — 2 inches high, |- a line thick, sometimes rooting, pulverulent above, pulverulento-fibrillose below, with a little down at the base not brittle.
— My specimens come very near to Bulliard's figures, and though the gills vary much in the degree of adherence, 1 can see no well-marked variety. The stem is always more or less pulverulent.
* 7. Stemjuiceless, not rooting but adhering by an orbicular dish.
156. A. stf/Idhates, Pers. (disk-stemmed Agaric); tender, pileus obtuse striate subpilose, gills free distinct, stem adherinj^ by an orbicular striate membrane. Pers. Syn. p. 890. t. 5.
/. 4. Ditm. in Sturnis Deutsch. Fl. t. 29. Nees. Syst. f. 189. '{copied from Ditm.) Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 153. Fl. Dan. t. 'iO'Ib.f. 3. {not very good.)
On Fern, sticks, leaves, Szc. Probably not uncommon. Yarwell, Norths. Aug. Rev. M. J. Berlieley. — Pure white. FUeus 2 lines or more broad, campanulate or hemisjihairicul, sometimes broadly and obtusely umbonate, striate, with a round mark (in thinner specimens) in the centre caused by the insertion of the stem, minutely pilose, not granulose. Gi//s unequal, rounded, free. Stem 1 — 2 inches liigh, ^ a line thick, rather thicker at the base, flcxuous, fistulose, downy or minutely pilose, though sonietimes, as the pileus becomes quite smooth, fragile, adhering by a broad, membranous, tomentose.radiato-striate disk.
157. A.tentrrimus, Berk, (smallest disk-rooted Agaric); pilous hemisphaM-icai snbplicate frosted with minute granules, gills free ventricose, stem pilose adhering by a minute disk which is not striate.
On cones of the Scotch fir, sticks, &c. Aug. — Dec. Probably not uncommon. Oundle, Norths. iMargate. Ilev. 31. J. Ber/u/ct/ — Gregarious, pure white. Pileus 1 — 1^ line broad, very delicate, temler and easily injured, not pilose but frosted with minute granules. Gills distant, unequal. Sjxirulcs white, round. Stem 1 inch high, scarce ^^ of a line thick, flexuous, fistulose, adhering by a miimte j)ubescent disk, which is not the least striate. — A very minute but distinct species, and as far as I can discover undescribcil, except it be A. chivuldris, Batsc/i, Cont. l.f. 81, which is considered by Fries as A. Cortirola. The figure is a tolerably correct representation of it, even to the i\\>k. It is however described as light blue, aiul though the stem is stateii lo be subsericeous, nothing is said about the granules on the pileus or the free gills.
158. A. pilipes, Sow. (hairy-stemmed parasitic Agaric); c.nespitose brown, j)ilens obtuse eve)i smooth, gills free close, stem rather thick hairy. Sow. t. ii49. Fr. Syst. Nye, v. 1. ;;. 154.
Pit, us F) ^ lines high and broad, subcarnose, obtuse. Gills ascend- ing. Stiin i! inches high, hairy, the same colour as the pileus, fistulose.
— A very obscure species figured by Sowerl>y Irom specimens preserveil in Hungary water, and tlierefore no great dcpendance can be placed upon the colour. It certainly has no affuiily Nvith the species with ^^hlch Fries lias associated it', but as 1 have no fresh light to throw
62 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
upon the subject, it would be useless to remove it to any other equally uncertain neighbourhood.
* 8, Pileus and stem viscid.
159. A. epipterygius, Scop, (^yelloiu fern Agaric); pileus obtuse striate viscid as well as the elongated yellow stem, gills uncinate. Scop. FL Cam. n. 15G5. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. \.p. 155. Pers. Myc. Eur. v, 3. jj. 2Q3.—A. plicatus, Schceff. t. ^\.-—A. flavijjes, With. v. 4. ;:>. 249. Purt. n. U73.— A nutans, Sow. t. 92.
On fern-stems, leaves, sticks, &c., in v/oods. Aug. — Nov. Common. — Pileus an inch or more broad and high, obtuse, sometimes umbilicate, cinereous-yellow, but also occasionally, according to Fries, white, bkiish or rufous, submeuibranaceous, the margin striate and toothed ; epider- mis viscid ; when moist easily tearing otf. Gills arcuato-adnate, subde- current, partaking of the colour of the pileus. Stem 3 — 4 inches high, about 1 line thick, full yellow, viscid, smooth, tomentose at the base.
* 9. Dry: j^Heics more or -less depressed ; gills decurrent.
160. A, caniptophyllus. Berk, {elhow-gilled Agaric); pileus dark-brown, margin deeply striate grey, gills distant wliite ascending then suddenly decurrent, stem minutely pubescent, the base radiato-strigose.
On sticks, &c. Aug. — Oct. Margate. — Solitary or only subgre- garious. Pileus h an inch broad, dry, convex, obtuse, subhemisphaerical, smooth. Gills rather distant, at first adnate, nearly plane, then ascend- ing and suddenly decurrent, though, as far as I have observed, there is no absolute depression but only a flattening of the centre of the pileus. Stem 2 inches or more high, not a line thick, subflexuous, somewhat rigid, minutely fistulose with a few white fibres ; under a lens minutely but beautifully pubescent, the base radiato-strigose ; at first yellow, when full-grown pale above, pale rufescent below. — This species does not agree with any described by Fries. Of those with which its affinity is evident, 47 — 51 have the gills more or less coloured, 52 has a white stem and a variegated campanulate pileus, 53 has a pubescent pileus, and 54 has evidently a very difierent habit. It seems to come the nearest to the two last. There are besides four supposed species described in a note, but neither does it seem identical with any of these.
161. A. corticola, Bull, (bai^k Agaric); small, pileus thin hemisphserical then umbilicate striate, gills uncinato-decurrent, stem minutely pulverulent short incurved. Pers. Syn. p. 394. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. j^- 159.— v4. corticalis, Ball. t.5l9.f. 1. Sow. t. 243. Purt. V. 3. 7i. 1457. — A. horizontalis, Sow. t, 341.
Trunks of trees, dead bark, &c. Oct. and during the whole v>'inter. Common. — Gregarious. Pileus I — 3 lines broad, hemisphcerical, in general obtuse, but sometimes slightly papillose, rarely umbilicate; umber, white, cinereous, lilac and according to Fries, flesh-coloured, rufous, bluish, &c. ; Jiesh rather thick in proportion. Gills variously adnato-uncinate or subdecurrent, partaking more or less of the colour
Agaricus.] ruNGi. 63
of the pileus. Sfon ^—1 inch high, incurved, minutely pulverulent, stuffed and not truly fistulose, minutely strigose or tonieutosc al the base. The whole plant dries up in fine weather, but revives with the first shower. — The above description applies to four different states of this species, which is very variable. I always find the stem pulverulent when accurately examined. A. corticalis, Sow., Fries susj)ects in his Ind. A/jJi. to be A. supinus; though that has the gills nearly free; but I think it is clearly the same species as Bulliard's. Sommerfelt quotes it under his A. corticulu.
162. A. /lonzoTitalis, Bull, (horizontal Agaric); small, pileus unequal convex reddish-brown, gills adnexed, stem short incurved. J3ulL t. 324. With. v. 4. ;j>. 205. >SW. ^. 341. Purl. V. 2. n. 937. Pcrs. Myc. Eur. v. 3. /;. 16G.
Trunks of trees, especially pear, apple and elm. Oct. Not common. Mettingham and elsewhere near Biu)gay. Wood/card. — Pileus ^ an inch broad. Gills adncxed or nearly free. Stem ^ an inch long, 1 line thick. — I have not met with this species, which appears to be very nearly allied to A. rorlicohi, differing principally in its adnexeil gills. The specimens in Sowerby's Herbarium (juitc confirm this notion as far as his figure is concerned. The stem is probably not solid but minutely stuffed.
1G3. A. jtmcicola^ Fr. (rush Agaric); delicate, pileus convex striate bright rufous-tawny, gills distant whitish, stem brown capillary. Fr. Sf/st. 3Ii/c. v. 1. p. 160. Pers. Myc. Eur, V. S.p. 2\Z.—Fu)ujus S)C. Mich. p. 162. t. 80./. 9.
On grass and rushes in boggy ground. June — July. Hare. TJuge- 1 cy, Stallbrds. King's Cliffe, Norths. — Pileus 1 line broad, sometimes at first minutely un\l)onate, at length expanded convex and slightly de()ressed in the centre, distinctly and broadly striate, deep rich red tawny, the umbo darker; sometimes the striie are paler, (tills (cw, pale, yellowish- white, broad, adnate ; at length detached so as to form a collar round the stem, but not very distinct. Stt/n I inch or rather more iiigh, brown, paler at the to|), flcxuous, capillary, smooth. A most elegant s[)ecies, well described l)y Micheli, analogous if not very closely related to the species in the second division of " Collyhia,^' His figure is smaller tiian my specimens.
164. A. jtfcrigoius, Fr. (rose-oolound fir Ji Agaric); delicate rose-coloured, pileus campanulate even, gills br(»ad distant, stem capillary with a strigose bulb. /V. .S'//.sy. Mjjc.w !. p. HyO.—A.Jilir'iuus, Pcrs. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 243. t. 28./ G. (twC A. rosdlusy ]Vith.)
y, stem lemon-coloured. On an oak leaf. Canterbury. Prv. M.J. IhrhUii. — Pdcus 1 line broad, obtuse, smooth, of a delicate salnu)n- colour; //r.s/t rather thick in proj)i)rti(Mi ; margin pellucid. (iHls adnate with a decurrcnt tooth, more than 0 or 8. iS7<7/i 1 inch high, pale lemon-colonreil, fistulose! with a minute strigose bulb ; its hairs patent, not ai!j)ressed. Fries' reference to A. rosi/lits, \N ith,, is certainly incorrect. It is but a variety of .1. laccnfus, as may be sieii by rel'en iiii: to linlsth, f. •>!>. 1 have found only a single >peeiinen and tiiat dillcring in having a Icuion-culourcd btcin, rather aiorc uumcruus
64 rUNGi. [Agarictis.
gills, and the plleus scarcely can.panulate ; but in this latter respect Persoon's figures vary a little.
165. A. capilldris, Schum. (^Iiair Agaric); white, pileus at first conic then campanulate dimpled very tender, gills adnate distant, stem capillary subrufescent above. Schum. Fl. ScbU, p. 268. Fr. Syst. Mgc.v. \.p. 160. FL Dan. t. 1670. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. S. p. '27 \.— Fungus S^c. 3Iich. p. 166. t. 80./. 11. Sc p. 146. t. 80.}: 10.
On beech leaves. Oct. Rare. Canterbury. Rev. M. J. Berkeley. — Pileus ^ — 1 line broad, at first conic, like the head of a very small pin, grey, the margin rounded, the stem dark above and minutely pul- verulent ; gradually the stem elongates extremely, becoming nuich finer ; the pileus hemisphserical, delicate white, with a dimple in the centre- Gills very few ; two or three only in general reaching the stem ; in specimens 1 line broad regularly ascending, about 9, adnate, with two or three intermediate ones. Stem flaccid extremely slender, very minutely dilated at the base.
166. A. setosus, Sow. (^bristly pin-head Agaric); brownish, pileus hemisphaerical smooth, gills distant, stem flexnous extremely slender clothed with long patent distant hairs. Sow. t 302. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. S. p. 276, (sub A. Hudsoni).
Beech leaves. Hare. Costessy, near Norwich. Sowerby. — Pileus not -yV of an inch broad. Stein ^ an inch long, finer than a hair. — Apparently nearly related to A. capillaris and very distinct from A. Hudsoni.
167. A. integrellus, Pers. (minute uniform Agaric); white, pileus hemisphaerical, margin striate, gills like wrinkles decur- rent distant, stem hairy below. Pers. Ic. Sf 7)escr, t. 13. f. 5. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 161. — Fuiigi p)lures S^c. Raii Syn. Ed. 3. p. 10. i. ]. J. 2. a a. — A. Duboisii, Johns. Fl. Berw, v, 2. p. 180.
In shady places on the ground, leaves, wood, &c. Nov. Rare. — *' Insipid, casspitose. Pileus 1 — l^ line broad at first hemisphaerical, obtuse, at length rather plane, substance thin, pellucid. Gills narrow arcuate, decurrent notwithstanding the form of the pileus, some branch- ed, especially in younger specimens, with but few short ones. Stem I inch high, fistulose, subpulverulent, villous at the base." Pers. I. c.
Subgenus 11. Omphalia ; (from o/xeaXog, an umbilicus). Veil none. Stem stuffed, at length generally hollow, not bulbous, Pileus membranaceous carnoso-membranaceous, or even carnoso coriaceous a?id almost corky : when young, umbilicate, then expanded or altogether infundibuliform^ the margin rejiexed or patent. Gills adnate or decurrent, never only adnexed or free ; tmequal, juiceless. Asci long. Sporules ivhite.
* Pileus submembranaceous. Gills decurrent.
168. A. stelldtus, Fr. (trumpet Agaric) ; white, pileus convex smooth, gills tliin distant, stem adhering by a^convex radiated
Arjaricus.] FUNGI. 65
membrane. Fr. S^/st. Myc, v. i. p. 1G2.— y4. huccinaUs, Sotv. t. 107. Pers. Myc. Eur, v, 3. ^?. 111. — 3Ierulius buccumlis, With. V, 4. p, 144. Purt. v. 3. n. 1426.
Amongst gra.ss, on rotten wood, &c. Feb — Oct. ivare. Packing- ton, Warw. WithcyiiKj. llagley. Purlon. — " (.iregarious. Pilcus 4 lines broad, striated. Gills thin (in which it differs from A. ericetorum). Stem scarcely 1 inch high, stnffed, incurved, brittle." Fr. I. c.
169. A. Fibula, Bull, {small orange Agaric) ; rather delicate, pilcus convex oran«5e-yelIoAV, gills whiter distant, stem dull yellow. Bull, t, 1S6, 530./. J. >Sow. ^ 45. Purt. v. 3. n, 939. Grcv. Fl. Ed. p. 384. Pers. Myc, Eur. v. 3. p. 67.-~A, parvus, With. v. 4. p. 216. — y, — A. Swarlzii, Pers. I. c. p, Q)Q.
Amongst moss. Scj)t. — May. Common, «. & y. — Pilcus 1 — G lines l)road, at first hcmisphairical, the margin inflexcd, then plane ; more or less depressed, yellow or tawny with a dusky centre, obscurely striated, the whole minutely pilose. Gills yellowish or white, distinct, not vcn- tricosc, dccurrcnt. Spomlcs white, round. Stan 1 — U- inch high, not a line thick, slender, yellow, or tawny with a violet-brown apex, the whole minutely pilose like the pilcus and obsoletcly fibrillosc. I find the pilcus both in u. & y. to be constantly minutely pilose. There seems no doubt that the latter is but a variety, differing in no respect, except in colour. Withering has an excellent description of it.
170. A. j)yxiddtus, Bull. (Imx-lilie Agaric) ; reddish-brown pale when dry, pileiis infandibuliform, disk even, gills narrow, stem firm. Bull. t. 568. /. 2. Nees, Syst.f. 192 (copied from Btdl.) Fr. SysL Myc. v. 1. p. 164. Pers. Myc. Eur. r. 3. p. 67. — A. suhhepaticus, Batsch, Cont, 2, f. 211. — A, Uirfosus, .SW. <.210.
Turfy ground. Nov. licv. Mr, Francis, of Edgefield, Norfolk. — " Pileus smooth, disk submembranaceous. Gills dccurrcnt, rather distant, narrower tiian in any neighbouring species, dirty white, with a rufescent tinge, then of tlie same colour as the pilcus. Stem when young stullcd, then hollow, thickened at the base and there clothed with whitish down, snbattenunle upwards." Fr. I. c. — Greatly varyini; in size and coloin- : ilcsh-coloured, brick-red, dirt3-tawny, rufous, cVC. A. tnrfosusy Sow. must be considered as a variety of this species, differing from the state figiued by lUilliard, as the dwarf varieties of A. innhcllifaus do from A. jjscuflu-aiidrosaccus, Bull,
171. A. murdlis, Sow. {wall Agaric) ; pileus convex umbili- cate striate, gills broad pale, stem solid short thickish. Sow, f. 322. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 165. Gnv. Fl. Ed. p. 381. Pers. Myc, Eur. v, 3. j). 64.
On walls capped with mud or turf, and in i)nstures. Autumn. Cotterstock, Norths. Ifcr. M. J. lirrluhif. About London and luhn- burgh. — " (iregarious. Pilcus .', — I inch broad, convex, rediii.^h-brown, striate, margin often turned np in age. (I'ill.s broad, ]>;ilc, whitish- brown, tlistant, decurrent. S/rm |— ^ an inch iiigh, thicki^h, u.>u:illy subincurved, i)ale brown, solid." Gnr. I. r,
172. A. nmhellifirus, L. {varivhk heath Agnriv); pilous
r
66 FUNGI. [Afjaricus.
depressed in the centre plane, margin turned down striate, gills distant very broad behind white, stem short pubescent at the base. Liim, Siiec. n. 1192. Fr. El, p. 22.— A. pseiido- cmdrosacetts, Bull. t. 276. Part. v. 3. ii. 1432.—^. viilgusy Holmsk. V. 2. t. 34.—^. ericetorum, Pers. Obs. 1. L 4./. 12.
Fr, Si/sf. Mijc. V. 1. p. 165. Grev. FL Ed. p, 384 3Ierulius
fuscus, With. V. 4. />. 144.
On the ground in sandy and heathy places. May— Nov. Rare. Wixford, on the top of an old wall. Purton. Pentland Hills. GreviUe. Kirriemuir. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb.— 'Sahgregarious. " Pilctts 1 — 1 inch broad, depressed in the centre, margin deflexed and some- times waved, striate, whitish, whitish-brown or yellow, (green, Fl.Dan.)y darker when moist. Gills broad towards the stem, whitish, decurrcnt. Stem \—\ inch high, about I line thick, whitish or yellowish, paler below and pubescent." Grcv. I. c— Liable to great variation in colour and in the length and firmness of the stem. The following varieties, which do not accord with any in Fries, deserve notice : —
£. Amongst grass in the riding of a wood near Canterbury. Oct. 23, 1832. Rev. M. J. Berkelei/.— Grey. Pileus ^ an inch broad, turbinate, imibilicate, more or less plane ; the margin obscurely striate, covered with a minute, matted silkiness, almost membranaceous. Gills broad, de- current, some forked. Stem 1 inch high, equal, subsericeous, some- times curved, rather spongy, the base furnished v>'ith white down.
?. On a mud wall. Stibbington, Hunts. Rev. M. J. Berkeley.— Brown, inclining to umber ; pileus \ of an inch or more broad, at first minutely farinaceo-squamulose, striate, umbilicate; the margin at length crenulate and less evidently striate ; the whole when dry paler. Gills very distant and broad, some of them forked at the end ; the shorter ones mere wrinkles. Sporides elliptic, white. Stem h an inch high, not 1 line thick, thickest upwards ; when young very minutely squamu- lose, at length smooth, solid. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. t. 28. /. 3. is a very good representation of this, but 1 can find no reference to the figure.
VI. Abundant in the Scottish Highlands, var. ?nonticola, Klotzsch,
Pileus 2 — 5 lines broad, yellow, or in more elevated regions, orange,
pale when dry, margin pHcate, subinvolute and crenulate. Gills paler, sometimes connected by veins. Ste?n 2 — 5 lines high, ^ a line thick, incurved, stuffed and pubescent at the base.
173. A, Campanella, Batsch, (bell Agaric); subca3spitose, pileus convex umbilicate striate ferruginous, gills yellowish, stem fistulose reddish-brown villous below. Bcdschy El. p. 74. Pers, Syn. p. 469. Nees, St/st. f. 191 {copied from Schceff.) ^A.fragilis, Schceff. t. 230.
On pine trunks and on the ground. Scottish Highlands. Aug. Klotzsch, in Hook. Herb.—'' Pileus 3—7 lines broad, tough. Gills connected by veins. Stem 2 inches long, rooting firm below." Fr. I. c. — /3. badipus. Solitary or subcaespitose ; stem stuffed, thickened at the base, clothed with ferruginous down. — A. caulicinalis, Soiv. t. 163 — In plantations amongst leaves and fir-cones. Oct. Not common. Mr. JTe//is^ef? of Newmarket. Winkbourn, Notts. Rev. M. J. Berkeley^ — Pileus 3 — 11 lines across, broadly campanulate, umbilicate, some- times quite plane, of a beautiful yellow, inclining to ferruginous, edge
Agaricus.] FUNGI. 07
slightly silky. GUIs yellow, arcuato-subdecurrcnt, beautifully ronucctcd by veins. Stem ] — 2 inches high, ^ — 1 line thick, scarcely fistulosc, yellow above then rufescent, clothed with little yellow scales, thickest below and there covered .with a dense, tawny tomcntum. — A beaulilul S])ecics, resembling A. stipiUirins and A.fcvttdas.
174. A, spliugnicoUi, Berk. (/?«/e fumicl-shaped Agaric); rather elastic, pileus iiifuiidibulifbrm, gills narrow dirty ocLraceous, stem fistulose.
On Sph(((jnum acutifuUum, adhering by its do\vny base. June 21, 1827. Chartley Moss, Staffs. — Whole plant tough and elastic. Odour scarcely any. Pileus 1 — \}j inch broad, funnel-shaped from a very early stage of growth, faintly striate and minutely squamulose, dirty ochra- ceous, becoming darker in age : moist but not viscid. Gills pale, decurrcnt, narrow, moderately distant, thick so as to present in front a flat edge. Sporuks white. Stem 1 — 2 inches long, 1 line thick, hol- low, somewhat crooked, smooth, except at first when it is very minutely squamulose above : in age it is nearly pervious above. — This species agrees in many points with A. epichysium, var. icmudophila ; but its tough and elastic nature is so different, that I cannot but consider it as distinct. The pileus is not membranaceous even on the edge, which must separate it from A. pjjxidatus.
** Pileus carnoso-memhrayiaceous. Gills adnate.
175. A. frdgrajis,So\v, (anise- scented Agaric) ; stronp^-scented, pilous nearly plane dirty-white white when dry, gills distinct white as well as tlie hollow attenuated stem. Soic. t. 10. With. V. 4. p. 154. Pers. Syn. p. 455. Pr. Syst. Myc. v. \.p. 171. Grev. PL Ed. p, 384. Pers. Myc. Eur. v. 3. p. 107. L 27. f. 5.
Woods and mossy pastures. Aug. — Oct. Not uncommon. Cla- verton Downs, near Bath. Major Velley. Edgbaston. Wd/n/t/iii. Scotland. GreviUe. Cottcrstock, King's Cliflb, Norths. Tlcv. M. J. Bcrhehy. — Pileus I — 2 inches broad, convex, then plano-convex, mi- nutely dimpled, dirty white, very rarely slightly zoned, when dry nearly white; margin thin and transparent, turned in when young and minutely tomentosc. Gills very broad, decurrcnt, distinct, not pure white. Sf(m 2 — 3 inches high, 2 — 3 lines thick, attenuated upwards, minutely fibrillosc, villous at the base, sometimes pruinose above. Odour very agreeable like that of aniseed.
17G. A. mctachrous, Fr. {changcahle-colotircd Agaric) ; inodorous, gills close dirty-white, stem at length hollow equal pruinose above. Pr. Syst. Myc. v. I. p. 172. — A. cyathiformis^ Bull. t. 248. Purt. v. 3. n. 1429.
In woods. Oct. Canterbury. Ih >\ M. J. Berkeley. — Subciespitosc. rUiUS 1 — 2 inches broad ; in its very earliest stauc of growth conic, gradually depressed, but in general not deeply infundibuliform, almost nicmbranaceons ; wlicn moist livid-groy, margin which is slightly turned in pellucid, when dry nearly white. Gills of the same colour as tlu; pileus adnate scarcely decurrcnt, not ventricose, not turning pair so fast as the pileus, often sei)arating from the stem at the base. S(t m 3 inches or more high, at length hollow, the outer Mesh livid, inner white, downy at the base, minutely fibrUlu:JC above under the Icus,
68 rUNGi. [Agaricus.
apex pulverulent. Sometimes the pileus is irregular and the stem compressed. Taste like that of A. Oreacks. — My specimens accord well with Bulliard's figure, and appear really distinct from A. cyathi- formis. It must, however, be considered as a variety of Fries' species : "indeed his description scarcely accords with the figiu'e, but he states it to be most variable.
177. A. cyatliiformis, Bull. Qate cap-shaped Agaric) ; pileus subcarnose infundibuliform even smootli blackish-umber, margin reflexed, gills distant cinereous, stem elastic attenuated upwards. Bull. t. 575, 568./. 1. Fr. Syst. Myc.v. l.;^. 173. Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 385.—^. sordidus, Dicks. Crypt, p. 16. t. 3./. 1. Bolt. t. 59. Sow. t. 363. With. v. 4. /;. 186. Purt. v. 3. n. 1444, S^ V. 2 S)^ 3 n. 940 (^A. 2imbilicatics.) — A. tardus, Pers. 3Iyc. Eur. V. 3.7?. 80.—^. cyafhoides, Bolt. t. 145.
Pastures and woods. Oct. — Jan. Extremely common. — Pileus 2^ inches or more broad, subcarnose, more or less infundibuliform, the margin often wavy involute and minutely downy, dark blackish-umber with a shade of red, of a moist unctuous appearance but not the least viscid ; pellucid when moist, nearly white when dry. Gills rather distant, of the same colour, apparently (but not truly) decurrent on account of the form of the pileus ; adnate when young. Stem 2 — 3^ inches long, -^ an inch thick at the base, subfibrillose, at length hollow, tough, elastic. — A small variety occurs not one inch broad, agreeing in colour ; but the gills are almost ventricose and more distant, the stem more nearly equal, the margin more crisped. Both when young are convex and not truly umbilicate ; in the true form there is a minute umbo. The gills are not then the least decurrent. In A. cyatJiiforniis the gills are subasccnding, rounded behind ; in the variety subventricose horizontal and adnate with a tooth ; in the one of a cinereous, in the other of an umber tint.
*** Pileus carnosO'Coriaceous, somewhat corhj, tough and pliant. Gills decurrent.*
178. A. Dundlii, Dec. {DunaVs Agaric); pileus unequal dirty-white adorned with blackish scales, gills unequal white, stem equal squamulose at the base. Dec. Fl. Fr. v. 6. p. 47. Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1./;. 177.
On the root of a large ash tree overhanging a pond by the water-side at Cranbournc, Dors., immediately below Lord Salisbury's old house. June 14, 1826. On a willow by the Trent. Aug. 1834^.— Csespitose. FUcus 2 inches broad, more or less unequal, carnoso-coriaceous, um- bilicate, the margin deflcxed, sometimes variously split and sinuated, yellow-white with brownish rather close scales, the margin nearly smooth. Gills dichotomous, crenatc, sinuated, covered with minute spiculae, subdecurrent. Stem 1 inch high, 3 lines thick, tough, the lower j)art clothed with dark nearly square adpressed scales ; the upper half not scaly, white, resembling the under-side of white kid-leather. Odour subacid, farinaceous.
* Fries has formed anew genus of this division under the name oi Lentinvs ; but I am not quite convinced of the propriety of doing so, tliere heinsc throui^^h A. cochleatus a regular gradation of increasing closeness in the flesh of the pileus. Some of tUo ncvt subgenus have almost the same substance.
Arjaricus.] FUNGI. 69
179. A, iigrinus, Bull. ( Tiger Agaric) ; pileus regular umbili- cate dirty-whlto, scales pilose blackish, gills white denticulate, stem slender minutely scaly. Bull, t. 70. Soiv. t, G8. With. V. 4. p. 152. Pers. Syn. p. 458.
Trunks of trees, especially elm and ash. May — Sept. Hare. Bird- brook, Essex. 2\ Walfurd, Esq., on ash. Powick, near Worcester. Pendarvis, Cornwall. Mr. Stachhouse. Packington Park, amongst moss. Withcriiuj. — " Filciis 2 inches broad, thin, margin at length split. Stem 1 — 2 inches long, dirty-white." Fr. L c. '* When fresh very tender and easily lacerated, when dry coriaceous and the stem of a very firm and solid texture." Sow. I. c.
ISO. A. lepideiis, Fr. (decorticated Agaric) ; pileus compact unequal dilute ochraceous with a few obscure spotty scales, stem stout scaly, Fr. Syst. Myc. v. 1. p. 176. — A, sqicamosuSy ScJujeff. t. 29, 30. Dicks. Crypt. 2. p. 24.
b. monstrosus. A. tiibcrformis, Schceff. t. 248, 249. Sow. t. 382. With, V. 4. ;;. 167. Fticus, Fl. Dan, t. AOo.-^Clavaria lignosa, Dicks, 4. t. 12./. 9.
On pine trunks. May — June. Kare. — Pileus 2 — 4 inclies broad, convex or dej)resscd, central or lateral. Stem short, hard. '' Very tender wlicn fresh." — Monstrous forms occur in dark situations with or without a pileus, exactly analagous to certain states of Polypvrus sfjuamosus.
181. A. cochlcutuSi Pers. (cor niccopia Agaric') ; ctespitose, pileus tough lobed twisted smooth rufesceut, gills pale toothed, stem lirm sulcate rufesceut. Pers. Syii. ^j. 450. Myc. Eur. p. b\. Necs, Syst.f, 173. (copied from Bolt.) Fr. Syst. Myc. v. ]). 178. — A. cornucopioidcs, Dolt. t. 8. Purt. v. 3. 7i. 437. t. 12 / — A coiijiuciis, Sow. t. 168. — 3feruliits cor7incopioides, With. v. 4. p. 146.
Old trunks of trees, Aug. — Oct. Rare. Near Halifax. Bolton. Ragley. Mrs. Rnj]\ir(l. Inverary. Klotzsch, in Hooh. lIcriK On beech. King's Clifle, Nortlis. On Tilia parvifolid. — Very nuich tufted, fc^everal stuns are confluent in such a way as to nuike it doubtful whether the several jtilci arc really distinct, or only lobes of one large one, the circle of gills being always incomi)lete o\\ the side of tlie common centre, the whole forming a lobcd lunnel with dtllected edges. The surface is rough with j)rominent minute ribs or i)rickles, (as eNpresseil in Swwerby's figure), pale rufesceut, often powdered with tiie N\hite .spcrules, 1 — 1 ^i inch broad. Sometimes the surface is more even, but Ktill somewhat sc ulptured so as to be rough with raised lines. Stem compound strongly ribbed ami sulcate, tlie ribs being continuations of tile serrated paler decurrent gills. At first the pileus and gills arc tender ; stem firm and leathery. Odour agreeable. — There is a great resemblance between this species and A. vnljtinus, Now. ; the principal difference consisting in the one being absolutely without a .stem ami horizontal, and the other being decidedly stijjitate ami more or less erect.
Subgenus 12. Pi,i:inoiM;s ; (Worn -rXij^ov, a sit/e, afn/ too;, a J Dot.) Pileus u/U(/ual, ej.ct/ilric or lateral. Stan u/un present
70 FUNGI. [Agaricus.
solid mid firm. Gills unequaljjuiceless^ unchangeahle, actcte behind. Growing on trees or wood,
* Veil universal ; pileus compact horizontal,
182. A. dryinus, Pers. (oali Agaric)-; solitary hard, pileus oblique nearly smooth dirty-white with brownish scales, veil fugacious, Pers. Syn. p.